清 中期 만주족장의 니루(⽜錄) 관리

김준영 만주학회 2021 만주연구 Vol.- No.31

The Manchu communities operated increasingly on the periphery of the Eight Banners (administrative and military divisions under the Qing Dynasty), while the base social organizations coalesced around the Niru (⽜錄), the basic unit of Eight Banners. Amid these changes in social structure, the Niru held steadfast to maintaining a clan leader representing each Mukūn(穆昆)—including Zuoling (佐領)who headed Niru. Previous studies have investigated the roles and activities of Manchu clan leaders after enrollment in the Eight Banners, such as worship ceremonies, property management, genealogical writings, and adoption management. However, because the Manchu are Bannerman belonging to the Eight Banners, the dearth of studies related to their connections to the Eight Banners beyond their clanship leader roles remain academically problematic. Even previous studies often fail to differentiate clan leadership of the Han people (漢人)from the Manchu who organized as part of the Eight Banners. This paper used Qing Dynasty archives to analyze the characteristics that differentiated Han clan leaders and Manchu clan leaders’ public role in Niru. The results reveal that the Manchu clan leaders, unlike the Han, claimed appointment based on Qing Dynasty rules rather than through self-selection. The Qing Dynasty selected those at the highest clan positions as clan leaders. The Qing Dynasty valued the Manchu clan leader’s experiences and their management official duties as part of the Eight Banners at Niru. These duties served as evidence of leadership skills even before appointment as authorized officers. The positions came with ties to economic benefits that the clan members could enjoy in Eight Banners. 만주 공동체가 팔기를 중심으로 운영됨에 따라 기존 기층 사회조직은팔기의 기본 단위인 니루(niru, ⽜錄)를 중심으로 재편되었다. 이러한 사회구조 변화 속에 니루에는 니루의 수장인 좌령 이외에 각 무쿤을 대표하는 족장이 여전히 존재하였다. 팔기에 입적한 후 만주족장의 역할에대해 기존 연구는 주로 족보자료를 이용해 족장의 제사 주관, 재산 관리, 족보 편찬, 양자 문제 관리 등 족장의 종족 활동과 관련된 역할을 주로다루었다. 만주인은 모두 팔기(八旗)에 속한 기인(旗人)이기 때문에 족장의 역할에서 팔기와의 연관성을 배제할 수 없다. 그러나 이상 선행연구는 민인족장과의 차별성 및 팔기로 편성된 후 만주족장의 역할 변화를제대로 담아내지 못하였다. 본고는 청대 만·한문 당안을 주요 연구 자료로 활용하여 민인족장과 차별된 특징 및 만주족장이 니루에서 담당한 공적인 역할에 대해 연구하였다. 먼저 만주족장 선발에서 보이는 특징은 민인족장과 달리 종족 내부의자체적 결정이 아닌 청조의 규정에 따라 족인 중 관직이 높은 자를 족장으로 선발하였다는 점이다. 청조가 만주족장의 관직 경험을 중요시 한 이유는 족장이 니루에서 팔기의 공적 임무를 담당했기 때문이다. 만주족장이 니루에서 맡은 공적 임무로 그들은 정식 관원이 아니지만 팔기 관리들과 함께 역할에 대한 책임을 져야 했다. 또한 만주족장의 공적 임무는 족인이 팔기에서 누릴 수 있는 경제적 이득과 밀접한 연관이 있었다.

清朝의 종실족장 선발과 족장의 종실사회 관리

김준영 만주학회 2020 만주연구 Vol.- No.30

Studies of clan leader leadership in the Ming and Qing Dynasties often focus on clan leader’s activities such as ceremonies, property management and compilation of genealogy. This paper explores the role of clan leaders in the social organization of the Manchu community. According to the period of into bannerman and the type of Niru, Manchu community is divided classes. Among the various classes that make up the Manchu community, the royal family and ordinary bannerman differentiated based on a household registry, Niru composition and group management. This study sets the royal family as the primary group of interest in the Manchu Community. Using archives of the Qing Dynasty, it explores changes in clan leader selection processes, and clan leader’s duties and authority during the administration of Eight Banners. The study found that the new clan leader’s primary selection criteria were not their blood-based relations within the clan, but their public posts and the emperor’s recognition. The emperor’s direct involvement in the selection of clan leader (but not official bureaucrats) was two-fold: (1) it strengthened the emperor’s influence over the royal family; and (2) the clan leader’s responsibility in managing the people and implementing the edicts of the Eight-banner Administration within the Niru. 만주공동체가 팔기를 중심으로 운영됨에 따라 기층사회조직도 니루를 중심으로 재편되었다. 그러나 이러한 사회구조 변화 속에서도 니루에는 좌령 이외에 각 종족(宗族)을 대표하는 족장이 남아 있었다. 그렇다면 입관 후 니루에서 족장의 역할 및 권한에는 어떠한 변화가 있었는가? 기존 족장의 역할 및 권한에 대한 연구는 주로 족장의 제사주관, 재산관리, 족보편찬, 양자문제관리 등 종족 내부 활동과 관련된 부분에 집중하였다. 만주족장도 종족의 수장으로써 종족 내부 활동을 주관하는 역할을 맡았지만 만주족장의 역할은 여기에 그치지 않고 니루에서 다양한 공적인 임무를 맡았다. 족장의 공적인 임무와 권한은 그들이 단순히 혈연집단의 수장이라는 이유로는 설명되지 않는다. 따라서 본고에서는 만주공동체의 새로운 기본사회조직이 된 니루에서 족장의 공적인 역할 및 권한에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 만주공동체는 팔기 입기(入旗)시기, 니루의 종류에 따라 계층이 구분된다. 만주공동체를 구성하는 다양한 계층 중 특히 종실과 일반 기인은 호적편성, 니루 구성, 집단 관리 측면에서 차이를 보인다. 따라서 본고는 연구의 범위를 종실족장에 한정해 진행하고자 한다. 본고는 청조의 당안(檔案)자료를 이용하여 종실의 계층분화, 족장 선발 방식의 변화, 족장의 팔기행정 참여 중 임무와 권한에 대해 연구하였다. 족장선발의 주요원칙은 종족 내 혈연적 지위가 아닌 관품이었고 황제를 알현한 후 임명되었다. 정식 관료가 아닌 종실족장 선발에 황제가 직접 관여한 이유는 결과적으로 두 가지 측면으로 나눠진다. 하나는 종실집단에 대한 황제의 영향력 강화방안이다. 다른 하나는 니루에서 족장이 실질적으로 족인을 관리하고 팔기 행정을 처리하는 역할을 맡았기 때문이었다

청중기(清中期) 만주인(滿洲人)의 일상 속 족장(族長)의 역할

김준영 ( Kim¸ Jun-young ) 명청사학회 2021 명청사연구 Vol.- No.55

There was the clan leader who represented each clan in the niru, a basic social unit of the Eight Banners in the Qing Period. The precedent research onthe role of the Manchus clan leader mainly covered the roles related to the clan leader’s clan activities, such as supervision of the ancestral rites, management of kinsmen’s property, compilation of the genealogy, an adoptive son issue within the clan. They described that the Manchus were also formed based on a similar index of the clan formation to the Han people who appeared in the Manchus clan. Manchus were a bannerman who all belonged to Eight Banners, and various standards of Eight Banners greatly affected the large part of their daily life. In this regard, the formation of the Manchus clan and the role of the clan leader were also affected by Eight Banners. However, it is not easy to find an attempt to examine the contact point with Eight Banners other than an effort to find out a contact point with the Han people clan. The reason is to explain the index of the clan formation as a phenomenon of Manchus’ assimilating into Han people. This paper focused on the relation between the head of the Manchus clan who was the top leadership of the clan and Eight Banners and researched the position of the head of the Manchus clan in niru and the role of the clan leader in the daily life of bannerman. Unlike the head of the Han people clan, the Manchus clan leader complied with Qing regulations and selected those with high official positions within the clan. There is a reason why Qing did not weigh on selecting a formal government official but the clan leader; it is because the clan leader took the role of managing and supervising Manchu’s daily life on the front lines. Qing sovereign tried to edify Manchus through imperial edict and directives in order for Manchus to maintain the ruling group’s dignity. Because an emperor’s order was delivered to the bannerman by the clan leader, the clan leader was justified to control kinsmen based on imperial edict and directive. In addition, the clan leader specified kinsmen’s daily life control and authority of punishment granted by an emperor in the family regulation, so that he emphasized the authority of managing kinsmen. It is the Manchus clan’s characteristic that specified the authority of the clan leader in the clan’s lessons. It was because the clan leader was the subject who was the most severely punished after offenders.

청대 만주 사회의 족보 편찬 문화 확산과 족보 활용

金晙永 ( Kim Jun-young ) 명청사학회 2022 명청사연구 Vol.- No.58

On the surface, the spread of the genealogy compilation culture in Manchuria society can be seen as an example indicating that they have become Hanhua(漢化). However, even if the genealogy originated from the Han culture, the Manchurian genealogy of the Qing Dynasty also has its own specificity, like the genealogy of various ethnic groups in East Asia. Of course, based on the various characteristics of the Manchurian genealogy mentioned in the text, it is not intended to argue that the Manchurian was not become Hanhua. Because this is an individual problem, not a problem that can be concluded through any part. Therefore, instead of discriminating whether it is Hanhua through genealogy, we tried to find answers to more essential questions about how genealogy affected Manchuria society. Specifically, why genealogy was needed in Manchuria society? And how it spread to Manchuria society, what genealogy spread means in Manchuria society, etc. Unlike the Chinese of the same time, the national-led official genealogy was compiled in the Manchurian society. The official genealogy was formed and spread with mutual influence rather than unilateral propagation to Manchuria society. The reason why the Qing Dynasty ruler spread the genealogy, a foreign culture, to Manchurian society was that genealogy had a practical function necessary to maintain Manchurian society. Meanwhile, the appearance of the Manchurian genealogy is also different from the Chinese genealogy, such as mixed Manchu and Chinese language genealogies. This type of genealogy can represent the coexistence and cultural convergence of Manchu and Han.