서한(西漢)의 서역변강정책(西域邊疆政策)

장석재 ( Chang Seog Jae ) 중국사학회 2018 중국사연구 Vol.115 No.-

Prior to the Han’s advance, people in many countries in the Western Regions lived a settled existence in most cases and they had castles, fields, and livestock. They were different from the Xiongnu Wusun, but all of them were subjected to the Xiongnu. Therefore, the Han’s advance into the Western Regions meant a war against the Xiongnu, which was dominating the northwestern border area of the Han. In the early days after foundation, the Han was not stable politically, economically, or militarily. The Han maintained humiliating friendly relationships with the Xiongno, which was dominating the northwestern border area, while offering gold, cotton and, colored silk every year. China entered a new stage during the reign of Wudi, who ascended the throne after ‘the rule of Wenjing.’ Wudi firmed up the centralized power system to construct the power base stably internally and established a foundation of a multi-ethnic feudal state centering on Han Chinese, through the expansion of territories mobilizing the armed forces externally. The Han’s exchange with the Western Regions occupies an important position in the history of east and west traffic and the history of the Western Regions. The basic framework of Chinese northwestern border area policies was also established at this time, and this framework still has important implications in relation to border area issues. In order to understand the basic framework of Chinese border area policies, the view of Heaven’s will(天命觀) since the Western Zhou Dynasty period should be examined. The view of Heaven’s will refers to the proxy rule of the world by a son of Heaven, who is a representative of Heaven. Therefore, the world in the Western Zhou Dynasty period meant the range ruled by a son of Heaven based on Heaven’s will. According to this order, only the world acknowledging the order of the son of Heaven was ‘China(華).’ Xiongnu existed in the marginal area of China. The unified Empire Han made Confucianism into its ideology of ruling. As Confucianism was adopted as national studies during the reign of Wudi, Confucianism was reflected on political ideas in the form of idealized China and barbarian thought and Feudalism. Accordingly, the Emperor emerged as the only ruler in the world who receives Heaven’s will and deputizes Heaven’s intentions, and the ruling territory of the Han was expanded into the world including Yixia(夷夏). Accordingly, political organizations were constructed into the inside the boundary(內藩) and outside the boundary(外藩) under the emperor at the summit and the ruling territory was defined. The inside the boundary area is composed of the county regions directly ruled by the emperor, the kingdoms of feudal lords, and the states of feudal lords. This area was where all of the emperor’s virtue, manners, and laws are effective. The outside the boundary area refers to the regions directly ruled by the chiefs of barbarians, who are politically and militarily independent and the emperor’s ruling power did not directly reach these regions. In these regions, only the civilizing influences of the emperor such as manners and virtues were effective. This study explored the Earlier Han’s strategies to manage the Western Regions and the strategies’ effects on later generations. Thereafter, because this study was conducted from the viewpoint of the history of border area ruling, in this paper, first, the processes of opposition, struggles, and wars between the Han and the Xiongno undergone over the Western Regions were described and second, with what political means and strategies the Han subjugated various countries in the Western Regions and how the Han ruled the countries were examined for the 80 years from the beginning of the Han’s advance into the Western Region to the establishment of the Protectorate of the Western Regions and for the period after the establishment of the Protectorate of the Western Regions to the period of Wangmang(王莽). The Han’s management of the Western Regions is a process of acquiring and controlling colonies by a powerful nation from the people of a small and weak power. China gave the feudalist idea in the idealized form termed China centric world order to the process to interpret the process as a process of the expansion of the territory and the establishment of a multi-national state and mentions this as a tradition and feature of Chinese diplomacy. Considering whether this idea could be realized even when China is weak, analyzing the border area policies of China in early days is thought to be meaningful work. For the ancient Chinese state of which Chang'an was the capital, the stabilization of the northwestern border area was an important issue directly connected to the security of the dynasty. Although the Xiongnu power had been a serious threat to the Han since the early days of the foundation of the country, the Han, which was relatively weak, had no choice but to use friendly relation strategies. The Han, that had been building up its power behind the friendly relation strategies, began to exert its power during the reign of Wudi. Wudi raised the army for the subjugation of the Xiongnu while dispatching Zhang jian to Dayue clan and Wusun clan two times. This opened the road between the Han and the Western Regions. This road, which has an important meaning in the history of east-west traffic and the history of the Western Regions, became the road for the Han’s ruling of most countries in the Western Regions instead of the Xiongnu 80 years later. The modern meaning of the Han’s ruling of the Western Regions is a powerful nation’s colonial ruling of weaker nations. However, the history of China has given the feudalist idea in the form of a Chinese world order. Since then, ‘universal unification(天下一統)’, which means the expansion of the territory and the establishment of a multi-ethnic unified nation, has become an important feature of Chinese foreign relations. The purpose of Zhangjian's first dispatch of troops to the Western Regions was military and strategic one to suppress the Xiongnu by pincer attacks with Dayue clan. However, from the second dispatch of troops, the purpose was changed into spreading the virtue of the son the Heaven to the foreign areas where customs were different. The next step was to open roads for exchanges with many countries in the Western Regions and secure regions necessary in terms of strategies. The targets were Loulan, Gushi, Dawan, and Wusun. Therefore, the Han secured the southern road to the Western Regions through attacks on Loulan and Gushi and informed the status of the son of Heaven of the Han to many countries in the Western Regions and obtained the specialties of the Western Regions such as fine steeds with the first and second attacks on Dawan. Marital policies were also used. Wusun, which was dominating the traffic road at that time, was a strategically important country to fight against the Xiongnu forces. The Han tried to conciliate Wusun with a marital policy. The marital policy, which began in the reign of Wudi, continued for a long time even after the death of Wudi and eventually Wusun betrayed the Xiongnu and became a subordinate state of the Han. Originally, Cheshi(Gushi) was the hub of traffic to the Western Regions. After the subordination of Loulan and Wusun to the Han, the Xiongnu was desperate to secure Cheshi because it could dominate various countries in the Western Regions only through Cheshi. The offensive and defensive battles between the Han and the Xiongnu were fierce. The surrender of the Rizhu king xianxian dan who was responsible for Xiongnu’s management of the Western Regions in the third year of Shenjue was a ground-breaking event. The Han not only recovered Cheshi, which had been occupied by the Xiongnu, but also seized the Western Regions at once in place of the Xiongnu. The Han also secured the traffic road going along the southern slope of Tianshan to the west and the road going from Cheshi feudal lord state to the basin of Yili he on the west. The Han installed the Protectorate of the Western Regions in Wulei Castle. The Han’s establishment of the Protectorate of the Western Regions indicates that the Han's attacks on the Western Regions succeeded decisively and the Han became to dominate the Western Regions. Thereafter, the Han has managed the subordinated countries with its own idealized feudalist idea termed Chinese World Order. The Kings and major government officials of the countries under the jurisdiction of the Protectorate of the Western Regions received approving seals given by the Han’s Royal Court. The five countries, Kangguo, Dayuezhi, Anxi, Jibin, and Wuyishanli, were not subjected to the Protectorate of the Western Regions because they were too far away. In addition, moving nations, which were small nomadic nations that were moving along the water plant and the sheep, were not known where controlled by the Protectorate of the Western Regions. What is important is that the investiture order implemented in the Western Regions at this time became the prototype of Chinese border area policies. The Earlier Han’s ruling of the Western Regions means the expansion of the territory. At that time, the territory was a vast area ranging from the west of Dunhuang to the north of the Pamir Plateau and the Kharakorum mountains and the east and south of Lake Balash. Did the people of the Western Regions willingly accept the rule of Earlier Han? The records about ‘Protectorate General Danqin’, ‘Guju and Tangdou’ and ‘Xuzhili’ made during the period of Wangmang, which is negatively evaluated in the Shishu, indicate that the Han’s rule of various countries in the Western Regions was coercive. Although it does not appear in the records before the Wangmang period, given the conflicts between the Protectorate of the Western Regions and various countries in the Western Regions, it cannot be regarded that the people in the Western Regions willingly accepted the rule by the Protectorate of the Western Regions. Because ‘China’ neglected ‘barbarians’, the rule could not but be coercive and the resultant repulsion was natural.

지역발전지표의 변화와 서부 소수민족지역경제의 지속가능성장 -동부도시지역과의 비교를 통한 소수민족자치지역에 대한 분석을 중심으로-

송재두 ( Jae Do Song ) 한중사회과학학회 2016 한중사회과학연구 Vol.14 No.1

The economic gap between ethnic minority’s regions in the west and urban regions in the east seems to be settled, only if statistical indices such as gross regional domestic product and GDP per capita are checked. Positive outlook on the growth of ethnic minority’s regions may be reasonably adopted if we check development indices such as growing number of students, medical personnel, and recovery beds in hospitals and clinics. Upon this point, sustainability of growth of ethnic minority’s regions is checked. Whether their economy is well managed is also checked. It, however, is revealed that they lag behind urban regions in the east in economic operation. Their economy is based on low total factor productivity and operational inefficiency. They, ostensibly, got economic growth and technological progress in economic operation, and they may be believed to be able to get sustainable growth. Their achievement that comes from input accumulation is weak guaranty for the region’s long term sustainable growth. Strong economic fundamental, such as operational efficiency, that is seen in urban region is needed for their sustainable growth.

유라시아 지역통합의 동학

김영진(Kim Young Jin) 한국슬라브유라시아학회 2016 슬라브학보 Vol.31 No.4

This paper aims to make comparison between “Eurasian regionalism” and “West-oriented regionalism” based on the discussion of the development of major regional organizations and regional integration established among the post-Soviet states, and to analyse the potentials, limitations of Eurasian regional integration and its challenges. This two regionalism indicate the confrontation of the regionalization process among the post-Soviet states. In some cases the Eurasian regionalism and West-oriented are presented as mutually exclusive projects causing internal divides within societies as it happens in Ukraine, Moldova, and Armenia. We still cannot say that the future of both regionalism projects is quite certain. West-oriented regionalism depends on the EU’s commitment to the project and the readiness to accept European values in the EaP participant countries. Eurasian regionalism, though, highly institutionalized lacks vision and agreement on what is ‘Eurasian’. In Russia, the concept of ‘Eurasia’ is often used as the opposite of the ‘West’ or ‘Atlantic’ Other, and it is expected that Eurasian integration will strengthen Russia’s position as a dominant power in the region to achieve the goal of Russian foreign policy to build multipolar world order. From several aspects, regionalization in Eurasia remains an unfinished project. In the first place, there are several competing regionalist projects, not one, emerging in the geographic space among the Europe, Russia, and the China-dominated East Asia. The Russia driving regionalism has been primarily concerned about achieving Russia’s geopolitical and geo-economic goals. For Central Asian countries, regionalism means to open a space to balance potential Russian hegemony and a platform to resume their development. The Central Asian governments have discovered the real economic and political benefits provided by regionalization at early tines: a possibility of relying on several donor countries, instead of just one, an improved security and an enhanced international status.

서해안고속도로가 충남 서해안 지역에 미친 파급효과 및 주민인지

윤준상(Yoon Jun-Sang),이창식(Lee Chang-Seek) 한국지역사회생활과학회 2005 한국지역사회생활과학회지 Vol.16 No.4

The purpose of this study was to analyze the regional tipp1e effects and residents' perceptions of the West Coast Highway on four regions of Chung-nam province. The data was collected through questionnaire interviews with 400 residents in four regions of the west coast area. After data Gleaning, the statistical methods used were confirmative factor and cluster analysis with 309 sampled from four regions of Dangjin, Boryong, Seosan and Taean. The results of this study were as follows. First, it is classified, according to the residents' perceptions against the opening of the West Coast Highway, into four groups. Group A is the people who haven't lived there long and mainly consists of relatively young (30's-40's) males, while Group B is the people with lower incomes and middle-aged males (40's) who have lived there for 11 to 20 years. Group C is mainly the people who are middle-aged housewives in their 40's and who haven't lived there long and with a relatively higher income. Group D is the people who lived for less than five years and had lower incomes than other groups. The results show that their perceptions against the influence of regional development differ demographically from each other. In conclusion, it was determined that most of them were concerned that it, coupled with the construction of the West Coast Highway, would damage the surrounding countryside but believed it would contribute to the growth of the region's economy. Whereas groups A and B seem to acknmvledge the necessity of regional development and environmental protection, groups B and D appear to be more content with the tourism development derived from the West Coast Highway and are paying more attention to such plans than other two groups.

서아프리카의 에너지 지역주의: 현황과 과제

김유원 ( Kim Yoowon ) 아프리카미래학회 2023 아프리카와 미래 Vol.3 No.0

The meaning of energy security is gradually expanding beyond providing stable energy at reasonable prices and is directly related to people's quality of life. As the scope of discussion expands, energy security is being studied at various levels, not only at the national level, but also regional or global levels. In particular, the interaction between energy security and regionalism is a global phenomenon, and is presented at the level of analysis of appropriate mid-range studies. The connection of electricity systems and the establishment of energy transportation networks deepen the regionality of countries in the region, and energy regionalism is acting as an important factor in achieving the regional organization's goal of economic development. The West African region can also observe the deepening of energy regionalism, centered on the West African Economic Community (ECOWAS). On the other hand, the status of energy security is negative as the West African region has low energy access rates and relies only on traditional primary energy sources such as biomass. In spite of various mechanisms, the challenges they face can be summarized as conflicts of interest among member states, mutual trust issues, and energy transition demands, which will require active responses in the future, consistent with the problems facing not only the energy sector but also overall regionalism in the region.

러시아 북서-유럽연합 간의 지역통합 프로세스 -발트 해 지역의 한자동맹 사례를 중심으로-

김영술 경희대학교(국제캠퍼스) 국제지역연구원 2010 아태연구 Vol.17 No.2

Russia and European Union are required the effective regional cooperation in the Baltic Sea region because of geographical changes and the relationship in Europe, the possibility of the bipolar system in Europe, and the conditions of the integration in the northwest region of Russia or the choice of modernization's changes. This article examines the possibility of regional integration through regional cooperation between Northwest Russia and European Union. This article analyzes the integration process and regional cooperation through the Hanseatic League in the Baltic Sea Region from globalization and regional integration perspective. At the level of regional integration, it is not possible that a Russia's European Union will become membership, and Russia has not the possibility of the FTA Agreement between Europe and Russia, formation of the customs union or a single market. There is no possibility at all the Economic Union and full economic integration between Europe and Russia. In addition, realization of a common European economic space remains as the object of theoretical discussions. This is a dilemma to Russia in the orientation of economic integration and protection of sovereignty. In this situation, the experience of the Hanseatic League has many implications. The Hanseatic League was the main direction of globalization based on the trade economic through the process the region of integration. The Hanseatic League was the key of localization, it is composed of cities, not countries. The Hanseatic League is based on free merchants network, border cooperation and free trade economic system. It played an important role for the Hanseatic economic community. Therefore, the New Hanseatic League is the most optimal format for the new regional integration in Europe and Russia. It is local resources. Moreover, the Hanseatic League is the unique and powerful tool which will give new opportunities to expand influence in the Baltic Sea to Russia. 유럽의 지형과 관계의 변화, 유럽에서 양극 모델의 가능성, 그리고 러시아의 북서 지역에서 통합의 필요조건과 현대적인 변화로의 선택의 기로에 선 러시아에게 발트 해 지역에서 효율적인 지역협력이 요구되고 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 러시아의 입장에서 러시아 북서-유럽 연합 간의 지역협력에 나타난 상호작용을 통해 지역통합의 가능성 여부에 대해 고찰한다. 이를 위해, 이 연구는 한자동맹을 통해 발트 해 지역의 글로벌화 관점에서 지역의 통합 프로세스와 지역통합이라는 관점에서 발트 해 지역의 현재의 지역화와 지역협력을 분석한다. 현재 지역통합 차원에서 러시아가 유럽연합의 회원이 되거나 유럽과 러시아 사이에 FTA 체결 가능성, 관세동맹 또는 단일시장 형성 가능성은 없어 보이며, 그리고 러시아가 유럽연합과 경제 연합이나 더 이상의 완전한 경제통합은 전혀 가능성이 없다. 또한 진행되고 있는 공동 유럽 경제 공간의 현실화 문제마저도 이론적 논의의 대상으로 남아 있다. 이것은 한편으로 경제 통합에 대한 지향성과 다른 편으로는 주권에 대한 보호 지향성으로 러시아의 유럽연합에 대한 딜레마에서 비롯되었다고 볼 수 있다. 이런 상황에서 한자동맹의 경험은 많은 시사점을 주고 있다. 이 연구를 통해서 볼 때, 무역경제에 기초한 한자동맹은 지역통합의 프로세스를 통한 글로벌화의 주요 방향이었으며, 한자동맹의 네트워크는 그 구성 주체가 국가가 아니라 한자도시들로서 지역화의 핵심이었다. 중요한 것으로 한자동맹의 경제공동체를 이룬 기초에는 경계를 넘나드는 자유로운 한자도시연합 상인들의 네트워크뿐만 아니라 국경협력, 그리고 자유무역 경제 시스템 등이 그 역할을 하였다. 따라서 지역통합의 모델로 새로운 한자동맹의 모색은 유럽과 러시아 사이의 상호 작용의 효과적인 조직을 위한 가장 최적의 형식뿐만 아니라, 지역 자원의 독특하며 강력한 수단이며, 그리고 러시아가 발트에 대한 영향력을 확대하는데 새로운 기회를 주게 될 것이다.

남북한 접경지역의 감염병 및 자연재난 협력에 관한 연구* : 동서독 협력 사례와 비교하여

윤종극,최윤철 조선대학교 군사학연구소 2025 군사발전연구 Vol.19 No.2

The emergence of transboundary infectious diseases in the border region between North and South Korea and the occurrence of natural disasters due to climate change are emerging as new security issues that threaten the lives and property of citizens. These infectious diseases, water shortages in the shared watershed between North and South Korea, and pest infestations urgently require joint preparedness measures between the two Koreas, regardless of political or military considerations. However, the uncertainty and volatility of inter-Korean relations have hindered sustained cooperation. This study analyzes the threats posed by infectious diseases and natural disasters in the border region between North and South Korea and explores response measures. To enhance the effectiveness of this study, it compares and analyzes the exchanges and cooperation between East and West Germany on infectious diseases and natural disasters during their division. While the division of East and West Germany differs somewhat from the division of the Korean Peninsula, the examples of cooperation and joint responses to infectious diseases and natural disasters, which directly threaten the lives of citizens, offer significant implications for the current situation between North and South Korea. East and West Germany established the "Border Committee," a permanent body in the border region, to establish a cooperative system across all areas, including health and medical care, the environment, and natural disasters. In 1973, they concluded the "Disaster Joint Response Agreement," prioritizing infectious diseases, the environment, and disasters in the border region. This contributed to building mutual trust and easing military tensions. Based on these examples of East and West German border cooperation, the following measures are proposed to restore trust and ensure continued cooperation through concrete cooperation on infectious diseases and natural disasters in the inter-Korean border region. First, concretize and empower laws related to exchange and cooperation in the inter-Korean border region. Second, establish a permanent organization for inter-Korean border cooperation. Third, establish a governance-based cooperation system involving the central government, local governments, and private organizations. Fourth, establish a sustainable cooperation system through the conclusion of a binding “Disaster and Health Agreement.”

우크라이나 선거에 나타난 지역주의 연구

박정호(Park Joung-Ho) 한국중동부유럽학회 2010 동유럽발칸학 Vol.12 No.1

This paper has two main purposes. The first aim is to explore political implications of ukrainian parliamentary and presidential elections after orange revolution. The second purpose is to analyze effects and characteristics of regionalism in ukrainian elections. For this purpose this study investigated the voting results of presidential candidates and main political parties in eastern and western regions of Ukraine. Also this paper evaluates regional cleavage index of main political parties since orange revolution. The analysis on the electoral results in east and west indicated that level of regionalism has been intensifying. This study revealed that determinants of eastern and western regionalism are due to regional divisions, including differences of historical experience, ethnic, economic, religious factors. Finally, this paper concludes that regional cleavages or regionalism in the post-communist Ukraine primarily reflect characteristics of historical legacy and political culture in east and west. Regionalism and regional divisions continue to a major challenge to the political development of independent Ukraine.

중서부지방의 신석기시대 주거지에 대한 일 연구

이승윤 중부고고학회 2008 고고학 Vol.7 No.2

The purpose of this study is to discuss the residential areas of the Neolithic era ill the middle west of Korea, of which data are recently on the increase. To achieve this purpose, tile residential areas of the Neolithic era in the middle west of Korea were largely divided into by region (i.e. Daedongkang and Whanghae regions, Kyeonggi regions and Keumikang and Chungcheong regions) and by time (i. e. the early period, the middle period and the latter period), and tile development patterns by region and by time were then looked into with emphasis put on tile characteristics of tile internal structure discovered in the residential areas (such as plan, size, fireplace, arrangement of pits dug for the posts and other facilities). Consequently commonness was found in the development patterns of tile plan, size and fireplace of tile residential areas of the Neolithic era in these regions, while regional characteristics were discovered in tile arrangement of pits dug for tile posts and 'other facilities' . In Daedongkang and Whanghae regions tile arrangement of pits dug for tile posts was made using tile styles of columnless structure and 'Byoggabaechi' (a style of column arrangement in which posts are arranged along tile wall line) with a storage space made of earthen ware for other facilities throughout tile early, middle and latter periods. But, on tile other hand, 4-column arrangement of pits dug for tile posts and a storage space made by vertically digging a hole in the ground for 'other facilities' were discovered in Hangang, Kyeonggi regions and Keumkang and Chungcheong regions. It is thought that tile regional characteristics found in tile residential areas' internal facilities are closely linked to the residential type reflecting the natural surroundings and that the commonness found in tile development pattern are connected with tile culture of Chumun, that is, an earthenware with a geometrical pattern scratched by the teeth of a comb, developed in the middle west regions of Korea. 이글은 최근 자료가 증가하고 있는 우리나라의 중서부지방 신석기시대 주거지에 대한 검토를 실시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해서 중서부지방의 신석기시대 주거지를 크게 지역(대동강 및 황해지역, 한강 및 경기지역, 금강 및 충청지역)및 시기구분(전기, 중, 후기)을 실시한 후, 주거지에서 나타나는 내부구조의 특징(평면형태, 면적, 노시설, 주혈배치 및 기타내부시설)을 중심으로 하여 지역 및 시기별 전개양상에 대해서 살펴보았다. 그 결과 이들 지역의 신석기시대 주거지는 평면형태, 면적, 노시설 등의 시기별 전개양상은 공통성이 나타나고 있지만, 주혈배치와 기타내부시설에 있어서는 지역성이 나타나고 있었다. 대동강 및 황해지역에서는 전기에서 중, 후기까지 무주식과 벽가배치의 주혈배치와 토기저장시설 등의 기타내부시설이 채용되고 있었으며, 한강 및 경기지역과 금강 및 충청지역에서는 4주식의 주혈배치와 수혈식저장시설 드의 기타내부시설 등이 채용되고 있었다. 주거지의 내부시설에서 나타나는 지역성은 자연환경을 반영하는 주거형태와 관련이 깊으며, 전개 양상의 공통성은 중서부지방의 즐문토기문화 전개와 맥락을 같이하고 있는 것으로 생각된다.

柔然经略西域的若干史事探讨

袁刚 단국대학교 동양학연구원 2019 동양학 Vol.- No.76

After expansion of Shelun and later generations of Khan, while occupying part of the northern grassland of Tianshan Mountains, Rouran Khanate further extended its antennae to the oasis areas of Hami and Turpan, thus realizing the effective control of Yiwu and Gaochang. As a result, while gaining access to the rich material resources of these regions, Rouran had increased wealth by manipulating the Silk Road trade. The Northern Wei Dynasty Emperor Taiwu’s strategy for the Western Regions once forced the Rouran forces to withdraw from most of the southern parts of the Tianshan Mountains. After the middle of the 5th century, the Northern Wei Dynasty relaxed its management and jurisdiction over the Western Regions due to civil strife, and Rouran forces came back, restoring and to some extent strengthening the control of parts of the Western Regions. In the late 480s, the establishment of the Gaoche State made Rouran’s influence on the Western Regions weakened again. During the Rouran Khanate rejuvenation period, the policies of the Western Regions were restored and developed at one time. Rouran’s administration of the Western Regions had an important impact on the history of ethnic relations and the history of exchanges between the East and the West in the middle of the 5~6th century. 世纪开始,经过社崘及以后几代可汗的开拓,柔然汗国在占据天山北部草原部分地区的同时,进一步 将经略触角伸向哈密和吐鲁番等绿洲地带,实现了对伊吾和高昌的有效控制。于是,柔然在获得这些地 区丰厚物质资源的同时,又通过操控丝绸之路贸易增加了财富。北魏太武帝时期对西域的经略,曾一度 迫使柔然退出天山南部的大部分地区。然而,5世纪中叶以后,北魏因内乱放松了对西域的经略和管辖, 柔然势力卷土重来,恢复并在一定程度上强化了对西域部分地区的控制。5世纪80年代末,高车国的建立 使柔然对西域的影响力再度被削弱。6世纪初以后,柔然汗国经历了一个短暂的复兴时期,经略西域的政 策一度得以恢复和发展。柔然经略西域,对5~6世纪中叶中国西北地区民族关系史和东西交流史产生了重 要影响。