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Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω
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Ä Ö Ü ä ö ü ß
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‘ ’ “ ” 〔 〕 〈 〉 「 」 『 』 【 】 ＂ （ ） ［ ］ ｛ ｝
± × ÷ ≠ ≤ ≥ ∞ ∴ ♂ ♀ ∠ ⊥ ⌒ ∂ ∇ ≡ ≒ ≪ ≫ √ ∽ ∝ ∵ ∫ ∬ ∈ ∋ ⊆ ⊇ ⊂ ⊃ ∪ ∩ ∧ ∨ ￢ ⇒ ⇔ ∀ ∃ ∮ ∑ ∏ ＋ － ＜ ＝ ＞
、 。 · ‥ … ¨ 〃 ― ∥ ＼ ∼ ´ ～ ˇ ˘ ˝ ˚ ˙ ¸ ˛ ¡ ¿ ː ！ ＇ ， ． ／ ： ； ？ ＾ ＿ ｀ ｜
½ ⅓ ⅔ ¼ ¾ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁿ ₁ ₂ ₃ ₄
Æ Ð Ħ IJ Ł Ø Œ Þ Ŧ Ŋ æ đ ð ħ ı ij ĸ ŀ ł ø œ ß þ ŧ ŋ ʼn
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′ ″ ℃ Å ￠ ￡ ￥ ¤ ℉ ‰ ＄ ％ Ｆ ￦ ㎕ ㎖ ㎗ ℓ ㎘ ㏄ ㎣ ㎤ ㎥ ㎦ ㎙ ㎚ ㎛ ㎜ ㎝ ㎞ ㎟ ㎠ ㎡ ㎢ ㏊ ㎍ ㎎ ㎏ ㏏ ㎈ ㎉ ㏈ ㎧ ㎨ ㎰ ㎱ ㎲ ㎳ ㎴ ㎵ ㎶ ㎷ ㎸ ㎹ ㎀ ㎁ ㎂ ㎃ ㎄ ㎺ ㎻ ㎽ ㎾ ㎿ ㎐ ㎑ ㎒ ㎓ ㎔ Ω ㏀ ㏁ ㎊ ㎋ ㎌ ㏖ ㏅ ㎭ ㎮ ㎯ ㏛ ㎩ ㎪ ㎫ ㎬ ㏝ ㏐ ㏓ ㏃ ㏉ ㏜ ㏆
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      18세기 전반 八旗 소속 太監의 추방형 처결 방식과 그 의미 ― 旗人 안건 처결 구조와의 비교를 중심으로 ― = Banishment and Eight-Banner Eunuchs in the Early Eighteenth Century — Sentencing Practices and Their Implications —

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      https://www.riss.kr/link?id=A110279938

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      This article examines the sentencing practices applied to eunuchs belonging to the Eight Banners in the early eighteenth century and analyzes their implications for understanding the penal order of Qing banner society. Existing scholarship on Qing eunuchs has mainly focused on their political influence, institutional organization, recruitment, and everyday activities within the palace. Relatively little attention, however, has been paid to the legal status of eunuchs within the banner system or to the way their criminal cases were handled in relation to the principle of Avoiding Banishment after Committing Offences granted to bannermen. This study therefore asks whether eunuchs affiliated with the Eight Banners were punished according to the same legal principles applied to bannermen when they committed crimes punishable by banishment.
      To address this question, the article first examines the principle of Avoiding Banishment after Committing Offences in Qing law and reviews how this principle operated in judicial practice during the early eighteenth century. Under Qing law, bannermen were in principle exempt from punishments involving banishment, such as penal servitude, exile, or military banishment, and these penalties were commonly commuted to cangue and whipping. Nevertheless, depending on the gravity of the crime, actual banishment could still be imposed.
      The article then examines the institutional position of eunuchs within the Qing palace and the banner system. Drawing on previous studies of the Qing eunuch institution together with banner household-registration materials, this study demonstrates that eunuchs were incorporated into the banner system rather than existing solely as palace servants. Their affiliation with the banners, however, does not automatically mean that their criminal cases were treated identically to those of other bannermen. This issue can only be clarified through the analysis of concrete judicial cases.
      The core of the article therefore analyzes a series of eunuch criminal cases from the Kangxi and Yongzheng reigns preserved in Manchu palace memorials. These cases show that eunuchs were frequently punished according to a sentencing logic similar to that applied to bannermen. In many instances, punishments that would ordinarily involve banishment were commuted to cangue and whipping, reflecting the operation of the principle of Avoiding Banishment after Committing Offences. At the same time, the cases also reveal that this commutation was not absolute. Depending on the nature and severity of the offense, actual banishment could still be imposed. The sentencing of eunuchs therefore operated within a framework shaped simultaneously by palace discipline, banner status, and imperial judicial authority.
      This article argues that eunuch criminal cases reveal that the principle of Avoiding Banishment after Committing Offences was not merely a privilege designed to preserve banner military manpower. Because eunuchs, although affiliated with the banner system, were not military personnel, their cases demonstrate that the logic behind this principle also involved the Qing state's effort to manage and retain human resources embedded within the banner order while maintaining legal discipline through selective enforcement of banishment.
      In this sense, eunuch cases provide important evidence not only for understanding the punishment of a special palace group but also for reconstructing the broader principles governing banner punishment in the early eighteenth century. Because bannermen’s criminal cases from this period are relatively scarce, the study of eunuch cases offers a valuable perspective for understanding how the principle of Avoiding Banishment after Committing Offences actually operated in practice. Finally, this study focuses on the early eighteenth century and does not claim that the same sentencing structure remained unchanged throughout the Qing dynasty. Rather, it provides a historicall...
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      This article examines the sentencing practices applied to eunuchs belonging to the Eight Banners in the early eighteenth century and analyzes their implications for understanding the penal order of Qing banner society. Existing scholarship on Qing eun...

      This article examines the sentencing practices applied to eunuchs belonging to the Eight Banners in the early eighteenth century and analyzes their implications for understanding the penal order of Qing banner society. Existing scholarship on Qing eunuchs has mainly focused on their political influence, institutional organization, recruitment, and everyday activities within the palace. Relatively little attention, however, has been paid to the legal status of eunuchs within the banner system or to the way their criminal cases were handled in relation to the principle of Avoiding Banishment after Committing Offences granted to bannermen. This study therefore asks whether eunuchs affiliated with the Eight Banners were punished according to the same legal principles applied to bannermen when they committed crimes punishable by banishment.
      To address this question, the article first examines the principle of Avoiding Banishment after Committing Offences in Qing law and reviews how this principle operated in judicial practice during the early eighteenth century. Under Qing law, bannermen were in principle exempt from punishments involving banishment, such as penal servitude, exile, or military banishment, and these penalties were commonly commuted to cangue and whipping. Nevertheless, depending on the gravity of the crime, actual banishment could still be imposed.
      The article then examines the institutional position of eunuchs within the Qing palace and the banner system. Drawing on previous studies of the Qing eunuch institution together with banner household-registration materials, this study demonstrates that eunuchs were incorporated into the banner system rather than existing solely as palace servants. Their affiliation with the banners, however, does not automatically mean that their criminal cases were treated identically to those of other bannermen. This issue can only be clarified through the analysis of concrete judicial cases.
      The core of the article therefore analyzes a series of eunuch criminal cases from the Kangxi and Yongzheng reigns preserved in Manchu palace memorials. These cases show that eunuchs were frequently punished according to a sentencing logic similar to that applied to bannermen. In many instances, punishments that would ordinarily involve banishment were commuted to cangue and whipping, reflecting the operation of the principle of Avoiding Banishment after Committing Offences. At the same time, the cases also reveal that this commutation was not absolute. Depending on the nature and severity of the offense, actual banishment could still be imposed. The sentencing of eunuchs therefore operated within a framework shaped simultaneously by palace discipline, banner status, and imperial judicial authority.
      This article argues that eunuch criminal cases reveal that the principle of Avoiding Banishment after Committing Offences was not merely a privilege designed to preserve banner military manpower. Because eunuchs, although affiliated with the banner system, were not military personnel, their cases demonstrate that the logic behind this principle also involved the Qing state's effort to manage and retain human resources embedded within the banner order while maintaining legal discipline through selective enforcement of banishment.
      In this sense, eunuch cases provide important evidence not only for understanding the punishment of a special palace group but also for reconstructing the broader principles governing banner punishment in the early eighteenth century. Because bannermen’s criminal cases from this period are relatively scarce, the study of eunuch cases offers a valuable perspective for understanding how the principle of Avoiding Banishment after Committing Offences actually operated in practice. Finally, this study focuses on the early eighteenth century and does not claim that the same sentencing structure remained unchanged throughout the Qing dynasty. Rather, it provides a historicall...

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