18세기 기사 남인의 복관작(復官爵) 청원을 통해 본 양반 격쟁(擊錚)의 정착 -목내선(睦來善), 이현일(李玄逸) 후손들의 복관작 청원을 중심으로-|RISS 상세보기

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article examines the gyeokjaeng (擊錚) employed by the descendants of Mok Nae-seon and Yi Hyeon-il-both of whom had been punished in the purge of 1694 for their key roles in the Nam’in (南人) administration of 1689-1694 - in appealing for the restoration of the position-and-rank (復官爵) of their ancestors. In doing so, the paper traces back the institutional, social, and political reasons for the process through which gyeokjaeng were solidified into a particular form of yangban appeal in late Joseon. Gyeokjaeng were primarily a means by which lower-status members of Joseon society were able to communicate orally to the king their sense of having been wronged. But in the 18th century, large numbers of yangban attempted gyeokjaeng appeals primarily over the issues of clearing the name (伸寃), or restoring the position-and-rank, of their ancestors; disputes over burial sites (山訟); and naming of successors (立後). Appeals for the exculpation-or the restoration of the position-and-rank-of ancestors were especially notable in that the yangban choosing to make their cases through gyeokjaeng outnumbered those doing so using the yangban’s own sang’eon (上言) format. Indeed, it was with gyeokjaeng that the descendants of Mok Nae-seon and Yi Hyeon-il made their appeals for the restoration of the position-and-rank of their ancestors. Careful examination of these 18th century position-and-rank restoration appeals, made on behalf of ancestors and sustained using the gyeokjaeng format, makes it possible to explain the factors driving the establishment and consolidation of the yangban gyeokjaeng format in this period. In the late 17th and early 18th centuries, even as efforts were made to prevent abuse gyeokjaeng of the appeal format, a system resulting in expansion of the acceptable grounds for such appeals was organized, and the legal foundations for the revitalization of the gyeokjaeng appeal were laid. Moreover, Joseon’s government instituted protocol governing the receipt of and formality-punishment (例刑: a light, nominal punishment administered to all gyeokjaeng appellants) for gyeokjaeng made by those of government-official background. In addition, receipt of non-oral, document-based gyeokjaeng appeals became possible. This rationalization of the gyeokjaeng system had the effect of increasing the options available to yangban. In addition to these institutional developments, the social and political conditions of the time facilitated the consolidation of the gyeokjaeng as a particular form of yangban appeal. First, as a result of the growth in the social and legal importance of the Three Bonds and Five Constants (綱常) ethics, as well as of the development of lineage organizations, the act of risking punishment in order to seek vindication for an ancestor’s having been wronged came to be seen as a virtue. Second, unlike the sang’eon format, gyeokjaeng- for which there were no limits on the number of times an appeal could be raised-proved to be particularly effective means for dealing with issues that were difficult to settle in short periods of time, and that required instead extended and vigorous petition. Whereas appealing politically-sensitive matters via memorial (上疏) initiated an official deliberation, electing instead to use the gyeokjaeng format-a tool designed to relieve the personal frustrations of a single individual-offered a substantially reduced risk of inciting political turmoil. Third, because yangban gyeokjaeng were primarily employed in order to achieve some shared, pressing ambition of an entire patriarchal relative group, even the punishment that an appellant received for a gyeokjaeng would not impact his social standing. What’s more, the actions of Mok Nae-seon and Yi Hyeon-il reflected a desire shared by 18th century kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo to bolster elements capable of checking the power of the Noron (老論) group that controlled government. Thus, even when authorities found fault with the contents of the gyeokjaeng made by the descendants of Mok and Yi, and even when these men were sent into exile, very little time passed before they were released again. This study has shown that 18th century Joseon saw the creation of political and social conditions that permitted a yangban largely isolated from central power to appeal directly to their ruler. In particular, in finding that even instances of sensitive political issues being appealed through a format designed to provide recourse to individuals who had been wronged personally went largely undisputed, this study reveals a means by which a marginalized yangban, and a king and central ruling elite, were able to coexist within the Noron-dominated political climate of the 18th century.

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