The economy crisis in late 1997 is considered as the turning point in the development of Korea Society. Since the economy crisis, there are remarkable changes in the industry structure, labor market, employment pattern, income distributions, family su...
The economy crisis in late 1997 is considered as the turning point in the development of Korea Society. Since the economy crisis, there are remarkable changes in the industry structure, labor market, employment pattern, income distributions, family support systems, attitudes and values of society. And, there are considered significant changes in the poverty problem.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes of the poverty determination patterns before and after the economic crisis in Korea. Raising society interests to the worsening the poverty problem, there have been so many researches on the occurrences and types of poverty, the characteristics of the poor since the economy crisis. However, there are little known about the changes of the poverty determination patterns before and after the economic crisis.
So, this study analyzes the poverty determination patterns before and after the economy crisis and estimates the changes of the poverty determination patterns between the both periods. After review of the literatures on the poverty causes, I identify the macro-level factors and micro-level factors which are determinants of the household poverty status. Using the HGLM model, this study analyze the effects of the macro-level and micro-level factors on the household poverty status in both periods. And applying the Allison test(1999), I estimate the changes in the effects of the variables between in the two models.
The data utilized in these analysis are two kinds. The first micro-level data from "Household Income and Expenditure National Survey" raw data released by the Statistics Korea. The second data is the macro-level variables data which are from the Korea Statistical Information Services(KOSIS). These data are from the year 1990 to 2011.
The major findings from the analyses are as follows.
First, there are significant changes in demography and family compositions before and after the economy crisis. And, distributions of the householder's characteristics are changed considerably; education level of the household increase but employment rate of the household decrease overall. There are also seizable changes in the social structures. Since the economy crisis, the real GDP growth rate is more slower and income distribution are worsen. Unemployment rate and the ratio of the casual worker are increasing significantly. And, ratio of the manufacture industry worker are decreasing.
There are considerable changes in the poverty distribution and the characteristics of the poor households. The poverty rates of the after economy crisis period are two times higher than that of the before economy crisis period. And there are significant increasement in the poverty rate of the male head household, the elderly household, the well educated head household, and working family. These results show that distributions of the poverty and the characteristics of the poor households changed a great deal after the economy crisis.
Second, the results from the HGLM analysis show that there are differences in the poverty determination patterns between before and after the economy crisis periods. The effects of the micro-level (individual and family characteristics) variables are similar in the both periods. However, there are some differences in the effects of the macro-level (social structure) variables between the before and after the economy crisis. The unemployment rate variable only has the significant effect on the household poverty status in the times of the before economy crisis. But in the times of the after economy crisis, unemployment rate, real GDP growth rate, the population rate of the elderly, the casual worker ratio variables have the significant effects on the household poverty. These results show that the effects of the macro-level factors on the poverty determination increase more and more since the economy crisis.
Third, Allison's test results show that there are significant changes in the poverty determinations between the before and after the economy crisis times. As to the micro-level variables, effects of the household head's gender(male) decrease significantly, but the effects of the household head's age increase significantly. The household education has significant effect on the poverty status all of the both periods, but there is no significant change in the effects of the household head's education. As to the macro-level variables, there are remarkable changes in the variables' effects on the poverty determination. Contrary to the non-significant effects in the times of the before economy crisis, real GDP growth rate significantly influences the poverty status of the household in the times of the after economy crisis. The effects of the elderly population rate and casual worker ratio show a similar change patterns to the real GDP growth rate. The unemployment rate has very significant effect on the poverty determinations all of the both periods, but there is no significant change in the effects between the two periods. These analysis results verify that the patterns of the household poverty determination significantly changed over the economy crisis in Korea.
Implications of this study are as follows.
First, the multi-dimensional research approach and multi-level analysis are more required to understand the nature of the poverty and the causes of the poverty in Korea. In spite of many studies on the poverty issues, previous researches focused on the individual context and family background of the poverty. The multi-level analysis in this study confirms that not only individual factors and also structural factors are the causes of the household poverty in Korea. On the base of this study, multi-level poverty analysis should be conducted more actively in order to understand the causes of poverty comprehensively and develope the effective coping strategy against the poverty in Korea.
Second, anti-poverty program should be correspondent to the changes of the poverty determination patterns over the economy crisis. Since the economy crisis, there are significant changes of the poverty family types. There is more poverty occurrence to the family of elderly head family, female head family, working family. And, the effect of social structures on the household poverty changes over the economy crisis. So, anti-poverty strategies should be developed on the base of the change of the poverty determination patterns in oder to cope the poverty problem effectively.
Third, the changes and improvements in the anti-poverty policies are required to reduce the poverty in Korea. First of all, it's necessary that the current government's anti-poverty perspective which focus on the support to the poor household be changed. Improvements in the social conditions and social structure are also important to poverty reductions. Considering the strong relationships between poverty and the employment conditions, income inequality, government initiatives improving the labor market structure and wage disparities should be implemented so as to cope with worsening the working family poverty. And government should committee more policy efforts to strengthen the social safety net and social security system for the disadvantaged groups. And, government should more actively develop the strategies of enhancing the trickle down effects of the economy growth, considering the positive effects of the economy growth on the poverty reductions.
Key words : poverty, poverty determination, cause of the poverty, structural factors, macro-level factors, individual factors, micro-level factors, economy crisis, multi-level analysis, HGLM, Allison test.