This paper surveys the development of the history of modern Manchuria as a field of scholarly inquiry in Western academia and outlines some of the significant research findings. Until the 1990s, academic research on modern Manchuria consisted mainly of economic histories analyzing the rapid economic growth in the 1930-40s, political and military histories in contemporary Chinese historical contexts, and studies on Manchuria as part of Japanese imperial expansion. This trend methodologically and thematically changed at the dawn of the twenty-first century. It also marked the postmodern and poststructuralist turn in the Western intellectual world. The new direction includes borderland history, which highlights modern Manchuria as a transnational and transcultural place. The borderland studies, in theoretical pursuit of boundaries and cultures, focus on how Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Russian, and other people interacted and competed in Manchuria. The cultural turn in the field of history and the rise of cultural studies promoted researchers to examine how modernity and power were culturally represented in literature, film, art, architecture, and urban planning (with a focus primarily on Manchukuo). Other works, deeply associated with Michel Foucault’s theory of governmentality and biopolitics, either analyze racial discourse in Manchukuo, or investigate scientific, technical, medical knowledge, and the intellectuals who supported Manchukuo governance. Due to its theoretically rich implication and relatively good accessibility of primary sources, 1930-40s Manchuria has dominated the field, while Manchuria after 1949 remains mostly barren. Modern Manchuria will attract Western scholars’ attention based on its historical implications in contemporary East Asian politics.

만주학회 창립 20주년을 맞아 근현대 만주지역에 대한 서구학계의 연구 동향을 소개하는 글이다. 근현대 만주에 관한 학술적인 연구가 본격적으로 출판된 것은 1970년대부터로, 1930-40년대 만주의 급속한 경제 성장과 그 원인을 분석하는 연구들, 중국근현대사의 맥락에서 쓰인 만주의 정치군사사, 만주에서의 일본 제국주의 확장을 탐구하는 연구들이 1990년대까지 주류를 이루었다. 2000년대 이후로는 서구지성계와 역사학계 전반에서 부흥한 포스트모더니즘과 후기 구조주의의 영향을 받아, 근현대 만주 연구자들도 이전과는 다른 방법론으로 이전과는 다른 주제들에 접근하기 시작했다. 여러 민족과 문화가 넘나드는 초국가적 변경지대로서 만주를 이해하는 시각은 만주를 살던 중국인, 일본인, 조선인, 러시아인 등 다양한 사람들의 교류와 경쟁에 초점을 맞추고 경계 넘나들기에 관한 이론적 탐구를 추구한다. 문화 연구의 출현과 역사학계의 문화사적 전환의 맥락에서 나온 연구들은 근현대 만주의 근대성과 정치권력의 문화적 재현을 문학, 영화, 예술, 건축, 도시 건설 등의 측면에서 분석한다. 미셸 푸코의 통치성과 생명정치 이론으로 생명권력을 역사화하고 그 해체를 시도하는 연구들은 일본 제국과 만주국 내 인종 담론을 분석하거나, 과학기술연구의 일환으로 만주 통치에 활용된 과학적, 의학적, 기술적 지식과 지식인들의 활동을 조사한다. 만주국 시기의 풍부한 이론적 함의와 높은 사료 접근성 때문에 기존 연구가 1930-40년대 만주에 집중되어 있고 1949년 이후의 만주에 대한 연구는 공백으로 남아있다. 근현대 만주는 현재 동아시아 정세와 관련하여 지속적으로 서구학계의 관심을 끌 것으로 전망된다.

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