The intention of this dissertation is to explore the meaning of beauty and art in the context of Platonism by examining the thought of the Italian Renaissance philosopher Marsilio Ficino(1433-99).
In Ficino’s thought Plato and Plotinus are revived a...
The intention of this dissertation is to explore the meaning of beauty and art in the context of Platonism by examining the thought of the Italian Renaissance philosopher Marsilio Ficino(1433-99).
In Ficino’s thought Plato and Plotinus are revived as a unified doctrine, and the Platonic reflection that beauty is the splendor of the good is central. As such, Ficino’s thought had a vast influence on the arts of the Renaissance and thus is an important key to understanding the arts of the period.
The Platonic tradition is the foundation of Ficino’s thought. Platonism is linked with Christianity in the Middle Ages, and the essential concepts of Platonism that were accepted by Christianity-in particular the hierarchy of Being emanating from Unity; the three hypostases; and the union with God through the inner ascent of the soul inspired by Eros for beauty-became the foundation of Ficino’s thought.
The one who laid the foundation for the development of Renaissance Platonism was Petrarch, the first humanist. Renaissance Humanism is an intellectual movement conscientiously opposing Scholasticism of the late Middle Ages, and Petrarch’s goal was to establish a new intellectual framework through a harmony of classical antiquity and Christianity. In the meantime, the Byzantine philosopher Plethon revived Platonism in earnest by championing a new school of theology based on Platonic philosophy in the place of traditional Christianity.
With Ficino as its head, the Platonic Academy, the home of Platonic studies in Florence, translated and annotated Greek or Latin classics and discussed philosophical issues and led the milieu of humanism in the rebirth of antiquity. The pursuit of the classical world and the study of the Platonic philosophy at the Academy brought new modes of thought, and the Academy attempted to synthesize all the doctrines
With humanism and the Platonic Academy in the background, Ficino proved, through ‘Platonic theology’, the essential unity between Platonic philosophy and Christian theology. The subtitle of Theologia Platonica is “the immortality of the soul.” In this work, he systematized the cosmic hierarchy of being in which the soul occupies the central place. The goal of the human soul as the mediator of the universe is the gradual inner ascent, or unity with God through contemplation, and this is when man acquires an immortal soul. Accordingly, the immortal soul is the evidence of human dignity and divinity.
In connection with Ficino’s cosmology, beauty is the splendor of the divine countenance, in which the actively loving God first lights the angels, then illuminates the human souls, and lastly shines the material world. Another principle of beauty, as the precondition for the revelation of this beauty, is the mathematical order. Accordingly, beauty is the lucid proportion(lucida proportio), and it motivates the ascent of the human soul by arousing love.
Love, which is the desire for enjoying beauty as the radiance of divine goodness, is the principle for cosmic harmony and unity; it mediates the divine and intelligible, and the sensible. Through love, the human soul becomes a union with God and acquires beatitude and immortality. This is the meaning of the “Socratic love,” or the “Platonic love,” espoused by Ficino.
Because of the excellent capacity of the human soul which desires to become God at the center of the universe, all artistic activities are an imitation of the divine Creator’s activities. Art, which handles, changes, and forms the materials of the world, is the production of a god on earth, and a reflection of the divine. To the extent that art materializes the intelligible into the sensible and represents the beautiful form, it motivates the human ascent to God, the absolute Beauty.
Because the artistic activities prove the creative capacities of human beings, the privilege of the artist is established by the possibility of intuitive knowledge, which is superior to conceptual method. The symbols, such as Eros, Hermes, and Saturnus, represent the exalted image of the artist as the divine maker. Thus the role bestowed upon Renaissance artists was to intuit intelligible principles from sensible experiences―through divine madness, allegorical vision, and genius―and to represent them in beautiful forms, all to make sure that the human soul would reach the supreme vision through aesthetic contemplation.
Thus, in terms of the ultimate goal of Ficino’s thought, which takes as its premise the notion of the inner ascent of the human soul to God from the Platonic tradition, and in connection with the immortality of the soul and the relationship between beauty and love, the two axes of his philosophy, beauty and art are the motive for the inner ascent of the human soul. Indeed, the aesthetics of Ficino appropriately explains and justifies the typical attitude of the great Italian Renaissance artists of the 15th century.