The purpose of this study is to identify the health impacts of the economic crisis on the early stages of life course. This study divides early life into in-utero and early childhood periods. The impact of the 2008 financial crisis varied by region de...
The purpose of this study is to identify the health impacts of the economic crisis on the early stages of life course. This study divides early life into in-utero and early childhood periods. The impact of the 2008 financial crisis varied by region depending on the size of the population, labor force, industrial structure, and innovation capacity of the region. This study utilizes these regional differences to empirically analyze the health impacts of the economic crisis on the population's early life. In addition, this study considers income and changes in maternal insurance status to capture the impacts at the microsystem level.
The analysis involved utilizing data from children born between 2006 and 2014, sourced from a nationwide database in the Republic of Korea, and tracking their records until 2021. The NHIS database collects information on beneficiaries of national health insurance and medical aid in a unified way. This database comprises several linked data sets, including social and economic qualifications, medical treatment, and infant medical check-up results. This study employed a difference-in-differences analysis, a quasi-experimental design, to estimate the causal impact between the economic crisis and health outcomes in the early life of the population, and a Cox's Proportional Hazard Model, a statistical method used in survival analysis, to study the incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
In this study, the period of economic crisis and regional differences are the analysis’s identification strategy. The study capitalizes on the divergence in the impact of the economic crisis across regions. Real GRDP per capita for each region was utilized as a proxy variable for the economic crisis unexpectedly experienced by the early-life population. The criteria for regions greatly affected during the economic crisis were regions where real GRDP per capita fell below the national average when overall economic indicators were lowered due to the economic crisis. The period when the economic crisis occurred was defined as 2009, and the period after it was defined as 2011. For early childhood, the children aged 13-36 months as of 2009 and 13-36 months as of 2013 were included in the analysis.
There are two main parts of the analysis. Analysis 1 examines the health impacts of the economic crisis in utero, while Analysis 2 examines the health impacts during early childhood. In Analysis 1, birth weight, low birth weight, and premature birth were considered health outcomes at birth. Health outcomes using medical checkups included physical development indicators such as height, weight and head circumference, and as well as comprehensive development judgments were estimated. Health outcomes using disease codes confirmed the occurrence of ASD and ADHD within ten years. In Analysis 1, birth weight decreased due to the impact of the economic crisis, with low birth weight increasing as the duration of exposure to the economic crisis extended. Preterm births also increased due to the crisis, increasing with the number of months of exposure. Composite physical assessments were more likely to require observation after 36 months. The Developmental Screening Questionnaire (K-ASQ and KDST) showed a general upward increase but was not statistically significant. When analyzing physical growth, such as height, weight, and head circumference, there was a general decrease trend due to the crisis's impact. In the case of height, there was a statistically significant decrease at 36 months and 60 months for the crisis-exposed group. The overall weight and head circumference estimates also showed a decrease in both, confirming that exposure to the crisis in utero affected growth after birth.
In Analysis 2, the health outcomes of those who experienced an economic crisis during early childhood (13 to 36 months) were included. Additionally, medical checkup data and early childhood health results were used to measure physical development indicators such as height, weight, head circumference, and comprehensive developmental judgment after 12 and 36 months. Health outcomes using disease codes confirmed the occurrence of ASD and ADHD within ten years. The results of the Analysis 2 were similar to the analysis of the in-utero impacts. In the case of the composite physical assessment, the probability of being categorized as a required observation group increased after 12 months, but the probability of being categorized decreased after 36 months. This suggests that the impact of the economic crisis may have been different for the children who lived in the same affected region, depending on when they were growing up. Comprehensive developmental scores on the Developmental Screening Tool (K-ASQ and KDST) showed an increase, but not statistically significant. Physical growth showed significantly decreased height, weight, and head circumference after 12 and 36 months.
In the subgroup analysis by income quintile in Analysis 1 and Analysis 2, the insurance quintile was used as a proxy indicator for the income quintile. The 20th quintile of insurance in the health insurance qualification data was changed to the fifth quintile for analysis. In the subgroup analyses, the effects were most potent in both groups’third, fourth, and fifth quintiles in both groups. Birth weight was significantly lower in the third and fourth income quintiles, and the probability of preterm birth was higher in the fifth income quintiles. In the composite physical assessment analysis, the second, fourth, and fifth income quintiles were more likely to require observations at 36 months due to the impact of the economic crisis. At 60 months, the composite physical assessment for the second income quintile was more likely to be monitored. Composite developmental outcomes, as determined by the Developmental Screening Tool (K-ASQ and KDST), were generally associated with increasing outcomes but were not statistically significant.
Subgroup analyses by the change in maternal health insurance status showed similar impacts for Analyses 1 and 2. The analysis by type of change in health insurance eligibility was divided into four types. The four types were: 1. Maintenance of qualification as an employee; 2. Maintenance of qualification as a local householder; 3.Conversion from an employee to dependent (work dependents, local household members, and medical benefits); 4. Conversion from local householder status to dependent (work dependents, local household members, and medical benefits). We found that those who lost their jobs experienced lower birth weight, more low birth weight births, and significantly lower postnatal height growth. Among those who remained employed during the economic crisis, there was a significant decrease in their children's height, weight, and head circumference growth. These results confirm that not only the direct impact of job loss but also the deterioration of working conditions, adverse workplace conditions, and stress due to the economic crisis can indirectly impact the health of the next generation.
Analysis 1-2 and Analysis 2-2 calculated the hazard ratios of disease occurrence within ten years and found that the incidence of ASD was about 0.92 in the crisis-affected regions during the in-utero period. The HR of ADHD was about 1.03 in the crisis-affected areas, but the results were not statistically significant. In early childhood, the HR of ASD was about 0.96 in crisis-affected regions, and the HR of ADHD was about 1.00 in crisis-affected areas, but these results were not statistically significant. To test the robustness of the findings, the same analysis was performed on children born in 2008, and the results were in the same direction as the baseline analysis, indicating no impact on disease incidence.
The results of this study confirm that early-life populations living in regions more heavily impacted by the economic crisis are more likely to experience adverse health and development outcomes. Suppose public health is a discipline that deals with people's health and emphasizes that health is an individual right, with the overarching goal of improving the health of all. In that case, it is logical that it should be deeply concerned with addressing external factors that can negatively alter an individual's health. This is especially true in situations where policy interventions can ameliorate negative impacts. Many countries have turned to maintaining, strengthening, or developing social safety nets to address crisis-related issues and structural features amplifying child vulnerability. The initial government response is critical to ensuring that the crisis does not have long-term negative consequences for children and vulnerable populations. Establishing social safety nets, especially for social services, health, and education, is essential to protect vulnerable populations from current and future crises. As the uncertainty of the economic crisis can affect the health of the early-life population, potentially impeding long-term health development, it is necessary to consider the early-life population as an essential target group and to take this into account when formulating policies to enable health development from the very beginning of the life course.