칸트의 <순수이성비판>에서 형상적 종합과 전체 공간의 통일성

강지영 연세대학교 인문학연구원 2026 인문과학 Vol.136 No.-

본 논문은 <순수이성비판> B판의 형상적 종합(figurative Synthesis/ synthesis speciosa)과 전체 공간의 관계, 특히 전체 공간의 통일성이 상상력의 종합에 의존하는지 아니면 감성적 직관의 선험적 형식으로서 독립적으로 주어지는지를 고찰한다. 감성학에서 공간은 감성적 직관의 선험적 형식으로 규정되지만, 분석학의 B판 범주의 초월론적 연역에서는 형식적 직관으로서 형상적 종합에 의한 통일 표상으로 제시된다. 이에 따라 형상적 종합이 전체 공간의 통일성을 보증하는지는칸트의 인식론에서 감성의 수용성과 지성의 자발성의 관계, 나아가 B판 연역의성공 여부와 관련된 중요 쟁점이 된다. 본 논문은 먼저 B판 연역 §24와 §26을 분석하여 형상적 종합이 무엇이며 지성적 종합, 포착의 종합과 어떤 관계를 맺고 있는지 규명하고, 형상적 종합이 시공간의 통일성을 보증함을 밝힌다. 이어서 선행 연구에서 형상적 종합이 전체 공간의 통일성을 산출하는지에 대한 개념주의적 해석과 비개념주의적 해석의 대립을검토한다. 비개념주의는 종합은 부분에서 전체를 구성하는 것이지만 공간은 전체가 선행하며, 종합은 유한하지만 공간은 무한하기 때문에 형상적 종합에 의해 전체 공간이 산출되지 않는다고 주장한다. 그러나 본 논문은 이러한 비판이 종합을 순차적 결합으로 이해하는 데서 비롯된 것임을 지적하여, 비개념주의적 해석에 맞선다. 본 논문의 검토에 따르면, 형상적 종합은 모든 가능한 부분들이 하나의 동일한 지평 안에 속할 수 있도록 하는, 통일성의구조적조건을 형성하는 활동으로 이해되어야 한다. 결론적으로 본 논문은 형상적 종합이 전체 공간의 통일성을 구조적으로 담보한다는 개념주의적 해석이 더 설득력 있음을 논증한다. 이를 통해 공간의 통일성이 지성에 인도된 상상력의 활동에 근거함을 밝히고, B판 초월론적 연역 후반부의 정당성을 새롭게 조명한다. This paper clarifies the relationship between synthesis speciosa (figurative synthesis) and the unity of space as a whole in the B- edition of the Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant. It asks whether the unity of space as a whole is constituted by the transcendental activity of the imagination or independently given as the a priori form of sensibility. In the Transcendental Aesthetic, space is presented as the pure form of outer intuition. Yet in the B-edition Transcendental Deduction, space appears as a “formal intuition,” that is, as a representation whose unity is secured through figurative synthesis. This shift raises a central question for Kant’s epistemology: does figurative synthesis generate the unity of space as a whole, and what does this imply for the relationship between sensibility’s receptivity and the understanding’s spontaneity? Rather than reconstructing the entire B- Deduction, this paper focuses specifically on the relationship between figurative synthesis and total space. It begins with a close analysis of §§24 and 26, arguing that figurative synthesis functions as the transcendental condition for the unified representation of space and time. It then examines the debate between conceptualist and non-conceptualist interpretations. Non-conceptualists argue that synthesis proceeds from parts to whole, whereas space is given as an infinite whole prior to its parts; since synthesis is finite and successive, it cannot account for total space. Against this view, the paper contends that such objections presuppose a reductive model of synthesis as mere aggregation. Properly understood, figurative synthesis establishes a structural unity within which all possible parts are determinately related in a single horizon. On this basis, the paper defends a conceptualist reading: the unity of total space is not merely given but is structurally secured through the transcendental activity of imagination under the guidance of the understanding, thereby reinforcing the coherence of the B- edition Deduction.

질적메타합성 방법론 탐색과 특수교육 연구에서의 시사점

송만호 국립특수교육원 2022 특수교육연구 Vol.29 No.3

Qualitative meta synthesis is a research method for systematically synthesizing the results of qualitative research, and its value and awareness are increasing recently. Furthermore, Qualitative meta synthesis methodology has also developed a lot, and various methodologies have been developed. However, in the field of special education, research on qualitative meta synthesis is not being tried in earnest. This study conducted a theoretical study on the concept and characteristics of each methodology and the specific implementation process, focusing on the main methodologies of qualitative meta synthesis. In order to achieve this research purpose, literature research was conducted focusing on peer-reviewed studies related to qualitative meta synthesis and related books. As a result, the concepts, characteristics, specific research procedures and synthesis strategies of Meta ethnography, Critical interpretive synthesis, Grounded theory synthesis, Thematic synthesis and Meta study which is the main methodologies of qualitative meta synthesis, were reviewed. Based on these research results, similarities and differences in each methodology of qualitative meta synthesis were discussed. In addition, implications were suggested by discussing the applicability and necessity in special education research.

음악 이론으로서의 소리 합성 개론

김진호(Jinho Kim) 낭만음악사 2007 낭만음악 Vol.19 No.4

소리 합성의 연구 영역은 음악과 공학 및 과학이 서로 만나는 지점이기도 하지만 예술적인 서양 음악의 역사를 특별한 방식으로 재구성하는 것을 허락하는 한 관점을 제공해줄 수 있는 분야이기도 하다. 그러니까 소리 합성의 제 기법들 덕분에 지적이며 예술적인 음악의 재료의 영역은 서양 음악사의 과정을 통해 보다 넓어졌으며 그 재료들을 조직화하는 방법론으로서의 작곡 기법 역시 보다 풍요로워졌고 앞으로도 또 그러할 것이다. 이 논문은 음악 이론 및 정보적 음악학의 연구대상으로서의 소리 합성의 기본 개념과 그 역사, 쟁점, 제 기법들 및 소리 합성을 이용하여 만들어진 음악적 작품들의 소개를 다루고 있다. The domain of sound synthesis constitutes not only a field where music and science converge but also a viewpoint by which we can reconstruct western artistic music history in a particular way. With the aid of the synthesis techniques the domain of intellectual and artistic music material was enlarged through the western music history, and the compositional techniques as the methodology to organize the musical materials were more enriched. This article surveys the concepts, constituent elements, the pre-history and the history, the points at issue, the models, the profits of the study on sound synthesis, the techniques of sound synthesis, and the digital synthesis-realized musical pieces. As the techniques, this article surveys synthesis by sample, the French Concrete Music and sound treatment, synthesis by wave table, synthesis by vector, granular synthesis and stochastic synthesis of Xenakis, additive synthesis, the spectrum models, subtractive synthesis, the model of sound source-filter, and physical model.

Evaluation of Commercial Complementary DNA Synthesis Kits for Detecting Human Papillomavirus

Kwangmin Yu,Sunyoung Park,Yunhee Chang,Dasom Hwang,Geehyuk Kim,Jungho Kim,Sunghyun Kim,김은중,Dongsup Lee 대한임상검사과학회 2019 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.51 No.3

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignant neoplasm in women worldwide. Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by an infection by the human papillomavirus. Molecular diagnostic methods have emerged to detect the HPV for sensitivity, specificity, and objectivity. In particular, real-time PCR has been introduced to acquire a more sensitive target DNA or RNA. RNA extraction and complementary DNA synthesis are proceeded before performing real-time PCR targeting RNA. To identify an adequate and sensitive cDNA synthesis kit, this study evaluated the two commonly used kits for cDNA synthesis. The results show that the R2 and efficiency (%) of the two cDNA synthesis kits were similar in the cervical cancer cell lines. On the other hand, the Takara kit compared to Invitrogen kit showed P<0.001 in the 102 and 103 SiHa cell count. The Takara kit compared to the Invitrogen kit showed P<0.001 in the 101 and 102 HeLa cell count. Furthermore, 8, 4, 2, 1, and 0.5 ml of forty exfoliated cell samples were used to compare the cDNA synthesis kits. The Takara kit compared to the Invitrogen kit showed P<0.01 in 8, 4, and 1 ml and P<0.05 in 0.5 mL. The study was performed to identify the most appropriate cDNA synthesis kit and suggests that a cDNA synthesis kit could affect the real-time PCR results. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignant neoplasm in women worldwide. Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by an infection by the human papillomavirus. Molecular diagnostic methods have emerged to detect the HPV for sensitivity, specificity, and objectivity. In particular, real-time PCR has been introduced to acquire a more sensitive target DNA or RNA. RNA extraction and complementary DNA synthesis are proceeded before performing real-time PCR targeting RNA. To identify an adequate and sensitive cDNA synthesis kit, this study evaluated the two commonly used kits for cDNA synthesis. The results show that the R2 and efficiency (%) of the two cDNA synthesis kits were similar in the cervical cancer cell lines. On the other hand, the Takara kit compared to Invitrogen kit showed P<0.001 in the 102 and 103 SiHa cell count. The Takara kit compared to the Invitrogen kit showed P<0.001 in the 101 and 102 HeLa cell count. Furthermore, 8, 4, 2, 1, and 0.5 ml of forty exfoliated cell samples were used to compare the cDNA synthesis kits. The Takara kit compared to the Invitrogen kit showed P<0.01 in 8, 4, and 1 ml and P<0.05 in 0.5 mL. The study was performed to identify the most appropriate cDNA synthesis kit and suggests that a cDNA synthesis kit could affect the real-time PCR results.

십육미류기음(十六味流氣飮)이 FRTL-5 갑상선 세포의 DNA와 cAMP의 합성 및 MHC-class II의 발현에 미치는 영향

김병우,이재은,Kim, Byoung-Woo,Yi, Jae-Eun 대한한방내과학회 2005 대한한방내과학회지 Vol.26 No.2

Objective: Graves' disease encompasses hyperthyroidism and diffused goiter associated with auto-antibodies to the thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) receptors. In clinical environment, treatments of Graves' disease have many side effects such as recurrence and hypothyroidism. We've studied the effects of Sipyukmiyukieum on DNA synthesis, cAMP synthesis, and MHC-class II expression of FRTL-5 thyroid cells were studied. Methods: DNA synthesis was investigated by using BrdU staining and cAMP synthesis by ELISA kit, and expression of $interferon-{\gamma}$ activated MHC class II by Flow cytometer. Results: After introduction of Sipyukmiyukieum, significant inhibition of DNA synthesis. cAMP synthesis, and expression of $interferon-{\gamma}$ activated MHC class II of FRTL-5 thyroid cells was observed. Conclusions: Judging from these results, Sipyukmiyukieum has potential as a potent herbal treatment for inhibiting the enlargement of goiter, synthesis of abnormal thyroidal hormones, and autoimmuine responses of Graves' disease.

Simulation of DME synthesis from coal syngas by kinetics model

Hyun Min Shim,Seung Jong Lee,Young Don Yoo,Yong Seung Yun,Hyung Taek Kim 한국화학공학회 2009 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.26 No.3

DME (Dimethyl Ether) has emerged as a clean alternative fuel for diesel. There are largely two methods for DME synthesis. A direct method of DME synthesis has been recently developed that has a more compact process than the indirect method. However, the direct method of DME synthesis has not yet been optimized at the face of its performance: yield and production rate of DME. In this study it is developed a simulation model through a kinetics model of the ASPEN plus simulator, performed to detect operating characteristics of DME direct synthesis. An overall DME synthesis process is referenced by experimental data of 3 ton/day (TPD) coal gasification pilot plant located at IAE in Korea. Supplying condition of DME synthesis model is equivalently set to 80 N/㎥ of syngas which is derived from a coal gasification plant. In the simulation it is assumed that the overall DME synthesis process proceeds with steadystate, vapor-solid reaction with DME catalyst. The physical properties of reactants are governed by Soave-Redlich- Kwong (SRK) EOS in this model. A reaction model of DME synthesis is considered that is applied with the LHHW (Langmuir-Hinshelwood Hougen Watson) equation as an adsorption-desorption model on the surface of the DME catalyst. After adjusting the kinetics of the DME synthesis reaction among reactants with experimental data, the kinetics of the governing reactions inner DME reactor are modified and coupled with the entire DME synthesis reaction. For validating simulation results of the DME synthesis model, the obtained simulation results are compared with experimental results: conversion ratio, DME yield and DME production rate. Then, a sensitivity analysis is performed by effects of operating variables such as pressure, temperature of the reactor, void fraction of catalyst and H2/CO ratio of supplied syngas with modified model. According to simulation results, optimum operating conditions of DME reactor are obtained in the range of 265-275℃ and 60 kg/㎠. And DME production rate has a maximum value in the range of 1-1.5 of H2/CO ratio in the syngas composition.

Mechanism of action of 9-(1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl) guanine for its Anti-herpes Activity : Inhibition of Viral DNA and Protein Synthesis in Cells Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus Herpes Simplex Virus로 감염시킨 세포에서의 바이러스의 DNA와 단백합성의 억제작용

Chun, Yeon-Sook,Park, No-Hee 고려대학교 의과대학 1988 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.25 No.2

본 실험에서는 항바이러스 약물인 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethy) guarine(DHPG)의 항바이러스 효과의 작용기전을 추구하기 위하여 herpes simplex virus(type Ⅰ)가 증식하는 세포에서 바이러스의 DNA와 단백합성에 대한 DHPG의 효과를 실험하였다. 1) DHPG 1 μM농도에서는 선택적으로 바이러스의 DNA합성이 억제되었다. 그러나 그 이상의 고농도에서는 세포의 DNA합성도 억제되었다. 2) DHPG 5, 10, 20 및 50 μM농도에서 만기에 바이러스의 β-protein의 합성이 증가되었다. 그러나 γ-protein의 합성은 DHPG 투여량 증가에 따라서 현저히 억제되었다. 즉 DHPG는 일차적으로 바이러스의 DNA 합성을 억제하고 DNA 합성억제로 인하여 γ-protein 합성이 감소되는 것으로 생각되며, 바이러스의 γ-protein합성의 감소가 DHPG의 항바이러스 작용에 어떤 역할을 할 것이라고 사료된다. In the present study we examined the effect of antiviral agent 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl) guanine(DHPG) on herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) DNA and protein synthesis during virus replication to understand its mechanism of antiherpetic action DHPG, in a concentration of 1 μM, markedly and selectively inhibited the synthesis of viral DNA in HSV-1 infected cells, but in higher concentration also suppressed the synthesis of cellular DNA. Treatment of virus infected cells with DHPG significantly increased thc synthesis of beta proteins in the later stage of viral infection. However, DHPG notably or completely diminished the level of gamma proteins, and did so in a dose dependent fashion. The increase in the expression of beta gene products was most likely a response to the inhibition of gamma proteins synthesis by DHPG. The reduction of the synthesis of gamma proteins by DHPG may due to the inhibition of progeny viral DNA synthesis. We conclude that DHPG primarily inhibits the synthesis of viral DNA. and by doing so exhibits its antiherpetic activity. The alteration in viral proteins synthesis in the presence of DHPG might result from the alteration in viral DNA synthesis

Synthesis of the single phase CIGS particle by solvothermal method for solar cell application

Gu, Sin-Il,Shin, Hyo-Soon,Yeo, Dong-Hun,Hong, Youn-Woo,Nahm, Sahn Elsevier 2011 Current Applied Physics Vol.11 No.1

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Uniform CIGS powder synthesis is required more these days to produce CIGS solar cell using thick film process. Solvothermal CIGS powder synthesis method, among other synthesis methods, is mainly used because it is simple and easy for mass production. But all CIGS synthesis result reported up to now are mixed with CIS, CIGS and CGS, and there was no result that reported single phase CIGS synthesis. Especially, comparable single phase CIGS was synthesized in the CIGS powder synthesis using metal source, but small amount of CIS powder were still remained. In this study, we examined the CIGS synthesis paths in solvothermal method, and synthesize single phase CIGS. CGS seed was synthesized using Cu, In, GaCl<SUB>3</SUB>, Se sources by keeping 12 h at 180 °C, and we were able to synthesize single phase CIGS by keeping it for 24 h at raised temperature of 230 °C. The synthesized CIGS formed uniform particles with its size of less than 100 nm, and was shown in strong agglomeration.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P><P>► CIGS powder synthesis is required more these days to produce CIGS solar cell using thick film process. ► The CIGS synthesis paths in solvothermal method, and synthesize single phase CIGS. ► The CIGS formed uniform particles with its size of less than 100 nm.</P>

질적 메타분석에 대환 고찰: 교육과정 연구에서의 적용 가능성 탐색

나장함 ( Jang Ham Na ) 한국교육과정학회 2008 교육과정연구 Vol.26 No.4

Research synthesis is built on the reflection that individual studies are limited in generalizablity of the knowledge they produce. The findings of a single study are vulnerably influenced by the characteristic of sampling, the context of research setting, and the amount of time allowed for completing the study. As a result, the limitation of a single study is evident in that it can hardly provide a generalizable and definitive finding to a research question. Qualitative meta-synthesis refers to the theories, grand narratives, generalizations, or interpretive translations produced from the integration and comparison of findings from qualitative studies. Although variations among different research synthesis methods are diverse form one to another(in terms of their philosophical assumptions, methodological procedures, and analytical strategies), all methods of research synthesis attempt to go beyond the limitations of single studies and to identify the consistence and dissonance in similar studies. This paper provides an overview and critique of research synthesis methods such as traditional narrative review, meta-analysis, best evidence synthesis, and qualitative meta synthesis. This study also explores methodological and practical issues entangled with practicing qualitative meta synthesis in Korean educational context. This paper conclude with suggestions that may facilitate the process of applying qualitative meta synthesis, thereby expecting to generate an accumulative knowledge and a new insight from this synthesizing method.

장애인의 직업 경험에 관한 질적 메타분석 : 질적 메타분석의 적용과 이슈를 중심으로

나장함 한국장애인고용촉진공단 2008 장애와 고용 Vol.18 No.2

개별 연구물에 대한 종합적인 분석은 기존 연구물들이 제시하는 결과로부터 축적된 지식과 보다 확정적인 결론을 도출할 수 있게 한다. 그러나 이러한 연구 종합·분석의 중요성에도 불구하고 우리의 교육연구 맥락에서 연구 종합·분석의 방법론들 전반에 대한 논의는 거의 없었던 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 본 논문은 연구 종합·분석의 고전적인 방법, 양적 연구의 전통을 따르는 메타분석 방법의 특성 및 제약 등을 간략하게 살펴본다. 그리고 질적 연구의 전통을 따르는 연구 종합·분석 방법의 특성, 과정, 장·단점 등을 논의함으로써 질적 연구 종합·분석에 대한 이해를 확대하고자 한다. 또한, 본 논문에서는"장애인 직업 교육 및 직업 유지"에 관한 개별 질적 연구들을 대상으로 질적 메타분석을 실행하여 서구적 맥락에서 소개된 질적 메타분석의 실행 과정에서 야기될 수 있는 실질적인 문제점들과 이슈들을 탐색하고 이를 어떻게 다룰 것인가를 논의하였다. 아울러, 질적 메타분석의 사례는"성찰적 자존감"이라는 관련 개념을 중심으로 관련 연구물의 결과를 종합·분석하였다. The findings of a single study are vulnerably influenced by the characteristic of sampling, the context of research setting, and the amount of time allowed for completing the study. As a result, the limitation of a single study is evident in that it can hardly provide a generalizable and definitive finding to a research question. In Western context, various types of research synthesis methods have been designed to address this problem. Although variations among different research synthesis methods are diverse form one to another(in terms of their philosophical assumptions, methodological procedures, and analytical strategies), all methods of research synthesis attempt to go beyond the limitations of single studies and to identify the consistence and dissonance in similar studies. In Korean context, however, these methods have not been publically discussed among researchers, and there has been almost no research addressing methodological and practical issues which arise from the application of research synthesis. This paper provides an overview and critique of research synthesis methods such as traditional narrative review, meta-analysis, and qualitative meta synthesis. This study also explores methodological issues in synthesizing qualitative studies on training and workplace Experiences of individuals with disabilities and practical issues entangled with practicing qualitative meta synthesis in Korean educational context. This paper conclude with suggestions that may facilitate the process of applying qualitative meta synthesis, thereby expecting to generate an accumulative knowledge and a new insight from this synthesizing method.