조선후기 연안항해와 外洋航路의 개척

고동환(Ko, Dong-Hwan) 연세대학교 국학연구원 2013 동방학지 Vol.161 No.-

해금정책(海禁政策)을 고수했던 조선정부는 대명률을 근거로 외양항해를 금지하였다. 외양항해금지령을 어겼을 경우 뱃사람뿐만 아니라 해당지역의 수령이나 병수사(兵水使)도 처벌하였 다. 낮에는 육안으로 식별할 수 있는 목표물을 통해 방향을 잡았고, 밤에는 별자리를 관측하여 항해하는 것이 연안항해의 일반적 항해술이었다. 연안 항해를 규정하는 것은 조류와 바람이 었다. 바람이 없을 경우 소형 선박들이 뒤에서 노로 밀어 대형선박의 운항을 돕기도 했다. 야간이나 안개가 끼었을 경우 나침반을 활용하여 방향을 잡았 다. 야간항해도 주간항해에 비해 위험 했지만 일반적으로 행해졌다. 조선후기에는 선박의 규모가 점차 커졌다. 대형선박이 수심이 낮고 암초가 많은 해역을 통과하는 것은 매우 어려웠기 때문에 외양항로를 택하여 운항하였다. 외양항로는 바람을 제어할 수만 있다면 연안항해에 비해 훨씬 빨랐다. 외양항해는 18세기 후반 대형선 박을 소유한 경강선인(京江船人)과 선상(船商)이 선도하고, 조운선과 지토선과 어선이 합류하면서 19세기에는 점차 보편화되어 갔다. 특히 연해지역의 개발로 인해 경제적 이익을 선점하려는 연해주민들의 모험심이 외양항해를 더욱 촉진시켰다. 고려시대에 비해 후퇴했지만, 조선 시대의 해운은 정체 상태로 머물렀던 것은 아니다. 개항이후 서양 기선이 주도하는 외양항해에는 미치지 못한다고 해도 조선의 뱃사람들도 외양항해의 이점을 충분히 인지하여 이를 실행에 옮기고 있었다. 이러한 사실은 조선시대 해운이 도달한 수준을 보여줄 뿐만 아니라 해운에서 조선사회의 내재적 발전을 보여주는 사례로 평가할 수 있을 것이다. The Chosun government which adhered to the strategy of sea defense prohibited the marine voyage on the basis of the Great Ming Code. The violation of the rules of marine voyage ban was subject to the punishment not only sailors but also the governor, commander of army & navy in the concerned district. The direction of the daytime Coastal voyage was taken through identifiable objects by naked eyes, and at night the voyage was performed by observing constellations. The voyage of costal area was determined by the tide & wind. If there was no wind, the voyage of large ships was assisted by the push of small ships behind with their oars. At night or foggy days, the direction was taken by the use of compass. It was taken 20 days from southern coastal region of Jeonla, 7∼9 days from coastal area of south of Geumgang, and 8 days from Geum River Estuary for a transport ship to arrives at Seoul. But the large ship sailed through by taking the Ocean passage due to the difficulty of sailing in low depth & many sea reefs costal passages. The Ocean passage was much faster than the costal voyage provided the wind can be controlled. The Ocean voyage gradually became common in the latter period of the 18th century by the lead of Han river sailors & maritime merchants as well as joining grain transport ships, local ships, and fishery ships. Specially, in connection with the development of the coastal areas, the adventurism of coastal residents who intended to take advantage from it promoted further the Ocean voyage. Though there could not be matched with the Ocean voyage led by steamships of western countries after the period of open port, but those sailors of Chosun dynasty performed about it through complete recognition of the merit of Ocean voyage. This not only indicated the level of shipping transport attained by Chosun dynasty but being an example to have shown the Intrinsic development of shipping in the Chosun society.

‘러시아의 콜럼버스’를 꿈꾼 로모노소프의 북극해 항로 프로젝트

박성현 ( Park Sung Hyun ) 배재대학교 한국-시베리아센터 2021 한국시베리아연구 Vol.25 No.1

This paper aims to elucidate how Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765), the first Russian natural scientist, contributed to the opening of the Arctic sea routes as the “founder of the scientific voyage.” Based on his own childhood experiences in the Arctic region, Lomonosov conducted many scientific studies and established a theoretical foundation for exploring routes along the Arctic Ocean to East Asia and also to North America. His studies on the Arctic encompass the cause of the Northern Lights, the classification and characteristics of the Arctic sea ice, the origin of icebergs, the role of wind in iceberg migration and ocean currents, and the effect of seawater circulations on climate. In addition to pioneering works on Arctic sea routes, Lomonosov also invented tools for astronomical observation and navigation and produced maps for exploration. He was also involved in every process of expedition preparation including the training of expedition members. The first Chichagov’s expedition, conducted about a month later after Lomonosov’s death, and the second in the following year, were blocked by ice in the Arctic Ocean and did not complete. However, his project deserves great significance in that for the first time Lomonosov organized high latitude voyages based on his scientific theories and revealed many features of natural phenomena and the marine environment of the Arctic Ocean. Also, many of his proposed theories are recognized for their validity and value by later scientists and explorers.

브로튼 함장의 북태평양 탐사항해(1795-1798)와 그 의의

김낙현(Kim, Nack-Hyeon),홍옥숙(Hong, Ok-Sook) 한국해양대학교 국제해양문제연구소 2018 해항도시문화교섭학 Vol.0 No.18

이 논문은 1795년에서 1798년에 걸친 윌리엄 로버트 브로튼 함장의 북태평양 탐사항해의 전모를 밝히고 그 의의를 검토하는데 그 목적이 있다. 북아메리카에서 영국 해군으로 복무하며 밴쿠버 선장 휘하에서 탐사와 지도 제작기술을 익혔던 브로튼은 프로비던스호를 지휘하여 사할린에 이르기까지 북태평양을 탐사하였다. 그의 탐사항해는 유럽 국가들의 제국주의적 야망의 차원에서 연유한다. 원자재와 노동력을 구하고 제품을 판매할 잠재적 식민지를 찾아 나섰던 영국 해군은 미답의 지역을 탐사하고 해도를 제작하였다. 브로튼 함장은 ‘프로비던스’호를 타고 1797년 지금의 부산인 용당포 앞바다에 정박하고 조선인과 만남으로써 이양선을 타고 조선을 자발적으로 방문한 최초의 유럽인이 되었다. 하지만 오키나와 근처에서 좌초한 프로비던스호 대신 그가 마카오에서 구입한 보조선인 프린스 윌리엄 헨리호로 용당포에 왔다는 사실은 한국에서 나온 자료 어디에도 기록되어 있지 않다. 브로튼보다 앞서 동해를 비롯하여 북태평양 지역을 항해했던 라페루즈가 조선에 대한 별다른 기록을 남기지 않았던 것에 비하면, 브로튼의 항해기는 이후 영국 해군을 비롯한 많은 동아시아의 방문자들에게 중요한 지침을 제공하였다. This paper aims to expound the exploratory voyage of the North Pacific Ocean by Captain William Robert Broughton between 1795 and 1798 and examine its significance. Being trained in exploring and charting the unexplored seas and land of North America into a map under Captain Vancouver of the British Navy, Captain Broughton sailed to the North Pacific Ocean as far as Sakhalin. His exploratory voyage can be understood in a larger context of the imperial ambition of European countries. His voyage was part of the activities of the British Royal Navy that searched for potential colonies where the British could find raw materials and labor as well as sell their products. Captain Broughton visited Joseon during his voyage when his ship, the “Providence” anchored off the beach of Youngdangpo, Busan in 1797, which has been considered as the “first voluntary encounter” between Europeans and Koreans in history. However, documents published in Korea have been found to contain diverse errors surrounding the circumstances of his visit, among which the most noticeable error is related to the name of the ship that he boarded at the time of visiting Yongdangpo. The authors have found that Broughton had to carry out his exploration with a small schooner he purchased in Macao, the Prince William Henry instead of the Providence, which was wrecked. Considering that La Perouse, who explored the East Sea and the North Pacific prior to Broughton, did not leave any records, Broughton’s Voyage is regarded as the record proper which provided useful information to the voyagers after him.

민영환 사절단의 세계 일주와 대양 항해 -『해천추범』과 『윤치호일기』를 중심으로-

조세현 국립목포대학교 도서문화연구원 2023 島嶼文化 Vol.- No.62

After the opening of its port, the government of Joseon dispatched many diplomatic missions to overseas countries for achieving diplomatic purposes and learning modern civilization. Min Young-hwan Mission which is the representative one of the missions departed from Incheon and arrived in Moscow, Russia via Shanghai—Yokohama—Vancouver—New York—Liverpoo—London—Vlissingen—Berlin—Warsaw etc. Upon completion of diplomatic mission by attending coronation ceremony of Nicholas II in Moscow, Min Young-hwan’s party departed there after finishing industrial inspection in Peterburg and returned to Incheon Port via Irkutsk—Lake Baikal—Ulan—Ude—Chita—Blagoveshchensk—Khabarovsk—Vladivostok along the Siberiaan crossing route. Of the party, Yun Chi-ho left in Paris, France and stayed there for three months and arrived in Shanghai through Port Said-Colombo-Singapore-Saigon-Hong Kong along the so-called ‘Imperial Sea Route’ taking The Sydney in Marseille. Paying attention to the ocean voyage out of the itinerary of around-the-world trip of Min Young-hwan Mission, this study described some issues from the perspective of the maritime history. First, this study examined changes in spatio-temporal concept that the Mission of Joseon experienced in the course of crossing the Pacific and the Atlantic while sailing to Russia. Second, this study dealt with issues of Orientalism and Occidentalism experienced by Min Young-hwan’s party while inspecting the Navy in Russia and returning to Joseon using the Siberian Railway, or by Yun Chi-ho while he was returning through the Imperial Sea Route. Third, while comparing the difference in awareness of Min Young-hwan and Yun Chi-ho within the Mission, this study also made a comparison between Burlingame Mission of Qing and Iwakura Mission of Japan that took a trip around the world before Min and Yun. Through the foregoing, this study examined how the intellectuals of Joseon responded to the shock of ‘Modern times from the sea’.

19세기 서양서 소재 한국어 어휘 자료와 그 특징

한영균(Han, YoungGyun) 한국사전학회 2013 한국사전학 Vol.- No.22

The aim of this paper is twofold. One is to list up the western books which contain korean lexical materials and the other is to analyze the korean lexical materials and to clarify which will be the entries in 〈Lexical Database of Early Modern Korean〉. We examined 20 books and only korean lexical materials in four books, namely A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, 1795-1798, London, Printed for T. Candell and W. Davies in the Strand. 1804, by Broughton, William Robert, Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, and the great Loo-Choo Island, 1818, London : John Murray, Albemarle-Street, by Hall, Basil and Herbert John Clifford, Nippon, VII. Die Neben und Schutzländer von Japan, Nachrichten über Korai, 1852, by Ph. Fr. von Siebold, A manual of Korean geographical and other proper names romanized. Yokohama. 1883, by Japanese Mail Office, are worth to be recorded in the DB.

해상운송업의 기상기후정보 경제적 효과에 관한 연구

노상환 ( Sang Whan Lho ),임동순 ( Dong Soon Lim ) 한국환경경제학회·한국자원경제학회 2014 자원·환경경제연구 Vol.23 No.1

Weather seems to influence industries in a variety of ways. On a day-to-day basis, it is the most volatile external factor influencing consumer and market behavior. And, because weather is constantly changing, industries must deal with a continuously shifting array of opportunities and risks. This study aims to examine how climate and weather changes and information, as external environmental factors, have affected the Korean industries, particularly marine shipping and logistics. To find out the economic value of marine weather information, we use measurable results of VVOS(Vessel and Voyage Optimization Services) in the ocean shipping, which the marine weather software tool can save fuel costs up to 4%. When the fuel saving is same as VVOS`s performance, the saving of Korean flag ship is estimated about 62 billion won and the saving of total flag ship is estimated about 519 billion won. However, coastal shipping companies have been struggling with the heavy weather factors, such as wave height, wave period and wind. Major findings are that wind and wave height have a significant negative effect on cargo transport, while wave period has a significant positive effect on cargo transport. And to conclude, when we use efficiently the marine weather information, we can increase cargo transport and save fuel costs etc.

선하증권상 FIO 특약의 개념과 효력 -대법원 2010.4.15.선고 2007다50649판결을 중심으로-

김인현 ( In Hyeon Kim ),박영준 ( Young Joon Park ) 한국상사판례학회 2011 상사판례연구 Vol.24 No.3

FIO terms are widely used in the voyage charter parties in Korean practices. Under the FIO terms, several issues are raised. The first issue is whether the shipowner`s liability to load and discharge is shifted to the charterer or not. In the Korean Supreme Court case 2010.4.15. Docket No. 2007da50649, the Court accepted that the liability of the carrier (shipowner) to load, stow and discharge is shifted to the charterer. The second issue is whether the FIO terms is null and void because it makes the carrier less liable than the Korean Commercial Code Art. 795 and thus it is against the obligatory provision of Art. 799, which is equivalent to Hague-Visby Rules Art. 3(8). In the above case, the Court rendered that it was not against Art. 799. The authors address legal issues of FIO term and analyse the judgment of the above Korean Supreme Court on the meaning of FIO term and submit a proposal for improving the legal status of the FIO term in the Korean Commercial Code.

근대 조선사절단의 대양항해와 해양문명 관련 연구자료 관견(管見)

조세현(Sehyun Cho) 한국해양사학회 2023 해양담론 Vol.1 No.1

古代 佛典에 나타난 마카라 문양의 系統과 意味

장석오 불교미술사학회 2013 불교미술사학 Vol.16 No.-