한청통상조약 체결 경위에 관한 연구 — 1898년 청의 정책 전환과 조정을 중심으로 —

이정도 중국근현대사학회 2026 중국근현대사연구 Vol.109 No.-

This study examines the Qing government’s response to the Korean Empire’s request for the conclusion of a treaty within the framework of the international legal order, and analyzes the process through which the negotiations for the Korea–Qing Commerce Treaty unfolded based on a wide range of historical sources. In particular, it focuses on the shift and adjustment of Qing policy around 1898. Initially, the Qing government adopted an evasive attitude toward the Korean Empire’s demand for a treaty. However, it later shifted its policy, dispatching an envoy and entering into negotiations. In this process, the Hundred Days’ Reform and the orders of the Guangxu Emperor functioned as important turning points. Nevertheless, the issue of concluding a treaty between the two countries was not resolved immediately. Political forces opposing both the Hundred Days’ Reform and the conclusion of a treaty with Korea continued to exist within the Qing court. As a result, various opinions conflicted over the form and procedures of the treaty negotiations, and these differences were gradually adjusted through a series of political and diplomatic processes. The actual process of policy adjustment resulted from the interaction of multiple factors. In particular, Russia’s southward expansion in 1898, the Qing government’s diplomatic initiatives to align with Britain and Japan in response to this development, and the Korean Empire’s repeated diplomatic requests conveyed through third parties collectively shaped the course of policy change. The issue of concluding a treaty between the two countries thus emerged as one of the major diplomatic issues during the reorganization of the East Asian regional order, unfolding within a setting where the strategic interests of multiple great powers intersected. However, the Qing policy shift did not immediately signify a fundamental change in its perception of bilateral relations. Although the Qing formally recognized the Korean Empire as an independent state after the Treaty of Shimonoseki, it remained cautious about establishing a fully equal relationship with a country that had long been regarded as a tributary state. This perception was clearly reflected in the diplomatic forms and procedures that emerged during the treaty negotiations. Even when the discussion progressed to the stage of dispatching an envoy, debates continued over the rank and title of the envoy, the form of the letter of credence, and the question of an imperial audience. Although the Korea–Qing Commerce Treaty of 1899 formally transformed bilateral relations into an equal treaty relationship, the Qing’s traditional perception of the Korean Empire did not immediately disappear and continued to influence the subsequent development of relations between the two states.

중국 근대 조선 사행록(使行錄) 속조선 인식의 변용과 기억 - 괴령(魁齡)의 『東使紀事詩略』과마건충(馬建忠)의 『東行三錄』을 중심으로

정해리 중국인문학회 2017 中國人文科學 Vol.0 No.67

In the late 19th century, both Korea and China sought to transform themselves in response to the massive unprecedented flow of the eastern penetration of Western powers. This period was essentially in the historical process of the globalization of the world with the change of the East being westernized. Considering this, it is necessary to study the relationship between Korean and China and to examine  Dongshijishishilue written by KuiLing and Dongxingsanlu written by MaJianZhong to figure out the modernization process of East Asian international relations in the nineteenth century. Based on the above assumption, this study analyzes Dongshijishishilue and  Dongxingsanlu, which are travelogues of the Qing envoys to focus on the transformation and recollection of recognizing Joseon Dynasty. To be specific, in Chapter Ⅱ, it surveys the political and social structure and transformation of modern Chinese-Korean relations in the East Asian international order. In Chapter Ⅲ, it analyzes the perception of the Joseon Dynasty in modern China. In addition, in Chapter Ⅳ, it figures out dismantled the world order system and China's response. The contents of each of these chapters are as follows. First, the political and social structure and the transformation of modern Korean - Chinese relations in the East Asian international order can be summarized as follows. It was emphasizing the traditional Korean-Chinese relationship in Dongshijishishilue KuiLing emphasized not only the relationship between China and the Joseon Dynasty, that is, the relationship between the subordinate and the dependent states but also the relationship between tribute and investiture which was the international order centered on China in traditional East Asian. One of the most remarkable aspects of Dongshijishishilue is the Korea-China relationship in the transition and change of international order in the East Asia. Traditionally, international order in the East Asia, centered on China, has continued to be a form of tribute to China by countries around China. However, by changing international order in the East Asia, the traditional relationship between China and the Joseon Dynasty was forced to undergo fundamental changes. Therefore, against the Western powers to regard the Joseon Dynasty as an independent nation, China sought to officially acknowledge that the Joseon Dynasty was their dependency. During this process, China actively mediated the treaty between Korea and the Western powers such as the United States and the United Kingdom, and sought to be recognized as a sovereign right to Korea. Further China planned to include the Joseon Dynasty as a province under Chinese territorial control. Second, the modern China's recognition of the Joseon Dynasty can be summarized as follows. KuiLing and MaJianZhong, who were the ambassadors of the Qing dynasty, have a common feature to record the Joseon Dynasty travelogue during the middle and late nineteenth century. However, since their paths, processes and purpose of journey were different, the perceptions of the Joseon Dyasty reflected in various aspects. The perception of the Joseon Dynasty in the Dongxingsanlu are analyzed as follows: (1) The traditional perception of the relationship between China as the parent state and the Josoen Dynasty as the dependent state, (2) The recognition of the Joseon Dynasty 's politics, and (3) The Joseon Dynasty is not only the dependent state but also a strategic hub. KuiLing and MaJianZhong followed the traditionally existing relationship between China and the Joseon Dynasty which recognized as the relationship between the parent state and the dependent state. In addition, it emphasized that the Joseon Dynasty inherited the Chinese civilization. This implied the cultural hierarchy relationship between China and the Joseon Dynasty from ancient times. KuiLing expressed perception of the Joseon Dynasty' politics as an ideal asp...

청(淸)의 조선사행(朝鮮使行) 인선(人選)과 대청제국체제(大淸帝國體制)

구범진 ( Bum Jin Koo ) 서울대학교 인문학연구원 2008 인문논총 Vol.59 No.-

CHOSŎN KOREA’S TRADE WITH QING CHINA AND THE CIRCULATION OF SILVER

권내현 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2015 Acta Koreana Vol.18 No.1

Chosŏn Korea was connected to the silver network in East Asia, in which China had become the final destination of world silver since the late sixteenth century, and Japan produced silver and supplied it to China. When Japanese silver exports declined from the late seventeenth century to the early eighteenth century, Chosŏn participated in this silver network. This article will explore the ways in which silver circulation through China and Japan affected Chosŏn society and economy.

CHOSON KOREA'S TRADE WITH QING CHINA AND THE CIRCULATION OF SILVER

KWON NAE-HYUN 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2015 Acta Koreana Vol.18 No.1

연행록과 조선사행원의 대청인식 소고 -연행록선집을 중심으로-

김성근 ( Cheng Gen Jin ) 강원사학회 2006 강원사학 Vol.0 No.21

논문 : 19세기 전반 청인의 조선사행 -백준(1884년)과 화사납(1845년)의 경우-

구범진 ( Bum Jin Koo ) 수선사학회 2004 사림 Vol.0 No.22

高麗大學校所藏燕行文獻≪華簡≫淺考

강찬수 중국어문연구회 2018 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.85

Hwagan(華簡) is a collection of original documents compiled with three parts--the calligraphy, the letter and the conversations by writing. The first part is the two calligraphies of Haineizhiji(海内知己) and Sihaibilin(四海比邻) that a Qing Dynasty’s scholar presents to Choson Dynasty’s envoy, Pak Hongyang(朴弘陽). The second part is the thirty-five letters that five Qing Dynasty’s scholars--Guan Yi'e(管貽萼), Cheng Gongshou(程恭壽), Wang Zhongxi(汪重熙), Wen Zhongyan(溫忠彥), Wen Zhongshan(溫忠善), and Sun Qi(孫楫) sent to Pak Hongyang(朴弘陽) from Xianfeng five years (1855) to Xianfeng nine years (1859). The third part is the conversations by writing between Pak Hongyang and several Qing Dynasty’s scholars on January, Xianfeng five years (1855). In my previous studies, I had already introduced the original text and translation texts through a decoding of the all of Hwagan. During this process, my studies discovered that there have been profound friendship and frank communication among the scholars of two countries. They also found that there were thirty poems that were written in an extraordinary style. In addition, they also obtained some information about the birth and death year of Qing Dynasty’s scholars, noms de plume, their office positions and other research materials. As there is no other historical materials on this envoy in Xianfeng five years (1855), I believe that Hwagan is a historical record of academic value. However, as time goes by, their friendly intercourse and communications were gradually disappeared in the corner of history. Besides, their letters were inherited for a hundred and fifty years, and they have long been moulded and worm-eaten. Finally, I hope that my present paper would supplement the existing literatures and historical relics of the mid-19th century’s envoy, which can draw Korean and Chinese scholars’ particular attention for their academic value and make further research.