한국 고시가의 강남 문학지리학

윤주필 열상고전연구회 2014 열상고전연구 Vol.41 No.-

본고는 한국 고시가의 강호시가와 기행시가에서 강남 문학지리학이 중요하게 작동되고, 일부 유흥적 주제나 가 상적 구성의 시가에서도 나름의 기능을 지니고 있음을 살폈다. 강남 문학지리학은 단순한 한문학적 상식에 그 치지 않고 동아시아 문명권에 속하는 특정한 시공간에서 세속적 가치와 대립되는 은둔과 풍류의 미의식을 표현 하기 위한 보편적 준거였음을 인지할 수 있었다. 따라서 본고는 중국의 그것을 넘어서서 한국 고시가에 구현된 강남 문학지리학의 보편성과 개성을 밝히고자 노력했다. 먼저 본고는 강호시가에서 <어부가> 계열 및 <소상팔경> 시조를 중심으로 강호의 인식 문제를 따졌다. 이들 작품은 중국 장강을 따라 형성된 강남 문학지리학에 전거를 둠으로써 이국적 흥취를 고양시키고 은둔의 미학을 가탁했다. 그러나 장강 중류의 호상(湖湘) 문화와, 하류의 동오(東吳) 문화는 강개와 풍류의 미의식에 있어 대립 되는 경향을 보였다. 물론 강남 문학지리학에 전혀 기대지 않고 자신의 강호 시공간을 그려내기도 하고, 강남과 대비되는 동국의 강호에 기반하여 자신만의 풍류를 자부하는 경우도 있었다. 기행가사에서는 무엇보다 악양루가 중요하게 활용됐음이 특징적이었다. <악양루기>의 ‘선우후락(先憂後樂)’의 정신을 투사함으로써 ‘강호-정치’의 관계에서 오는 불안감을 해소하고 사대부의 이상을 성취하려는 작품도 있 고, 몽유와 가상의 서사적 형식을 통해 ‘악양루 구경’이라는 유흥을 즐기고자 한 작품들도 있다. 특히 후자에서 는 강남 문학지리학에 근거하여 이국적 공간에 대한 다양한 정보를 허구적으로 엮어서 재배치하고, 때로는 취 락의 절정감을 나타냈다. 강남 문학지리학은 한국 고시가에서 강호의 경치와 흥취 및 이념의 기준점을 제공했다. 그러나 그를 오히려 대 비적 관점으로 활용하여 동국의 강호와 작가의 현실을 표현하고자 노력한 자취도 현저하다. 특히 집구나 용사 의 수준을 벗어나 자국어 시가로서의 표현과 사대부 문인관료로서의 이념적 주제를 최대한 살리는 쪽으로 발달 해 간 측면은 특기할 만하다. 반면에 기행시가에서는 강남 문학지리학이 이국적 흥취를 제공하는 소재원의 구 실에 머무르는 경우가 많았다. 강남의 권역이 고시가에서는 호상과 동오 지역으로 편중되는 것도 하나의 특징 이다. 이는 한문학이나 구비문학에서 운남, 귀주, 복건 등을 아우르는 광의의 강남까지 제재로 다루고 있는 현 상과 큰 차이를 보인다. I researched in this essay that literary-geography of Chinese Gangnam area was a significant factor on Korean old poetry, especially ones in nature(i.e. rivers and lakes) mode and in travel mode. I could recognize that this literary-geography was merely not common sense of Chinese classics but general frame of reference by which the Korean poets and singers represented their aesthetic sense in seclusion or taste for the arts to be contrasted with the secular value at a certain space time among Eastern Asia's civilization. First, on the poetry in nature mode, it is mainly with the <boatman's song> series and <eight landscapes in So-Sang River> sijos that I considered their conciousness about the rivers and lakes. These group of works enhanced a exotic atmosphere and pretended aesthetic sense in seclusion, taking reference to the literary-Geography of Gangnam which had built up around the Chang-Jiang(River) area. However, Hu Xiang's culture around mid-stream of Chang Jiang and Dong Wu's culture around the lower Chang Jiang were distinguished between their aestheic senses of sorrowful indignation and elegant appreciation for the arts. Of course there were ones which expressed their own time-space of the rivers and lakes without relying on the literary-geography of Gang Nam, the others which were proud of their own elegant appreciation for Eastern country's(=Korean) rivers and lakes through the contrast with the Gangnam. Second, on the poetry in travel mode, it is distinctive that the Yue Yang Pavilion was importantly applied. One work would like to relieve anxiety from the relation between nature(rivers and lakes) and politics and to approach to the idea of literary bureaucrat's class in Eastern Asia, projecting the spirit of Concern Before Pleasure After derived from <an account of the Yue Yang Pavilion> written by a ruler in Song danasty. The other works were willing to enjoy the amusement called 'sightseeing at the Yue Yang Pavilion' through a narrative pattern of dream journey and imagine. Especially the latter collected and rearranged various imformation about the exotic space based on the literary-geography of Gangnam, occasionally expressed ultimate emotion of the fun of being drunk. Literary-geography of Chinese Gangnam has offered a standard point of scenery, excitement, and ideology in the Korean old poetry. But all the more in adopting the contrast view with this, it is conspicuous that there were many trace to try to express the Eastern country's own rivers and lakes and the reality of writters. Especially it is remarkable that the works were developed to the direction to make the most vitality in the expression as Korean languge's poetry and in the ideological theme as literay bureaucrat's class.

네덜란드 동인도회사의 기록을 통해 본 明末의 貿易構造― 1620년대 月港 무역의 변화와 澎湖事件 ―

한지선 명청사학회 2013 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.40

In the early 17th century, The Ming Dynasty had two gates for commerce, but one was only for the Chinese while the other was controled by Portugal. The rule that no trade was allowed in any Chinese area without permission was equated with taboo to the Dutch. However, the fact that the Dutch withdrew from Penghu did not mean that the Ming Dynasty can control over costal area. Behind the conflict between VOC and government officials, there was negotiation on commerce. However, negotiations with the officials did not have constant binding power and might change according to the situation as they were temporary. Xunfu(巡撫) Nan, Ju-yi(南居益) negated what had been negotiated and prohibited trade with the Dutch. Nam Geo-Ik insisted on exclusive rights over the territory, besides he intended to secure a sea route to Manila and protect trading rights in Yue-xiang(月港) to maintain overseas trade. Although administrative or military officers stuck to the principles in political or military terms, they tried to find peaceful measures rather than military solutions. This direction was decided on through adjusting to interests in overseas trade. Meanwhile, merchants who were engaged in overseas trade had serious losses due to the Hai-jin(海禁) and the violent rambles of VOC. So they sought peace between them. In particular, Li, Dan(李旦) was charged with finding a way for diplomacy and commerce between VOC and Chinese officials, and mediated conflicts between them. Also Xu, Xin-Su (許心素) gained a position as an official in Taiwan trade, served as a mediator for non-tribute countries and secured trade space through creating a new trade custom.

성리학의 보편적 인간성과 차별적 민족성

조남호 ( Nam Ho Cho ) 한국동서철학회 2014 동서철학연구 Vol.73 No.-

This paper is a critical study of the universality and national limit of Neo-Confucianism. Neo-Confucianism contain Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming. Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming have a different ways, but the universality of all human beings should pursue the ultimate goal, there is a common point. Zhu Xi oppose metaphysics of Buddhism, and the utilitarian theory, his aim is establishment of metaphysics and practice theory of confuciannism. Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming beyond the clearance and utilitarian thinking. Zhu Xi pursue a reasonable and rational way, Yangming try to religion way with experience Liang Zhi. This may be all that will be based on common humanity. But Zhu Xi rid barbarian clothing, etiquette, culture, etc. Yangming spread Chinese culture with Xiang yue. This will limit the race Confucianism. Different ethnic state of the regime(ming, ching) uses the universality of neo-confucianism, nationalism is ignored.

악비와 문청상 소부(小傅)

김성규 ( Sung Kyu Kim ) 전북대학교 인문학연구소 2014 건지인문학 Vol.11 No.-

In the time-honored Chinese history of dynasties that have had a lot of faithful retainers and ardent patriots, nobody would deny that Yue Fei(岳飛) and Wen Tian-Xiang(文天祥) are the best national heroes and their historical achievement have been consistently commemorating until now. This essay deals with these two figures`s journey thorough life with the context of the Southern Song dynasty`s history when they were situated in. Yue Fei had spent his pinnacle of life at the very start point of Southern Song dynasty while Wen Tian-Xiang did the opposite-the final scene of the dynasty, therefore another effect of making a general survey of Southern Song dynasty`s history are also obtained when we trace two person`s footsteps and especially Southern Song dynasty`s international circumstances that are very important facts determining Song dynasty`s directions. Follow are some facts we can point out when Yue Fei and Wen Tian-Xiang are compared to each other. Firstly, they were influenced by the confucian culture and became to be a distinguished paragon that Confucianism need. Secondly, they tried to be loyal and patriotic and devote themselves to theirs country. Thirdly, they were bilious temperament and staunch with moral integrity. Fourthly, Wen Tian-Xiang died from national calamity caused by foreign aggression while Yue Fei died from more complicated tragic elements containing political conflict and personality traits. Fifthly, after they died, Wen Tian-Xiang had a strong influence basically on shi-da-fu(士大夫): a high government official) while Yue Fei had a wider influence on the public as well as shi-da-fu.