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- 주제어 : Western Silver Coins (검색결과 2 건)
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朴贊根 ( Park Chan-guen ) 명청사학회 2022 명청사연구 Vol.- No.58
After the Spanish began mining large reserves of silver in the Americas in the 16th century, the Spanish Empire produced the “8 Reales” silver coin, which became the global currency for world trade thereafter. In China, the ascendancy of Spanish silver, dating form the seventeenth century, replaced the role of Japanese silver that had taken the leading place in the supply of silver in China along with some silver coins from various trading partners. During the Qing Dynasty, Silver Coins flowed into Guangdong region and it was generally called “Western Silver Coins (yángqián).” Because the silver content and the weigh of Western Silver Coins were more regular than those of Chinese silver taels, Western Silver Coins were convenient to use for Chinese people. For that reason, Western Silver Coins were valued more than the original silver content of them. These coins were mainly circulated in the southeastern coastal region of China. Against this backdrop, Chinese people were tempted to create imitations of Silver Coins, which were collectively called the “Imitations of Western Silver Coins (fǎngzhùyángyín).” Throughout the Qing Dynasty, silver played key roles in the financial system of China. However, the Qing government did not have a mint that manufactured silver coins, nor did it draw up rules about forms and usages of silver coins. On top of that, the government did not specifically control and regulate the circulation of Western Silvers Coins and the Imitations of Western Silver Coins. In the first half of the nineteenth century, however, the Qing government faced with the hike in silver price, which compelled the government to take measures to stabilize the price of silver. For example, the government banned the outflow of silver from China. It was at this point that the Chinese government found problems in the use Western Silver Coins and the Imitations of Western Silver Coins. From the government’s perspective, Western Silver Coins overvalued compared to Chinese silver taels could worsen the increase in the price of silver, and Imitations of Western Silver Coins was accused of transforming silver taels in China into Silver Coins for overseas trade. During the years of Daoguang Emperor, the Imitations of Western Silver Coins was banned by a law of different characteristics to protect Chinese financial system highly dependent on silver. In contrast, the Qing government did not promulgate any laws or regulations that imposed limitations on Western Silver Coins’ domestic circulation and outflows to overseas. Consequently, despite their silver content over ninety percent, Western Silver Coins remained in circulation without any restraints. The Qing government’s acquiescence to the use of Western Silver Coins was based on an idea that Western Silver Coins were in principle considered foreign stuffs from outside of China, having specific forms and a highly valued price that came from non-Chinese origins. By the same logic, bureaucrats of the Qing Dynasty were allowed to use Western Silver Coins for the convenience of commerce. What underpinned the Qing government’s conflicting responses to Western Silver Coins and the Imitations of Western Silver Coins during Daoguang era was the meaning of silver in Qing China: silver should function as a material for financial management.
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북위후기(北魏後期) 낙양(洛陽) 거주 서역인(西域人)과 서역문화(西域文化)
최진열 ( Jin Yeoul Choi ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2014 대동문화연구 Vol.87 No.-
In this essay, I analyzed the people, goods and the culture of Western Region in Luoyang in last half of BeiWei Dynasty. There were many people of Western Region such as officials, soldiers, royal concubines, merchants, musicians, dancers, and Buddhist priests etc in Luoyang, capital city of BeiWei Dynasty. According to “The Monasteries of Luoyang”(Luoyang qielan ji), population of Luoyang were 109,000 households or so, where ten thousands of people from Western Region lived, 9.1 percent of Luoyang population. Furthermore, at least 3 thousands of Buddhist priests from Western Region were engaged in missionary work and meditated in the temple of Yongming and Jingming in Luoyang. The one-tenth people from Western Region affected the culture of Luoyang. For example, they brought Buddhism into the Luoyang and around the city, sold the glassware, silver wares, table of Western Region, and the musical instruments such as the hujia, Western mandolin and so on. Many kinds of acrobat, music and dance from Western Region were spreaded in Luoyang. There were also many other foreigners in Luoyang, such as the Afiricans, the Arabs, nomads from Central Asia or the Mongolia grassland, the Koguryo people, and the Chinese from Sourther China called Souhtern Dynasties(Nanchao). They lived in Luoyang, mantaining their orginal food, clothing and shelter, languages, and other native customs. The people and the culture of Western Region in Luoyang in last half of BeiWei had the shock absorbing role between the Xianbei people and the Chinese people, or between the culture of Xianbei or nomad culture and the Chinese culture. The foreigners from the Afirica, Arab, Central Asia or the Mongolia grassland, Koguryo and Souhtern Dynasties in Luoyang made achievements in cultural interaction. Luoyang, the capital city of BeiWei in last half of BeiWei Dynasty was not a melting pot of race and culture but a salad boul of of race and culture, Which was attributed to the people of Western Region.
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