This study aimed to examine the determinants of Initial Public Offering (IPO) and Back-Door Listing in the KOSDAQ (Korea Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) Market. Hypothesis developed here were tested in 186 Back-Door Listed firms and 522 IPO l...
This study aimed to examine the determinants of Initial Public Offering (IPO) and Back-Door Listing in the KOSDAQ (Korea Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) Market. Hypothesis developed here were tested in 186 Back-Door Listed firms and 522 IPO listed firms. Data used for this study were provided by DART (Data Analysis, Retrieval and Transfer System of Financial Supervisory Service of South Korea). We examined the characteristics and differences between IPO firms and Back-Door Listing firms by following three factors.
First, for general and financial characteristics, we used operating period until the listing, total asset, debt-to-equity ratio and profitability (return on total asset, ratio of ordinary profit and total asset-to-operating cash flow ratio).
Second, for the characteristics of CEOs, we used age of CEOs. We believe that CEOs' position in risk management will affect their choice between IPO and Back-Door Listing. We also believe that CEOs' age will affect their position in risk management.
Lastly, for the environmental characteristics of the firms, we focused on outside stockholders. Since the institutional investors, such as venture capital companies, are the major stockholders of the non-listed firms, we believe the institutional investors will have major impact on determination of the type of listing.
We have concluded that aforementioned three factors will have followings effects on IPO or Back-Door Listing.
First, if firms have longer operating period, smaller firm size, higher debt-to-equity ratio, or less profitability (return on assets, cash flow from operating income and ordinary income ratio), there is high probability of Back-Door Listing.
Second, the younger CEO’s age, the higher chance the CEO will choose Back-Door Listing over IPO. The age of CEO represents the position of the CEO on risk management. Younger CEOs tend to be less risk-averse than older ones, and hence tend to choose Back Door Listing more often than older CEOs would.
Third, if a listing firm has venture capital companies as its investors, there is higher chance of choosing IPO over Back-Door Listing, while the size of the investment from venture capital does not have significant effect on choosing the types of listing. The fact that there is more probability of IPO when venture capital is invested in the company shows that venture capital companies do not necessarily seek for higher returns with high risk. Rather, they tend to prefer safe companies where they can collect their investments back from stable returns.
We examined the characteristics of Back-Door Listings occurred from 2001 to 2009. However, a meaningful analysis on Back-Door Listings was only available from 2005 since the related regulations and systems of Back-Door Listings were incomplete before then. Therefore, it is possible that different conclusions could be derived from prior studies on Back-Door Listings published before 2005. We tried to understand the nature of Back-Door Listing and systematically identify the key factor why certain types of company choose certain types of listing. For this research, we used plentiful samples from KOSDAQ market existed in past ten years. This study is meaningful in terms of differentiating itself from prior studies by using the age of CEO as one of key factors of types of listing.
When a deteriorating corporation becomes listed through Back-Door Listing and goes bankrupt, the ripple effect on the capital market and expected loss on the bona fide investors will be huge. However, restricting the Back-Door Listing just because of the negative standpoint and policy will have negative impact not only on the competitiveness of KOSDAQ Market, but also the ecosystems of the venture businesses. Therefore, if it is possible to identify the characteristics of the firms choosing Back-Door Listing more systematically, we will be able to utilize the Back-Door Listing policy more efficiently.
Keywords: Determinants of Back-Door Listing, IPO, Firm-age, Venture capital, CEO's age