This study examines the process by which oriental painters who pursued the aesthetics of national art based on the traditional national spirit from the Japanese colonial period to the liberation of Korea came to North Korea due to differences in ideol...
This study examines the process by which oriental painters who pursued the aesthetics of national art based on the traditional national spirit from the Japanese colonial period to the liberation of Korea came to North Korea due to differences in ideology and laid the foundation for Chosunwha. The purpose of this paper is to examine and analyze the process by which oriental painters who went to North Korea developed and established Chosunwha, which is a representative genre of North Korean art today, in the wasteland of the North Korean art world, through connections with art-related organization and educational institution.
During the Korean War in the 1950s, artists who went to North Korea participated in art exhibitions organized by the North Korean Artists' Union to explore the way forward for oriental painting. In 1953, shortly after the end of the war, Byun Wol-ryong, a professor at the Soviet Union's Repin Academy, was sent to North Korea to serve as dean and advisor to the Pyongyang College of Fine Arts. This led to the establishment of the department of oriental painting at the college. As a result, the majority of the painters who went to North Korea worked as professors in the department of oriental painting at the Pyongyang College of Fine Arts and trained students. On the other hand, they also laid the foundation for their influence within the North Korean Artists' Union.
In 1956, a political power struggle in North Korea, the "August All-Party Conference (Sectarian) Incident" occurred. Kim Il Sung of the mainstream Manchurian faction pointed to the Soviet and Chinese factions as revisionists and the toadyish. Kim Il-sung used the terms "Juche" and "Independence" to get rid of them, and the political crisis was over. The oriental painting art world, comprised of painters who came to North Korea, took advantage of this peripheral situation to actively assert that Chosunwha was a subjective national form. This resulted in the emergence of Chosunwha as a new mainstream in the North Korean art world. Under the premise that the "ethnic form" required by socialist realism "cannot leave the 'subjectivity' of the people", Chosunwha was claimed as a national painting. As a result, Chosunwha was defined as ethnic painting or ethnic form.
In 1957, the North Korean regime entered the Cheollima era of socialist construction. The Chosunwha community succeeded in separating the Chosunwha division from the existing painting division of the North Korean Artists' Union and making it independent. This resulted in a new generation of Chosunwha artists being trained at the Pyongyang College of Fine Arts, on the one hand, and the establishment of the Oriental Painting Division in the administrative organization, North Korean Artists' Union, on the other hand, cementing its status as the new mainstream of the art world. In early 1957, a debate between the old mainstream of oil painters and the new mainstream of Chosunwha painters took place, starting with the 'Chosunwha Discussion' on the topic of tradition and innovation in Chosunwha. The oil painting community argued for the incorporation of Western painting techniques, such as color and contrast, into Chosunwha, which has become a representative genre of North Korean art through the theoretical struggle over the discourse of ethnic form. However, in the theoretical battle between the oil painting art world, which insisted on 'form' and 'color painting' in Chosunwha, and Chosunwha art world that emphasized 'sayi(to express spirit inherent in a figure)' and 'ink painting', the Chosunwha art world won. The victory in the struggle of the 'anti-toadyism theory' brought Chosunwha painters to the top of the North Korean art world. The 1950s thus marked the completion of the discourse of 'ethnic form' and the discourse of 'anti-toadyism' in the North Korean art world for Chosunwha and oil painting.
The art of the Cheollima era called for a new change, a new era. In the North Korean art world, young Chosunwha painters newly trained at the Pyongyang College of Fine Arts embraced color painting. Ink painting was gradually dismissed as bourgeois art and evaluated as "subjectivist art." The aesthetics of ink painting
were no longer a inheritance of tradition, but were denigrated as "reactionism with subjectivist tastes". Through the process of struggling for the 'anti-reactionism theory', their era was pushed aside by the mainstream aesthetics of ethnic expression forms centered on color painting.
The 1970s entered a period of Juche art centered on Chosunwha. Kim Il-sung's theory of Juche art was transformed into a style of color painting that applied Western painting techniques to Chosunwha through a process of theoretical discourse on the formative qualities of Chosunwha. However, a view began to emerge that "artistry" was not visible because the "sayi" that could be expressed as the artist's personality was excluded. This was the cause of the reinstatement of the 'molgol' method by 'sayi' in the North Korean Chosunwha art world. In this new development of Chosunwha, the use of the mogol technique began to be actively used in landscape paintings and gradually expanded to figure paintings. The 'molgol' method by 'sayi' was spectacularly reinstated by Chung Jong-yeo, the last surviving member who went to North Korea, who led Chosunwha painters.
In the 1980s, The formative characteristics of today's contemporary Chosunwha, namely, the Chosunwha of the molgol method by sayi, were established. Because this process was ultimately completed by Kim Jong-il, the theory that summarized the formative characteristics of contemporary Chosunwha in the early 1990s was called "Kim Jong-il's Art Theory."
Contemporary Chosunwha was completed by fusing the orientalism of the traditional national spirit of the painters who went to North Korea with the aesthetics of ink painting expressed by sayi, and the aesthetic implementation method of color painting reflecting the contrast of Western painting techniques. As the aesthetic spirit of modern painters was reflected in the personalities of contemporary painters, contemporary Chosunwha proceeded with remarkable changes and developments. And this has been inherited by the current generation of North Korean Chosunwha painters, and the future is being promoted.