1) BackgroundAging is the result of a complex polygenetic trait characterized by decreased regeneration capacity and increased vulnerability to external and internal perturbations. Consequently, the inevitable process critically influences longevity, ...
1) BackgroundAging is the result of a complex polygenetic trait characterized by decreased regeneration capacity and increased vulnerability to external and internal perturbations. Consequently, the inevitable process critically influences longevity, health, and disease susceptibility, ultimately leading to age-related pathologies and death. However, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying aging has been hampered by its complex nature and the previous studies about aging lack a mechanistic explanation of aging process in a systemic manner. Thus, aging needs to be understood within a systemic framework primarily due to the stochastic nature of it.2) MethodFirstly, using yeast KEGG pathway data, we investigated fundamental aspects of aging in the context of a balance between stress-responsive and growth-related pathways. Yeast KEGG pathways were clustered and analyzed according to whether stress-response or growth-related genes are enriched. Secondly, brain aging had been subjected to our study on aging. In the case of brain aging study, module-based approaches are promising in that aging-related molecular changes are hard to discover and frequently caused by combinatorial effects of multiple molecular perturbations rather than an effect of an individual component. Accordingly, we constructed two different networks in two different biological contexts, namely, general aging (non-tissue specific and systemic) and brain aging (tissue-specific). Additionally, using transcriptome data of the human brain, we construed co-expressed modules of genes that correlate with expression across increasing aging.3) Results and DiscussionThe study of yeast KEGG pathway demonstrated that growth-related pathways such as transcription and translation are overrepresented for growth-related genes, whereas stress-response genes are biased toward metabolism, especially carbohydrate metabolism. Furthermore, stress-response and growth related pathways show opposite patterns with respect to functional category, transcriptional regulation, codon adaptation index and network properties. The bipolar regulatory strategies used by cells are likely to influence the cooperative behavior of molecular interactions in KEGG pathways, especially with respect to the cell‘s adaptation to the environment, indicating that switching between mutually exclusive gene regulatory events is important for balancing growth and stress responses within the organism. In the study of brain aging, an integrative aging gene network was constructed based on mutual molecular interactions using literature-curated interactome data and separated into functionally distinct modules. To investigate key surrogate biomarkers of the aging brain in the context of the general aging process, co-expression networks were built on post-mortem and Alzheimer’s brain transcriptome data. In both the normal aging brain and the brain affected by Alzheimer’s disease, the immune-related co-expression module was positively correlated with advancing age, whereas the synaptic transmission-related co-expression module was decreased with age. Importantly, the network topology-based analysis indicated that complement system genes were prioritized as a surrogate biomarker in evaluating the process of brain aging. Our public data-centered analysis coupled with experimental validation revealed that the complement system is likely to be a master regulator in initiating and regulating the immune system in the aging brain and could serve as reliable and surrogate biomarkers for the diagnosis of cognitive dysfunction. As a "gatekeeper", complement system-related genes should be robust against internal and external challenges to protect the flow of molecular aberrations during aging to other components in the brain.