Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are widely utilized in the production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals due to their suitability for large-scale commercial manufacturing. Because the composition of the culture medium critically influences cell growt...
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are widely utilized in the production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals due to their suitability for large-scale commercial manufacturing. Because the composition of the culture medium critically influences cell growth and productivity, it is essential to develop medium formulations optimized for specific cell lines. Recently, the development of chemically defined media (CDM), in which all components are clearly specified, has gained increasing importance. CDM provides a consistent culture environment, eliminates the use of animal-derived materials, and thereby minimizes the risk of viral contamination, making it advantageous for quality control and regulatory compliance. In this study, a Design of Experiment (DoE) approach was employed to efficiently optimize the component concentrations of a CDM formulation for CHO-DG44 cells. To accelerate the optimization of numerous medium components, both basal and feed media were divided into five groups according to the physicochemical characteristics of their components, and DoE was conducted on these five grouped factors. For basal medium optimization, a Fractional Factorial Design (FFD) was applied directly without a preceding Plackett–Burman Design (PBD), since the number of factors was significantly reduced through grouping. Subsequently, a Central Composite Design (CCD) was implemented for further optimization, resulting in a 158% increase in Peak Viable Cell Density (PVCD) compared with the initial medium formulation. For feed medium optimization, an FFD was also conducted for the five grouped factors, yielding a 146% improvement in PVCD and a 400% increase in antibody titer compared with batch culture. Collectively, these results demonstrate the successful development of basal and feed media capable of supporting enhanced cell growth and productivity in fed-batch CHO cell cultures. Basal medium for CHO‑DG44 cultivation often contains poorly soluble amino acids such as tyrosine, requiring acidic or additive-assisted dissolution, and cystine, which remains nearly insoluble at neutral pH and can precipitate feed media, reduce cysteine bioavailability, and compromise formulation stability. To address these challenges, a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach was used to develop basal and feed media whereby highly soluble dipeptides replaced or supplemented L‑tyrosine and L‑cystine in this study. Media performance was assessed through viable cell density (VCD), viability, and recombinant protein titer, while critical quality attributes of charge variant distribution and aggregation were monitored to ensure product integrity. In this study, replacement experiments were conducted by gradually increasing the proportion of dipeptides in place of free amino acid forms of tyrosine and cystine in the basal medium. When L-tyrosine was replaced with GY and AY dipeptides, viable cell density (VCD) comparable to or higher than that of the control was observed, indicating that these dipeptides can support early cell growth. This effect is considered to be related to the uptake and utilization characteristics of GY and AY dipeptides. In contrast, replacement of L-cystine with AC and KC dipeptides resulted in similar or lower VCD compared to the control, suggesting limitations in supporting early cell growth. Based on these observations, L-tyrosine dipeptides can be considered effective alternatives in the basal medium, whereas partial replacement of L-cystine is more appropriate than complete substitution. Subsequently, experiments were conducted in the feed medium to replace free amino acids with dipeptide forms or to eliminate problematic amino acids. To address limitations associated with high-concentration fed-batch culture media, the total amount of amino acids supplied through the feed medium during the culture period was calculated and supplemented in advance into the basal medium in the form of dipeptides, while the corresponding amino acids were excluded from the feed medium. The results showed that tyrosine dipeptides supported cell growth, whereas cystine dipeptides contributed to improvements in cell-specific productivity. These findings indicate that differences in dipeptide transport and enzymatic cleavage characteristics can influence cellular responses. Overall, the use of dipeptides represents a feasible approach to mitigating solubility and stability issues in high-concentration fed-batch culture media and provides an effective strategy for improving biopharmaceutical production.