This article argues that in the making of the British-Irish Union, the view that the industrious habits of British society enabled Britain to outdo Ireland in their free trade developed into the perspective that British manners and habits were a means of civilizing Ireland. The rationales behind the Union’s free trade and civilization had a similar logical basis that both cases understood Britain’s economic strength in terms of the nature of British society such as habits and manners. British Prime Minister William Pitt believed that Britain’s industrious habits ensured Britain’s superiority in free trade with Ireland, but the very reason meant that free trade would not ensure the interest of the Irish economy after the Union. Yet Ireland’s prosperity would be promoted, if the British government were to civilize Ireland by transplanting British manners into Irish society. While free trade as a means of national integration posed a difficult question that the interests between the two economic nations tended to be conflicting, civilization as a means of national integration underpinned the claim that the interests of Britain and Ireland could be mutually promoted.

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