한국어 교육에서의 어휘 범주와 문법 범주의 경계

양명희 한국어의미학회 2010 한국어 의미학 Vol.32 No.-

This study aims to draw the boundary between lexical category and grammatical category in Korean Language education for foreigners. Many important chunk of language include grammatical items like postpositions, endings, and bound nouns. Therefore, lexical expressions like ‘-gi ttaemune(-기 때문에), -e daehayeo(-에 대하여)’ are included in grammatical category classified as sentence patterns in some Korean textbooks. Since although these include grammatical items, the meaning and usage of these expressions is lexical, these must be classified as lexical expressions in lexical category. The chunk of language can be devided as sentence patterns and lexical expression to draw a line between lexical category and grammatical category. ‘N+ida(copula)’ like ‘dahaeng+ida(다행이다), nareum+ida(나름이다)’ to be considered as a predicate because it acts as a predicate in Korean sentence patterns. The sentence patterns have a predicate, it can be taught as grammatical category. But predicates in sentence patterns have various meanings and functions, they are taught as lexical category.

기능 중심 한국어 통사론의 모색 - 새로운 한국어 문법 체계 정립을 위한 시론 -

유현경 ( Yu Hyun-kyung ) 한말연구학회 2018 한말연구 Vol.- No.47

The present study searched for a function-focused syntax that would reflect actual Korean usage, shifting the focus of the Korean grammatical paradigm away from morphology, category and onto function. The present study first examined the existing literature on syntax research to compare various things, such as current issues in the subjects being studied, research methodologies, and categorical intersections, in the search for a function-focused Korean syntax. Then it probed the possibility of establishing a function-focused syntax. The current Korean syntax is focused on morphology and category such that the important grammatical units are morphological units such as particles and endings. However, Korean periphrastic construction has various grammatical functions, such as denoting case, tense, aspect, voice, manner, infinitive, and clausal conjunction. Previous research focusing on function mostly concentrated on the functional commonalities of a single grammatical morphological unit, such as a particular particle or ending, and periphrastic construction, but they did not differentiate between the layers. When deciding which grammatical units should be included in a function-centered syntax, single grammatical morphological units and periphrastic constructions must be differentiated. Compared to a single grammatical morphological unit, periphrastic constructions’ forms are unstable and, in many cases, their functions cannot be categorized. Therefore, it must be acknowledged that there are many problems in dealing with single grammatical morphological units and periphrastic constructions in the same layer. One problem in describing function-focused Korean syntax is how to deal with cases in which the same function is fulfilled by two different morphological units. In the existing category-focused syntax, the relationships between morphological units that belong in different categories, even when they have the same function, are not considered to be important. The present paper examines the relationship between morphological units of various categories, such as particles, endings, and adverbs that function as conjunctions, and in this context discusses the grammatical category intersection problem. Conjunctive endings, conjunctive adverbs, and conjunctive particles not only serve as conjunctions, but they can also describe the hierarchical relationship between the two units. Therefore, the commonalities and differences between endings, adverbs, and particles must be examined in more detail. Furthermore, it is also necessary to examine the relationships between morphological units with similar meanings within each category. Function-focused grammatical systems have been ignored partly because the terminology used to describe these systems and the systems themselves are clearly different than existing grammatical descriptions. Recently, there has been an increasing amount of research that inductively organized the results of corpus analyses. However, the results of such research were excessively inductive and subdivided and so did not converge into a deductive system, causing more confusion. Therefore, the present study proposed that a function-centered syntax must be based on existing categories and systems, rather than on the negation of category- and morphological unit-centered syntaxes.

한국어 복수 표지 ‘들’의 문법 범주 분석

진남 ( Chen Nan ) 인천대학교 사회과학연구원 2019 사회과학연구 Vol.12 No.2

Every language has singular and plural expressions . The plural expression in English is systematic and standard, but Korean has no fixed rules for the use of plural expressions. In general, the plural words are marked with ‘deul’, a language marker of plural meaning. This paper selected the Korean plural marker 'deul' as the subject and analyzes the grammatical category of 'deul'. In other words, this paper analyzes what category ‘deul’ can be classified into. The main methods adopted include material analysis method, inductive method and exemplification method. Material analysis is the basic method; inductive method is mainly applied to the principal argument, which is related to the grammatical category of ‘deul’; and the method of citing examples is used for more intuitive and concrete explanation of research content. This paper describes the definition, characteristics and judgment methods of a certain grammatical category, and then determines whether ‘deul’ can fall into this grammatical category. The research results are as follows. In terms of grammatical category, ‘deul’ fully conforms to the definition, characteristics and judgment methods of bound nouns and auxiliary words. However, because ‘deul’ cannot form new words with antecedents, that is, it does not have the ability to make new words, ‘deul’ does not meet all the characteristics of suffixes. To sum up, ‘deul’ can be divided into bound nouns and auxiliary words, but cannot be regarded as a suffix. By analyzing the grammatical category of Korean plural marker ‘deul’, this paper will help Korean learners to use ‘deul’ more correctly.

О категории предикативности в современном русском языке: к вопросу об употреблении некоторых глагольных форм

김태진 한국슬라브어학회 2017 슬라브어연구 Vol.22 No.1

This article is devoted to examine a category of predicative as sentence category and describe the uses of various verbal forms in the Russian language. At the present stage of development of Russian syntax and morphology, the tense of the Russian verb is an extremely important matter and has always been interesting area for linguists. This area, however, has not been fully emphasized when teaching Russian to foreign students. When a speaker tries to express something, it is necessary to consider the interaction of vocabulary and various grammatical categories. His method of expression is much affected by the carefully chosen words and the sentence patterns of language. As T. P. Lomtev suggests, “the grammatical properties of words appear in certain grammatical categories peculiar to certain parts of speech. The proposals also have grammatical properties that appear in the grammatical categories inherent in the sentence as a grammatical unit.” Accordingly, in this article, the three parts of the syntactic theory of simple sentences were first discussed. Above all, the category of predicativity including modality, time and person was analysed in detail. As is well known, the main morphological expression of this category is mainly related with the form of a verb as a part of speech. However, the concept includes various sentence forms such as lexicons, contexts and intonations. In Russian the specific forms of a verb make the sentence very difficult to understand. As a result, its tense forms of the sentence make non-Slavic speakers difficult to use the forms of the verb. For example, as this article describes, the time forms of a verb in a Russian sentence can be used both in a direct sense : Я сейчас читаю книгу and in a figurative, for example, in the uses of the future value of the past : В январе 1955 года он даст ему секретную информацию. Like this, the morphological tense of the verb and the syntactic proposals may not match in Russian. Therefore, to understand this well, it is necessary to consider the time category as a syntactic (grammatical) category that is distinct from other grammatical categories and sentences, primarily as a component of the broader category of predicativity. В русском языке категория предикативности как основной грамматический признак предложения представлена категориями модальности, времени и лица. Кроме того, в русском языке сушествует категория предицирования(или предикации, но не предикативности), то есть сопряжения предицируемого и предицирующего компонентов, основным средсвтвом выражения которой является темарематическая организация предло- жения - категория более высокая в славянских языках, нежели категория членов предло- жения. Основными выразителем категории предикативности в русской лингвистической традиции считается сказуемое и в частности, глагольное, или глагол как член предло- жения. В русской лингвистической традиции подлежащее и сказуемое часто отождест- вляют с субъектом и предикатом. Но подлежащее и сказуемое являются субъектом и предикатом не всегда: у меня книга ; с ней плохо. С лексическим значением подлежащего и сказуемого, в частности, соотносят категорию предикации (предицирования), которая представляет собой соотнесение носителя признака и признака и выражается интонационно. Возникает необходимость развести понятие предикативности и понятие предикации (предицирования). Модальность – это явление многоаспектное. Рациональной представляется идея Г. А. Золотовой о выделении двух больших классов модальности (внешнесинтаксическая и внутрисинтаксическая). Внешнесинтаксическая модальность реализуется как объективная и субъективная. Именно объективная модальность входит в категорию предикативности как грамматическое значение предложения. Что касается категории времени, то следует различать морфологическое и синтакси- ческое время. Морфологическое время выражается формами времени глагола, тогда как синтаксическое – всем значением предложения. Оно может не совпадать с морфологи- ческим. Именно категория синтаксического времени входит в категорию предикативности. Не все лингвисты включают в категорию предикативности категорию лица (Н. Ю. Шведова и В. Н. Ерхов), возможно потому, что, категория лица связана, в первую очередь, с модусными смыслами, в то время как категории модальности и времени характеризуют диктумное содержание. Причем, имеется в виду категори...

An N-gram Analysis of Korean and Chinese High School English Textbooks : Focusing on Grammatical and Functional Category

Yingyan Wang 부산외국어대학교 외국어연구소 2020 외국어연구 Vol.33 No.-

The purpose of this research mainly is to analyze and find differences and similarities of 4-grams in Korean and Chinese high school English textbooks. This research compiles two textbooks corpora for analysis. The BNC as a reference corpus, it is used to compare with them. Through using WordSmith 5.0 Tool, it extracts and refines target 4-grams from different versions of textbooks and the BNC. To analyze data is based on grammatical and functional category. From grammatical category, the two corpora frequently use NP and PP structures, which are the same to the BNC. The Korean textbooks focus more on the use of verbs. From functional category, the three corpora frequently use referential category. The Korean textbooks emphasize logical of articles and involve much personal attitude. Key words: 4-grams, cut-off point, Korean and Chinese, high school English textbooks, grammatical category, functional category.

한국어 품사론 연구— 문법적 구성과 기능, 통사범주 전환 —

최성호 사단법인 한국언어학회 2022 언어학 Vol.- No.93

This paper discusses the parts-of-speech system in Korean, proposing several points relevant for the system, claiming that there are two major parts-of-speech in Korean (noun and verb), and thus disregarding the category of adjectives as a major part-of-speech. It is claimed that the principal criterion for establishing the part-of-speech system is distributional facts of lexemes in syntax regarding the possibility of their performing grammatical functions in grammatical constructions, viz ‘functional distribution.’ Upon this criterion, the two parts-of-speech show complementary distribution in terms of grammatical functions. Emphasizing the fact that nouns can occur as adjuncts/modifiers in the grammatical construction of ‘individual-referencing’, this paper claims that those lexemes that have been classified in some recent studies as “adjectives” should be treated as nouns. Further what has been referred to traditionally as “adjectives” having the lexical meaning of property, state, quality, etc. should be classified as a semantics-driven sub-class of the part-of-speech of verb, since they share identical syntactic properties with what has been referred to as “verbs” having the lexical meaning of action or locomotion, etc. Thus the verb in the sense suggested in this paper is sub-classified into action verbs, state verbs, and mentality verbs. It is made clear that differences in distribution among these three sub-verbs are not partof-speech differences but differences due to their lexico-semantic properties. Finally, this paper proposes the notion of ‘syntactic category converter,’ which is defined as a morpheme converting a word/phrase of certain syntactic category to a word/phrase of different syntactic category.

한국어 문장 구조 교육을 위한 문법 항목 선정과 등급화

양명희(Yang, Myung-hee),석주연(Suk, Ju-yeon) 중앙어문학회 2012 語文論集 Vol.52 No.-

It is essential to select and classify grammatical items in Korean standard curriculum for enhancing efficiency of teaching, learning Korean, and evaluating them. This paper categorized system of grammar and level of difficulty by internal linguistic criteria and frequency and function by external linguistic criteria, in consideration of the criteria discussed so far. Moreover, this paper discussed the selection and classification of grammatical items for the acquisition of Korean sentence structure, centrally on the grammatical items of Topik and the internatonally used Korean education standard model, and empathized that the selecting grammatical items should be based on system of grammar. Furthermore, it maintained that it is necessary to categorize grammatical items by grammar function, and to classify grammatical items in that category. The so-called complex form or expression can also be categorized by grammatical function and classified, and help understand Korean system of grammar more easily. In addition, we can secure logicality and objectivity by applying a consistent critierion on selecting and classifying grammatical items. I anticipate that more in-depth study on tense, modality, passive, causative, etc that this paper does not cover, will complement the content of Korean standard curriculum.

Grammatical Function of 在 as Preposition and Aspect Auxiliary

Xu Yee 조선대학교 국제문화연구원 2014 국제문화연구 Vol.7 No.2

Grammatical Function of 在 as Preposition and Aspect Auxiliary - 서월아 Many scholars have debated on the categorization of 在 in Chinese language, because it can be analyzed as a verb, a preposition, or a serial verb. They classify the word 在 as a verb in the structure like [在+ Noun] in sentence final, and a preposition in [在 + Noun + VP] structure, and a serial verb in [在+ VP] structure. That is, they tried to describe the meaning of the word based on the different kind of the category. However, they disregard the grammatical functions of the word. In this respect, we could treat the word as a functional relation such as functor-argument in the model of categorial grammar. The grammatical function of 在 in [在 + Noun] could be analyzed as a argument of the subject, and 在 in [在 + Noun + VP] could be analyzed as functor of [Noun + VP] regardless of the categories. And 在 in [在 + VP] could be analysed as an aspectual modal which is a functor expression taking the sentence as the argument. Those grammatical aspects of Korean and English can be found in the copula verb structure such as John is tall, John is at home. in English, or 산이 높다(Mountains are high), 철수는 집에 있다(Chulsu is at home)" in Korean. On the same way we could find that aspectual auxiliary usage of 在 is same as the John is reading a book in English and 철수가 책을 읽고 있다(Chulsu is reading a book) in Korean respectively. However, we would like to point out that the Chinese [在 + VP] structure is quite different from the serial verb constructions in English and Korean. There are some problems to figure out that Chinese copula 是 works as be in English or 이다(be) in Korean, and what is the grammatical function of copula in those languages.

‘-음’과 ‘-기’의 문법 범주에 대한 일고찰

양정호(Jeong-ho, Yang) 어문연구학회 2010 어문연구 Vol.65 No.-

In modern Korean, some constructions, particularly '-im' or '-gi' ones, are clearly identified as distinct derived nouns or gerund, while others are unclear in their grammatical categories. Those constructions that belong to the latter possess the characteristics of the derived noun which is modified by adjectives, of gerund which is modified by adverb, or of gerund that has a subject. Such characteristics pave a way to the discussions on the grammatical category of '-ɨm' and '-gi': whether they are derivational suffixes or inflectional endings. This paper argues that the grammatical category of '-im' and '-gi', that shows the characteristics of both noun and verb, is the nominal ending. In particularly, this paper explicitly shows that a nominal form of a verb or a gerund can be modified by adjective, which establishes a strong ground of support for arguing that the construction under investigation is the nominal form of a verb. In addition, this paper insists that a word and a syntactic construction must be distinguished strictly and that synchronically no syntactic constructions can be considered as a word. Accordingly, as already confirmed, all the syntactic constructions belong to the realm of syntax and thus excluded in the discussion of morphology before they are listed in the lexicon through diachronically lexicalized procedures.

複数のカテゴリーに属する単一形式の文法化 -言語類型論の観点から-

朴江訓 한국일본언어문화학회 2021 일본언어문화 Vol.55 No.-

This paper clarifies the grammaticalization of a single form that belongs to multiple grammatical categories, specifically considering the so-called sono-ta hitei expressions hoka, kiri, shika, and pakk-ey ‘only’ in Japanese and Korean. These expressions behave as both negative polarity items (NPIs) and adverbial particles. The arguments of this paper are as follow: (i) These expressions are characterized by the following generalizations: The grammaticalization of adverbial particles and NPIs occurs at about the same time. Likewise, degrammaticalization of these grammar categories also occurs at around the same time. (ii) The reason for this could be that adverbial particles and NPIs belong to the same category, that is, the minor category. (iii) If a single grammatical form has more than one minor category, these categories possess a strong grammatical feature like a group. Therefore, they behave in the same manner when entering or exiting a minor category.