금속 3D 프린팅 기술중의 하나인 선택적 레이저 용융(SLM) 방식은 기존의 가공 방식으로는 제작할 수 없었던 3차원 구조물을 제작할 수 있어 4차 산업혁명의 각광받는 차세대 제조 기술로 그 ...

http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
금속 3D 프린팅 기술중의 하나인 선택적 레이저 용융(SLM) 방식은 기존의 가공 방식으로는 제작할 수 없었던 3차원 구조물을 제작할 수 있어 4차 산업혁명의 각광받는 차세대 제조 기술로 그 ...
금속 3D 프린팅 기술중의 하나인 선택적 레이저 용융(SLM) 방식은 기존의 가공 방식으로는 제작할 수 없었던 3차원 구조물을 제작할 수 있어 4차 산업혁명의 각광받는 차세대 제조 기술로 그 자리를 매김하고 있다. 그중 항공, 방산, 자동차 등의 부품 경량화에 가장 효율적인 알루미늄 소재가 각광받고 있다. 현재 알루미늄 소재로 AlSi7Mg 및 AlSi10Mg를 포함하는 알루미늄-실리콘(Al-Si) 기반 합금 재료가 널리 사용되고 있다. 그러나 경량화의 큰 장점이 있는 반면에 급속 냉각으로 인한 잔류응력은 부품의 기계적 강도, 치수 정확도 및 피로와 같은 신뢰성에 영향을 미치는 중요한 문제 중 하나이다.
본 연구에서는 잔류응력을 해소하기 위한 방안으로 저온 열처리 연구를 수행하였다.
첫 번째 연구로, 280 ℃의 저온 열처리를 통한 AlSi7Mg 및 AlSi10Mg 합금의 잔류응력 평가 및 미세구조, 기계적 특성, 전기적 특성을 평가하였다.
두 번째 연구는 첫 번째 연구 결과를 토대로 산업군 어플리케이션에 따른 온도별 열처리 조건을 최적화 하기 위하여 180 ℃ ~ 280 ℃의 열처리 조건별 특성을 연구하였다.
열처리 후 AlSi7Mg 및 AlSi10Mg 재료의 미세구조, 잔류응력 및 기계적 성질과 전기적 특성의 변화를 체계적으로 조사하였다. 열처리 후 실리콘(Si) 네트워크 구조와 알루미늄 매트릭스에 용해된 Si는 완전히 석출되어 독립적인 미세 구형 석출물로 존재하였다. AlSi7Mg 재료는 Si의 낮은 체적 분율로 인해 고용체 경화 효과가 약하여 AlSi10Mg 재료보다 인장 강도, 경도 및 연신율이 더 낮았다. 열처리 온도가 증가할수록 두 재료의 기계적 강도가 감소하고 연신율이 증가하는 현상을 확인하였다. 이때 190 ℃의 열처리 조건에서 AlSi7Mg 및 AlSi10Mg 재료 모두 항복강도가 가장 높은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편, 알루미늄 매트릭스에 석출된 Si가 불순물로 작용하여 열처리 후 재료의 전기전도도가 향상되었다. Al-Si 합금의 전기 전도도 및 기계적 특성은 재료의 Si 함량에 따라 달라지는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 저온 열처리를 통한 재료의 적절한 Si 함량을 최적화하여 전기적 및 기계적 특성을 향상시킬 수 있었다.
다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)
Selective Laser Melting (SLM), one of the metal 3D printing technologies, is positioning itself as a next-generation manufacturing technology that is in the spotlight of the 4th Industrial Revolution as it can produce 3D structures that could not be m...
Selective Laser Melting (SLM), one of the metal 3D printing technologies, is positioning itself as a next-generation manufacturing technology that is in the spotlight of the 4th Industrial Revolution as it can produce 3D structures that could not be manufactured with conventional processing methods. Among them, aluminum is the most efficient material for lightening parts in aviation, defense, and automobiles. Currently, aluminum-silicon (Al-Si)-based alloy materials including AlSi7Mg and AlSi10Mg are widely used as aluminum materials. However, while there is a great advantage of light weight, residual stress due to rapid cooling is one of the important issues affecting reliability such as mechanical strength, dimensional accuracy and fatigue of parts.
In this study, low-temperature heat treatment was conducted as a way to relieve residual stress.
As a first study, the residual stress, microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical properties of AlSi7Mg and AlSi10Mg alloys were evaluated through low-temperature heat treatment at 280 ℃.
In the second study, based on the results of the first study, the characteristics of each heat treatment condition of 180 ℃ ~ 280 ℃ were studied in order to optimize the heat treatment conditions by temperature according to industrial applications.
After heat treatment, the changes in the microstructure, residual stress, and mechanical and electrical properties of AlSi7Mg and AlSi10Mg materials were systematically investigated. After heat treatment, Si dissolved in the silicon (Si) network structure and aluminum matrix was completely precipitated and existed as independent fine spherical precipitates. The AlSi7Mg material showed weaker solid-solution hardening effect due to the lower volume fraction of Si, resulting in lower tensile strength, hardness and elongation than the AlSi10Mg material. It was confirmed that as the heat treatment temperature increased, the mechanical strength of the two materials decreased and the elongation increased. At this time, it was confirmed that the mechanical strength of both AlSi7Mg and AlSi10Mg materials was the highest under the heat treatment condition of 180 ℃ ~ 190 ℃. On the other hand, Si precipitated in the aluminum matrix acts as an impurity, and the electrical conductivity of the material after heat treatment is improved. It was confirmed that the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the Al-Si alloy depend on the Si content of the material.
As a result, it was possible to improve the electrical and mechanical properties by optimizing the appropriate Si content of the material through low-temperature heat treatment.
목차 (Table of Contents)
참고문헌 (Reference)
1. Selective Laser Melting of Copper, Lykov P. A., Akhmedianov A. M., Safonov E. V., 843, 284-288, , 2016
2. Selective Laser Melting of Pure Copper, IKESHOJI, T. T., YONEHARA, M., IMAI, K., NAKAMURA, K., KYOGOKU, H., 70, 396-400, , 2017
3. Design for additive manufacturing from a force-flow perspective, Xin, Y., Wang, Y., Yu, Y., Li, S., 204, 109664, , 2021
4. Mechanical Properties of SLM-Printed Aluminium Alloys: A Review, Ponnusamy, P., Masood, S. H., Ruan, D., Rashid, R. A. R., Palanisamy, S., 13, 4301, , 2020
5. Defect formation mechanisms in selective laser melting: a review, Bai, Q., Zhang, B., Li, Y., 30, 515–527, , 2017
6. Selective Laser Melting Aluminum Waveguide Attenuation at K-band, Hollenbeck, M., Smith, R., Warnick, K., Cathey, C., Opra, J., 45-47, , 2017
7. Deformation behavior and microstructure of Ti6A14V manufactured by SLM, Yadroitsava, I., Krakhmalev, P., Yadroitsev, I., Plessis, A., Fredriksson, G., Kazantseva, N., 83, 778 – 788, , 2016
8. Relative Performance of Additively Manufactured and Cast Aluminum Alloys, Patel, A., Asgari, H., Vlasea, M., Brock, L., Ogunsanya, I., 30, 760-782, , 2021
9. High Strength Aluminium Alloys in Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion – a Review, Leirmo, J. L., 104, 1747-1752, , 2021
10. Processing parameters in laser powder bed fusion metal additive manufacturing, Ma, J., LaLonde, A. D., Oliveira, J. P., 193, 108762, , 2020
1. Selective Laser Melting of Copper, Lykov P. A., Akhmedianov A. M., Safonov E. V., 843, 284-288, , 2016
2. Selective Laser Melting of Pure Copper, IKESHOJI, T. T., YONEHARA, M., IMAI, K., NAKAMURA, K., KYOGOKU, H., 70, 396-400, , 2017
3. Design for additive manufacturing from a force-flow perspective, Xin, Y., Wang, Y., Yu, Y., Li, S., 204, 109664, , 2021
4. Mechanical Properties of SLM-Printed Aluminium Alloys: A Review, Ponnusamy, P., Masood, S. H., Ruan, D., Rashid, R. A. R., Palanisamy, S., 13, 4301, , 2020
5. Defect formation mechanisms in selective laser melting: a review, Bai, Q., Zhang, B., Li, Y., 30, 515–527, , 2017
6. Selective Laser Melting Aluminum Waveguide Attenuation at K-band, Hollenbeck, M., Smith, R., Warnick, K., Cathey, C., Opra, J., 45-47, , 2017
7. Deformation behavior and microstructure of Ti6A14V manufactured by SLM, Yadroitsava, I., Krakhmalev, P., Yadroitsev, I., Plessis, A., Fredriksson, G., Kazantseva, N., 83, 778 – 788, , 2016
8. Relative Performance of Additively Manufactured and Cast Aluminum Alloys, Patel, A., Asgari, H., Vlasea, M., Brock, L., Ogunsanya, I., 30, 760-782, , 2021
9. High Strength Aluminium Alloys in Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion – a Review, Leirmo, J. L., 104, 1747-1752, , 2021
10. Processing parameters in laser powder bed fusion metal additive manufacturing, Ma, J., LaLonde, A. D., Oliveira, J. P., 193, 108762, , 2020
11. Application of Directed Energy Deposition-Based Additive Manufacturing in Repair, Lombardi, M., Marchese, G., Fino, P., Aversa, A., Biamino, S., Saboori, A., 9, 3316, , 2019
12. Residual stress evaluation of components produced via direct metal laser sintering, Fancher, C. M., Bunn, J., Kemerling, B., Lippold, J. C., 62, 663–674, , 2017
13. Development of light weight high strength aluminum alloy for selective laser melting, Ca, N. X., Hien, N. T., Qbau, N., Nam, N. D., 9, 14075-14081, , 2020
14. Electrical resistivity of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg for use in electric motors, Galea, M., Silbernagel, C., Dickens, P., Ashcroft, I., 21, 395-403, , 2018
15. Design for additive manufacturing – a review of available design methods and software, Anton, W., Johan, P., Johan Ö., 25, 1080-1094, , 2019
16. On the determination of residual stresses in additively manufactured lattice structures, Bruno, G., Sternahl, L. F., Sprengel, M., Hofmann, M., Neumann, R. S., Fritsch, T., Evans, A., 54, 228-236, , 2020
17. Substrate design to minimize residual stresses in Directed Energy Deposition AM processes, Zhang, G., Lu, X., Cervera, M., Ma, L., Li, J., Chiumenti, M., Lin, X., Liang, E., 202, 109525, , 2021
18. Binder jetting additive manufacturing with a particle-free metal ink as a binder precursor, Williams, C. B., Bai, Y., 147, 146-156, , 2018
19. State of the Art in Directed Energy Deposition: From Additive Manufacturing to Materials Design, Moridi, A., Dass, A., 9, 418, , 2019
20. 3D-printing process design of lattice compressor impeller based on residual stress and deformation, Li, F., Zhang, Y., Jia, D., 10, 600, , 2020
21. A Review of the As-Built SLM Ti-6Al-4V Mechanical Properties towards Achieving Fatigue Resistant Designs, Agius , D., Kourousis, K. I., Wallbrink, C., 8, 75, , 2018
22. Numerical insights on the spreading of practical 316 L stainless steel powder in SLM additive manufacturing, Fu, H., Zhang, H., Yao, D., Yang, X., Li, M., Liu, X., Wang, J., Fan, W., An, X., Zou, Q., 390, 197–208, , 2021
23. Effect of scanning strategies on residual stress and mechanical properties of Selective Laser Melted Ti6Al4V, Ghadbeigi, H., Mumtaz, H., Ali, H., 712, 175–187, , 2018
24. Effects of annealing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted AlSi7Mg alloy, Wang, M., Wei, Q., Song, B., Shi, Y., Zhang, Y., 739, 463– 472, , 2019
25. Enhanced mechanical properties and electrical conductivity in ultrafine-grained Al alloy processed via ECAP-PC, Dubravina, A. A., Valiev, R. Z., Sabirov, I., Kazykhanov, V. U., Murashkin, M. Y., Bobruk, E. V., 48, 4501-4509, , 2013
26. A Review of Selective Laser Melting of Aluminum Alloys:Processing, Microstructure, Property and Developing Trends, Bourell, D., Song, B., Zhang, J., Shi, Y., Wei, Q., 35, 270-284, , 2018
27. A review of selective laser melting of aluminum alloys: Processing, microstructure, property and developing trends, Wang, Z., Suryanarayana, C., Prashanth, K. G., Ummethala, R., Singh, N., Tang, S., Eckert, J., 35, 270-284, , 2019
28. A review on recent developments in binder jetting metal additive manufacturing: materials and process characteristics, Lores, A., Agote, I., Zuza, E., Azurmendi, N., 62, 1-30, , 2019
29. High-fidelity modelling of selective laser melting copper alloy: Laser reflection behavior and thermal-fluid dynamics, Zhao, M., Ren, Z., Jiang, J., Zhang, D. Z., Fu, G., 207, 109857, , 2021
30. Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Powder Packing and Sintering in Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing of Metals, Bai, Y., Wagner, G., Williams, C. B., 139, 081019, , 2017
31. Experimental and numerical investigation on compressive fatigue strength of lattice structures of AlSi7Mg manufactured by SLM, Foletti, S., Patriarca, L., Rigoni, L., Beretta, S., Boniotti, L., 128, 105181, , 2019
32. A Review on Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys for Aerospace Applications: Directed Energy Deposition and Beyond Ti-6Al-4V, ZOU. Y., HE, B., LIU, Z., LYU, T., 73, 1804–1818, , 2021
33. An Overview of Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Components by Directed Energy Deposition: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties, Biamino, S., Saboori, A., Lombardi, M., Fino, P., Gallo, D., 7, 883, , 2017
34. Effects of direct aging treatment on microstructure, mechanical properties and residual stress of selective laser melted AlSi10Mg alloy, Zhang, Y., Lei, C., Zhang, N., Tang, H., Tang, P., Gao, C., Rao, J. H., Bi, Y., 139, 198-209, , 2023
35. Effects of vacuum annealing treatment on microstructures and residual stress of AlSi10Mg parts produced by selective laser melting process, Chen, T., Wang, L., Tan, S., 30, 1650255, , 2016
36. Enhancement of electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance by silver shell‑copper core coating of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg alloy, Kumpula, J., Järvenpää, A., Hamada, A., Allam, T., Rautio, T., 403, 126426, , 2020
37. Direct Energy Deposition - Laser Additive Manufacturing of Titanium-Molybdenum alloy: Parametric studies, microstructure and mechanical properties, Bhardwaj, T., Paul, C. P., Shukla, M., Bindra, K. S., 787, 1238-1248, , 2019
38. Effect of heat treatment on AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated by selective laser melting: Microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and fracture mechanism, Shi, Y., Wei, Q., Zhou, Y., Zhang, A., Yan, C., Liu, J., Li,S., Li, W., 663, 116– 125, , 2016
39. Influences of platform heating and post-processing stress relief treatment on the mechanical properties and microstructure of selective-laser-melted AlSi10Mg alloys, Samuha, S., Amir, B., Grinberg, E., Gale, Y., Sadot, O., 822, 141612, , 2021
40. A Review on Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing of 316L Stainless Steel Characterization and Control of Powder Properties for Additive Manufacturing. JOM, 67, 549–554., LYCKFELDT, O., BRODIN, H., ACKELID, U., Pasebani, S., STRONDL, A., Mirzababaei, S., 3, 8261 61, , 2019