Discotic liquid crystal (LC) materials have attracted a lot of attentions as promising charge-transfer organic candidates in optoelectronic devices. Due to the intermolecular π-orbital overlapping between discotic building blocks within ordered 2-dim...
Discotic liquid crystal (LC) materials have attracted a lot of attentions as promising charge-transfer organic candidates in optoelectronic devices. Due to the intermolecular π-orbital overlapping between discotic building blocks within ordered 2-dimensional (2D) columnar phases, electrical/photo conductivity can be significantly enhanced along the long axis of columns. Additionally, mesomorphic states of discotic columnar phases allow us to control the molecular alignment and minimize the defects, such as grain boundaries, which are inevitable drawbacks for the charge transportation in the crystal materials. Among the various candidates of organic materials for optoelectronic applications, tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) is one of the best candidates due to its excellent electron-donating properties. However, most researches about TTF and its derivatives have been focused on their crystal phases. In order to enhance their electron mobility, it is necessary to control their structures and morphologies to get rid of grain boundaries between the domains and to obtain the macroscopically oriented single domain. The question is: how can we obtain the defect-free single crystal-like TTF domain? One of the possible answers is the columnar LC phase.
We synthesized four series of novel TTF derivatives. Two of them do not show any liquid crystal properties. The other two series including asymmetry and symmetry structure are liquid crystal TTF derivatives. Their chemical structures and purities were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analyses and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The phase structural evolutions of TTF derivatives were investigated by the combined techniques including differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), cross-polarized optical microscopy (POM) and 1D wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). Two asymmetric compounds are liquid crystal, one of which shows first room temperature columnar liquid crystal based on TTF, with a temperature window between 9 and 96 ℃. Four symmetric compounds all display columnar liquid crystal properties. We can get big domains up to mm grade in size on the bald glass by thermal treatment. We have measured cyclic voltammetry (CV) to evaluate electrochemical properties. For the asymmetry series, they all have two reversible single-electron oxidation peaks at~1.06 and 1.37 V, corresponding to the formation of radical cations and dications, respectively. All compounds displayed similar oxidation potentials, suggesting the lengths of alkyl chains do not appreciably influence the oxidation processes. For the symmetry series, due to the solubility, only 2 of them can be measured in chloroform and they show two irreversible single-electron oxidation peaks at ~ 1.20 and 1.49 V, corresponding to the formation of radical cations and dications, respectively. The others electrochemical properties are proposed to be almost same because the lengths of alkyl chains do not appreciably influence the oxidation processes. Two series of TTF derivatives of HOMO levels were estimated from the onset of oxidation potentials to be in the range of 4.9 and 5.5 eV, which are known typically HOMO levels of good p-type organic semiconductor. Low HOMO levels, in addition to the highly ordered liquid crystal property, suggest that all the compounds are promising hole transporting organic materials.