중국 貴州 지역의 ‘淸水江文書’를 활용한 한·중 학계의 연구 현황

박찬근 전북사학회 2023 전북사학 Vol.- No.67

The Qingshui River served as a route for local ethnic minorities engaged in forestry to transport timber to major commercial areas in China. The Qingshuijiang Documents contain not only forestry-related contracts, but also various everyday contracts. Through the local ethnic minorities' daily lives and contractual relationships depicted in these documents, their own social order is gradually being revealed. However, the discussion of how the revealed social characteristics of the ethnic minorities are related to ‘China’ seems to be proceeding separately from the publication of the document collection. Depending on how one understands ‘China,’ the perspective on viewing the society of the Qingshui River Basin is predetermined even before reading the Qingshuijiang Documents. In the Korean academic community, researchers have consistently pursued historical research with the Qingshui River Basin as a backdrop. They have mainly focused on the interaction between the representative ethnic minority in the area, the Miao people, and the Ming and Qing dynasties. Research interest has been concentrated on the conflicts and reconciliation between national power and ethnic minority society. On the other hand, for Chinese researchers, Chinese history is ‘national history.’ In this paper, it is analyzed that even if Chinese research on the Qingshui River Basin does not neglect the region's specificity, there is a tendency in the conclusion of works to mention the fusion into ‘China.’ The way of historical narration that aims to constitute the ‘nation’ is a common problem and an unavoidable issue in the historical narratives of any country. Therefore, discussing which historical narration method is absolutely the correct one without consideration of the reality of historical research becomes a detached public discourse. What is important is that the perspective on the relationship between the Qingshui River Basin and ‘China’ is clearly contrasted, and how to narrate the history of the bilateral relationship becomes a way to constitute the current ‘China.’ Depending on how ‘China’ is constituted, the legitimacy of the current unity of China can be measured, so the Qingshui River Basin can also be seen as another battleground for historical research. 청수강은 임업에 종사하는 현지 소수민족들이 벤 나무를 중국의 주요 상업지대까지 흘려보내는 루트였다. ‘청수강문서’에는 임업에 관련한 계약 문서뿐만 아니라 일상의 다양한 계약 문서들도 많다. 이들 문서에 담긴 지방 소수민족의 일상생활과 계약 관계 등을 통해 그들 나름의 사회 질서가 점차 밝혀지고 있다. 그러나 청수강 유역의 사회를 바라보는 관점은 ‘중국’을 어떻게 이해하는가에 따라 ‘청수강문서’를 열람하기 이전에 미리 예정되어 있는 것처럼 읽힌다. 한국 학계에서 일단의 연구자들이 꾸준히 귀주 청수강 유역을 배경에 두고 역사 연구를 이어왔다. 주로 이 지역의 대표적 소수민족인 묘족이 명·청대 왕조와 어떠한 길항을 겪었는가에 집중하여, 국가권력과 소수민족 사회의 갈등과 봉합에 관해 연구의 관심이 집중되었다. 반면, 중국인 연구자들에게 중국사는 ‘國史’이다. 본고에서는 중국의 청수강 유역 연구가 지역의 특수성을 좌시하지 않는다 하더라도 저작물의 결론에는 ‘중국’으로의 융합을 언급하는 서술 경향을 보이는 것으로 분석했다. ‘국민’을 구성해 내려는 국사 서술 방식이 갖는 일반적인 문제이며 어느 나라의 국사 서술도 피할 수 없는 문제일 것이다. 따라서 무턱대고 어떠한 역사 서술 방식이 절대적으로 ‘올바른 서술’인가를 논하는 것은 역사 연구의 현실 상황과 동떨어진 공론이 된다. 중요한 것은, 청수강 유역이라는 지역과 ‘중국’의 관계 설정에 관한 시각이 뚜렷하게 대비되고 있으며, 어떻게 양자간 관계의 역사를 서술하는가가 곧 현재의 ‘중국’을 구성하는 방식이 된다는 점이다. 구성해 내는 ‘중국’의 모습이 어떠한가에 따라 현재 중국의 통일성이 얼마나 정당한가가 가늠되므로, 청수강 유역 역시 또 하나의 역사 연구의 격전장이라고 할 수 있다

同治年間 淸水江 下流 地域社會의 危機와 變動 ― 淸水江文書의 분석을 중심으로 ―

이승수 동양사학회 2026 동양사학연구 Vol.174 No.-

Drawing on the Qingshuijiang documents (淸水江文書) and related historical sources, this article examines the crisis faced by local society in the lower reaches of the Qingshui River and the social transformations that unfolded amid the Xian-Tong Miao Rebellion (咸同苗民起義, 1855–1873). From the first year of the Tongzhi reign (1862), as insurgent forces occupied the northern bank (北岸) of the lower Qingshui River, the sense of crisis on the southern bank (南岸) intensified. In response, villages on the southern bank under the jurisdiction of the Sanying (三營) took in refugees from the northern bank and provided them with means of subsistence. At the same time, they incorporated able-bodied refugees into local tuanlian (團練) forces and progressively refined regulations concerning the financing, provisioning, and maintenance of social stability under conditions of prolonged warfare. As the conflict persisted for nearly two decades, however, the economic pressure on local society grew increasingly severe. According to the Qingshuijiang documents, villagers at the time were burdened not only by obligations to support military operations but also by the government's repeated demands for monetary contributions (捐納). These exactions weighed heavily even on those who still retained some degree of economic resources. Moreover, the loss of stable livelihoods (恒産) affected moral constancy (恒心) as well, weakening social trust and moral order within village communities. Fraudulent schemes exploiting wartime chaos, disputes over contracts and property rights, and conflicts over fengshui sites all indicate that economic hardship had developed into a broader erosion of social trust. In sum, the warfare of the Tongzhi era not only undermined the material foundations of local society built upon the timber trade but also placed severe strain on local social order. Yet the conflict also strengthened the position of local elites associated with the tuanlian and provided an occasion for reinforcing lineage solidarity. Furthermore, this process served as a catalyst for communities in the lower Qingshui River region to establish themselves as a community assimilated into the interior (內地化) and as subjects of the empire.

청대 귀주성 청수강 유역 소수민족의 賣田과 裏面契約

박찬근 명청사학회 2024 명청사연구 Vol.- No.61

In the Qing dynasty, where taxes were imposed on landowners based on land units, it was necessary to ascertain the residency status of the owners and the state of land ownership. Therefore, transactions related to land and houses were mandated to be reported to the state. Consequently, Qing dynasty land contracts offer vital insights into the everyday strategies adopted within minority communities, between the state's principles and their modes of agreement. This study focuses on land sale contracts found in the Qingshuijiang Documents , a collection of documents excavated from minority residences in the Qingshuijiang River basin in Guizhou Province. The practices of private transaction contracts transcend the dimension of everyday economic activities and hold significant meanings as expressions of the relationship between the region and the state, and of mutual interaction and trust-building within local communities. This paper analyzes the land sale contracts recorded in the Qingshuijiang Documents to reveal that officially recognized contracts coexist with those based on mutual trust within the community, and sometimes, dual contracts—‘red contract’ and ‘white contract’—were drafted to simultaneously ensure the stability of ownership and maintain the economic value of the transaction items as recognized locally. Additionally, while drafting these dual contracts, the sale price listed in the ‘red contract’ was approximately half of that recorded in the ‘white contract’. This was understood as a measure to reduce the transfer tax payable to the authorities. However, this implies that relying on the sale prices listed in the ‘red contract’ to ascertain the actual land prices at the time may not fully reflect the reality. When creating any economic-related data based on both red and white contracts, the possibility of distortion must be considered. The reliability of the sale prices presented in the ‘red contract’, including the feasibility of compiling any statistics based on them, needs to be reconsidered.