The roof-end tile is a roof tile used to block the end of the eaves of the roof, and it is divided into concave roof-end tiles and convex roof-end tiles depending on the attachment of concave roof tiles or convex roof tiles. Among them, convex roof-en...
The roof-end tile is a roof tile used to block the end of the eaves of the roof, and it is divided into concave roof-end tiles and convex roof-end tiles depending on the attachment of concave roof tiles or convex roof tiles. Among them, convex roof-end tiles are decorated with various patterns, such as lotus design, floral medallion design, arabesque design and apsara design, and convex roof-end tiles with lotus design are the most frequently identified. The fact that the lotus design is most frequently identified on convex roof-end tiles is believed to be related to Buddhism, which flourished during the Three Kingdoms Period and Goryeo Dynasty.
Convex roof-end tiles with lotus design were excavated intensively from capitals, local government's sites, and temple sites during the Three Kingdoms Period to Goryeo Dynasty, and research was conducted centering around the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design which were identified from these sites. In particular, many studies have been conducted as various building sites and government remains have been identified in the capital areas(Pyongyang, Buyeo, Gyeongju, and Kaesong). However, convex roof-end tiles with lotus design excavated from regions other than capitals have limitation in research due to the small amount compared to the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design excavated from the capital areas, various identifications, and limited characteristics of remains. In particular, the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design excavated from Chungbuk region(Chungcheongbuk-do, North Chungcheong Province) are found to be diverse at each period due to geopolitical relations and are distinctly different from the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design excavated from the capital areas. Thus, it is difficult to position them into the chronology of convex roof-end tiles with lotus design, which was established based on city-centered data.
This study examined the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design excavated from Chungbuk region, and compared and analyzed them with the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design excavated from the capital areas to present the problem of establishing the chronology of the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design excavated from the capital areas during the Three Kingdoms Period to Goryeo Dynasty and suggest the new chronology of the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design excavated from Chungbuk region. Furthermore, the study attempted to reveal the locality and status of the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design excavated from Chungbuk region other than the capital areas by discussing the changes by stage and their drivers.
The convex roof-end tiles with lotus design excavated from Chungbuk region changed in three stages: the stage 1 (around 7th and 9th centuries), the stage 2-1 (10th and 11th centuries), the stage 2-2 (12th and 13th centuries), and the stage 3 (around 14th century). The stage 1 is similar to the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design excavated from Gyeongju, which is presumed to have introduced Silla roof tile production technology established in Gyeongju to Chungbuk. In the stage 2-1, which entered the Goryeo Dynasty, a number of convex roof-end tiles with lotus design of Unified Silla Dynasty were identified, and the bonding techniques appeared unified. It is assumed that the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design in the stage 2-1 did not apply the lotus design of Unified Silla Dynasty as it was, but rather adopted the pattern selectively. In addition, the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design of Unified Silla Dynasty were found only in the temple sites in the case of Gyeongju and North Chungcheong Province, and only in the palace sites in the case of Kaesong. In the stage 2-2, various lotus designs were identified. With the mesenchymal leaves disappearing and the shapes of the ovay varying, the shape of the lotus leaves changed to simple. By this time, the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design unique to Goryeo Dynasty were completed, and each region produced characteristic convex roof-end tiles with lotus design. In the stage 3, the edge of the lotous in the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design of North Chungcheong Province tended to be lowered and gradually disappear due to the influence of the convex roof-end tiles with Ilhwi-moon(sun-halo design). In addition, a new bonding technique was identified, which sought changes in the direction and angle of the bonding.
It is assumed that this change in the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design in North Chungcheong Province is related to who produced them. Judging by the similarity of the stages 1 and 2-1 convex roof-end tiles with lotus design to the capital areas in design and production technology, it is estimated that the production technology was unified under central management and control. On the other hand, various patterns appearing in the stages 2-2 through 3 are believed to have been influenced by powerful families. Therefore, the production of the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design excavated from Chungbuk region is judged to have been developed by handcrafts influenced by powerful families. For this reason, the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design excavated from Chungbuk region had different aspects from region to region, and the quality was lower than that of the Three Kingdoms Period. In other words, as a result of analyzing the convex roof-end tiles with lotus design excavated from Chungbuk region, they were differentiated from the capital areas and are believed to be related to the status of Chungbuk region.