This thesis examines how the basis of the climate crisis, threatening the lives of all mankind today, is projected and depicted through literary works. It explores the various perspectives through which literature reflects on problems between humans, ...
This thesis examines how the basis of the climate crisis, threatening the lives of all mankind today, is projected and depicted through literary works. It explores the various perspectives through which literature reflects on problems between humans, society, and nature, presenting global tasks. In traditional literature, only a passive attitude or a static depiction of reality was described. Amitav Ghosh's perspective in The Great Derangement and Gun Island broadened the scope of the discussion of modernity, the source and root of global warming, to the dominant political relationships between Western and non-Western societies. In particular, he examined it from the extended perspective of ‘postcolonial ecocriticism,’ exploring issues of divisions and injustices not only between humans but also between humans and non-humans.
Postcolonial ecocriticism, systematized through the development from the combined perspectives of post-colonialism and ecocriticism, encompasses two themes: human inequality and environmental abuse and destruction, expanded and reproduced by colonial rule. It also seeks ways to coexist and communicate with all ecological beings on Earth while dismantling both anthropocentric and Eurocentric perspectives. Based on post-colonial ecological criticism, Ghosh presents the causes of the climate crisis stemming from the spread of modernity, a global phenomenon that has occurred simultaneously in many parts of the world since the 18th century. He argues that global modernity eventually caused discrimination, isolation, and polarization between the West and the non-Western, humans and nature, literature and science—relations that are colonial in nature—through an arrogant will to act, including non-humans. Due to this polarization, human domination, oppression, and exploitation by humans, as well as oppression and exploitation of nature and non-human beings, have been structured for centuries.
According to Ghosh, the carbon-intensive economy, which persisted for more than 300 years after the spread of modernity, is considered the primary culprit of today's climate crisis. This crisis began with the early modernization of European countries, but Ghosh asserts that the industrialization of the non-Western world has expanded explosively since the mid-20th century. He argues that the current global warming and climate crisis need to be recognized as the common and cumulative responsibility of mankind. Ghosh named the period when ecological destruction accelerated explosively due to the global and simultaneous manifestation and spread of modernity as ‘the time of great derangement.’ He emphasizes that the climate crisis is intensified by a crisis of cultural and literary imagination. To address all the oppression, bondage, and exploitation systemic between the Western and the non-Western, humans and nature, and between humans and external beings, it is necessary to restore ecological convergence alongside political and social reconciliation of the West and the non-Western through post-colonialism. Above all, Ghosh argues that the literary imagination must be strengthened for this purpose.
In this way, Ghosh analyzes the irony present in 19th-century modern novels alongside a profound interpretation of the climate crisis and modernity. He criticizes the problem of excluding the severe human issue of the climate crisis from serious fiction. Through Gun Island, Ghosh's literary concerns and reflections are vividly portrayed and elevated into the climate novel, a genre known as cli-fi. His efforts to properly confront and overcome the increasingly deepening human crisis and social phenomena in Ghosh's two works can be viewed as a source of inspiration for the approaches literary works can take to engage with the climate and human crisis. In particular, undertaking such pioneering work on the current climate crisis, which other writers and artists may be avoiding or passively addressing, will challenge human society both now and in the future.