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    A Brief Study of flute Development based on Theabald Boehm(1794-1881) System

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    https://www.riss.kr/link?id=T13056228

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    다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract) kakao i 다국어 번역

    영어
    한국어
    Flute is a musical instrument that produces sound by vibration and
    interference of air in the embouchure without reed. The development of flute
    can be traced back to the medieval age when the primitive form of flute is
    acknowledged by the archeologist and anthropologist. It evolved into largely
    two types: vertical and horizontal. The vertical flutesprogressed into recorders,
    which flourished during the 1300-1600 and 1600-1750 eras. They freely
    covered the pitch range that human can produce. However, due to their
    relatively limited range from the monotonous tones, the horizontal flutes
    started gaining more popularity soon afterward.
    There was further progress in the 18th century, when Jacques Martain
    Hotteterre(1674-1763) published “Les Principles de la flute”in 1707. There was
    only one key, however, which limited accuracy of pitch and proper tuning.
    Johann Joachim Qauntz (1679-1773) then invented the two-key flute by
    designing the tuning slide which ensured accurate pitch by extending the
    connector piece between the head and the body. The screw plug at the top
    of the head and the oval-shaped breathing hole further enhanced fine-tuning.
    These modifications made it possible to establish accurate standard pitch of
    sound, as well as the chromatic scale.
    J.N.Cappeller(1776-1825) then Mechannism the trills in the C# and D# keys,
    followed by the B actionby Glulio Briccialdi(1818-1881) ♭ and the enclosable
    G# key by Dorus. J.G.Tromlitz(1725-1805) took it even further by producing
    the C hole & the finger system, which enhanced flute with its characteristic
    power, speed and flexibility. By then, flute became an essential part of
    orchestral music.
    In 19thcentury, William Gordon successfully achieved optimal tuning by
    distributing the finger holes with precise spacing. It is then when Theobald
    Boehm(1794-1881) a German flutist and instrumental manufacturer, adopted
    the ring key, the clutch key system, and the rotator needle spring. It made it
    possible to expand the volume and three-octaves of regular and standardized
    sounds. Flutes in Boehm system are made of 13 tone holes and 24 keys,
    which are widespread in modern music. He used metals instead of wood and
    ivory, and stabilized the volume and compass by decreasing the inner coffin
    in parabolic form. Furthermore, he used cylinder shape, instead of conical, and
    made the new tone-hole by ensuring accurate chromatic scale via acoustic
    calculations.
    Therefore, he is regarded as the pioneer in structural developments, as well
    as expanded range of performance, of flute as an instrument. In doing so, he
    established a new foundation for musical composition and widening its
    potentials.
    Boehm system was almost perfected in 1847, when it was adopted in England
    and France. It is currently regarded as the standard system all over the world.
    Moreover, the same principle is applied in other wood and brass instruments,
    such as oboe, clarinet and bassoon. Boehm made a great contribution to
    accurate expression of the highest and lowest pitches, regularity of tones,
    ease of performance, and the overall solidity and external shape of flute.
    Every flutist should practice diligently for finesse, but understanding the
    history and the mechanical foundation of flute will effectively improve the
    quality of performance.
    번역하기

    Flute is a musical instrument that produces sound by vibration and interference of air in the embouchure without reed. The development of flute can be traced back to the medieval age when the primitive form of flute is acknowledged by the archeologist...

    Flute is a musical instrument that produces sound by vibration and
    interference of air in the embouchure without reed. The development of flute
    can be traced back to the medieval age when the primitive form of flute is
    acknowledged by the archeologist and anthropologist. It evolved into largely
    two types: vertical and horizontal. The vertical flutesprogressed into recorders,
    which flourished during the 1300-1600 and 1600-1750 eras. They freely
    covered the pitch range that human can produce. However, due to their
    relatively limited range from the monotonous tones, the horizontal flutes
    started gaining more popularity soon afterward.
    There was further progress in the 18th century, when Jacques Martain
    Hotteterre(1674-1763) published “Les Principles de la flute”in 1707. There was
    only one key, however, which limited accuracy of pitch and proper tuning.
    Johann Joachim Qauntz (1679-1773) then invented the two-key flute by
    designing the tuning slide which ensured accurate pitch by extending the
    connector piece between the head and the body. The screw plug at the top
    of the head and the oval-shaped breathing hole further enhanced fine-tuning.
    These modifications made it possible to establish accurate standard pitch of
    sound, as well as the chromatic scale.
    J.N.Cappeller(1776-1825) then Mechannism the trills in the C# and D# keys,
    followed by the B actionby Glulio Briccialdi(1818-1881) ♭ and the enclosable
    G# key by Dorus. J.G.Tromlitz(1725-1805) took it even further by producing
    the C hole & the finger system, which enhanced flute with its characteristic
    power, speed and flexibility. By then, flute became an essential part of
    orchestral music.
    In 19thcentury, William Gordon successfully achieved optimal tuning by
    distributing the finger holes with precise spacing. It is then when Theobald
    Boehm(1794-1881) a German flutist and instrumental manufacturer, adopted
    the ring key, the clutch key system, and the rotator needle spring. It made it
    possible to expand the volume and three-octaves of regular and standardized
    sounds. Flutes in Boehm system are made of 13 tone holes and 24 keys,
    which are widespread in modern music. He used metals instead of wood and
    ivory, and stabilized the volume and compass by decreasing the inner coffin
    in parabolic form. Furthermore, he used cylinder shape, instead of conical, and
    made the new tone-hole by ensuring accurate chromatic scale via acoustic
    calculations.
    Therefore, he is regarded as the pioneer in structural developments, as well
    as expanded range of performance, of flute as an instrument. In doing so, he
    established a new foundation for musical composition and widening its
    potentials.
    Boehm system was almost perfected in 1847, when it was adopted in England
    and France. It is currently regarded as the standard system all over the world.
    Moreover, the same principle is applied in other wood and brass instruments,
    such as oboe, clarinet and bassoon. Boehm made a great contribution to
    accurate expression of the highest and lowest pitches, regularity of tones,
    ease of performance, and the overall solidity and external shape of flute.
    Every flutist should practice diligently for finesse, but understanding the
    history and the mechanical foundation of flute will effectively improve the
    quality of performance.

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    목차 (Table of Contents)

    • Ⅰ. 서 론 1
    • A. 연구목적 1
    • B. 연구의 방법 및 범위 1
    • Ⅱ. 본 론 2
    • A. Flute의 발달 과정 2
    • Ⅰ. 서 론 1
    • A. 연구목적 1
    • B. 연구의 방법 및 범위 1
    • Ⅱ. 본 론 2
    • A. Flute의 발달 과정 2
    • 1. Boehm 이전 Flute의 발달 2
    • B. 19C Boehm System Flute 11
    • 1. 1829 ~ 1831년형 Boehm Flute 12
    • 2. 1832년형 Boehm System Flute 14
    • 3. 1847년형 Boehm System Flute 14
    • C. Boehm Flute의 구조 15
    • 1. 음향학적 부분 15
    • 2. 메카니즘(Mechanism) 18
    • 3. 재료 22
    • 4. 운지법 23
    • D. 현재 사용되는 Flute 23
    • Ⅲ. 결 론 26
    • 참고문헌 27
    • ABSTRACT 28
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