忠宣王代 官制 改革과 관청간의 統屬관계

이정훈 한국중세사학회 2012 한국중세사연구 Vol.0 No.32

This paper deals with the pattern and the operation of the organizational reformation which was carried out in the inauguration and the restoration year of King Chung-Sun. During the reign of King Chung-Nyeol(忠烈王), the government organization was leveled down by Yuan(元) Dynasty but the operational principle and the official system were left intact, though it was run by fewer officers. In his inauguration and the restoration year, King Chung-Sun reformed the government organization of former king to normalize the operation of the organization. For this, in both organizations he reduced the number of chief ministers, merged/abolished the offices and changed the name of offices. Meanwhile, in his inauguration year, the king re-opened the office of Sangseodoseong in the Docheomeuisasa, restored the 6 Joes(departments) and increased the number of administrative officers to strengthen the administrative function of senior offices. Furthermore, he introduced the government system that the Docheomeuisasa and the 6 Joes controlled the lower offices while the system went upward from 6 Joes/GakSa(各司) to chief ministers and the king. In his restoration year, he reduced the actual highest organizations of administration into 3 Bues(parts) and united similar offices to minimize the administrative system. And he defined the subordinate relations among offices, letting the superior offices to control the inferior ones. Though the objective of reformation was the same in both cases, the organizational pattern and its operational were fairly different. It had the relation with king's direct ruling. In his inauguration year, the government system was re-organized under the condition of king's direct ruling, as like in early Goryeo Age, strengthening the administrative function of offices and improving the operational system. Meanwhile, in his restoration year, while considering his recovering, King Chung-Sun adopted the contradictory principles such as agreement and control/subordination in the merge/abolition of offices and the appointment of subordinate relation. With this, he tried to make the government be operated well even without king's direct ruling. Two official systems of King Chung-Sun were abolished by the restoration of King Chung-Nyeul and the inauguration of King Chung-Suk(忠肅王), turning back to the system of King Chung-Nyeul. But the systems introduced by King Chung-Sun such as the enhanced administrative functions of 6 Joes, the hierarchial system from chief ministers to 6 Joes and GakSa, and the subordinate relations among offices were adopted by governments of late Goryeo and early Joseon. This paper deals with the pattern and the operation of the organizational reformation which was carried out in the inauguration and the restoration year of King Chung-Sun. During the reign of King Chung-Nyeol(忠烈王), the government organization was leveled down by Yuan(元) Dynasty but the operational principle and the official system were left intact, though it was run by fewer officers. In his inauguration and the restoration year, King Chung-Sun reformed the government organization of former king to normalize the operation of the organization. For this, in both organizations he reduced the number of chief ministers, merged/abolished the offices and changed the name of offices. Meanwhile, in his inauguration year, the king re-opened the office of Sangseodoseong in the Docheomeuisasa, restored the 6 Joes(departments) and increased the number of administrative officers to strengthen the administrative function of senior offices. Furthermore, he introduced the government system that the Docheomeuisasa and the 6 Joes controlled the lower offices while the system went upward from 6 Joes/GakSa(各司) to chief ministers and the king. In his restoration year, he reduced the actual highest organizations of administration into 3 Bues(parts) and united similar offices to minimize the administrative system. And he defined the subordinate relations among offices, letting the superior offices to control the inferior ones. Though the objective of reformation was the same in both cases, the organizational pattern and its operational were fairly different. It had the relation with king's direct ruling. In his inauguration year, the government system was re-organized under the condition of king's direct ruling, as like in early Goryeo Age, strengthening the administrative function of offices and improving the operational system. Meanwhile, in his restoration year, while considering his recovering, King Chung-Sun adopted the contradictory principles such as agreement and control/subordination in the merge/abolition of offices and the appointment of subordinate relation. With this, he tried to make the government be operated well even without king's direct ruling. Two official systems of King Chung-Sun were abolished by the restoration of King Chung-Nyeul and the inauguration of King Chung-Suk(忠肅王), turning back to the system of King Chung-Nyeul. But the systems introduced by King Chung-Sun such as the enhanced administrative functions of 6 Joes, the hierarchial system from chief ministers to 6 Joes and GakSa, and the subordinate relations among offices were adopted by governments of late Goryeo and early Joseon.

雁鴨池 木簡과 新羅 宮廷의 日常

이경섭 동국대학교 신라문화연구소 2010 신라문화 Vol.35 No.-

In Comparison with any other materials or references, the wooden tablets which were excavated in 1975 from Anapji of Kyoungju province illustrate abundant appearance of the Kingdom of Silla’s ancient palace. At the beginning of the research, scholars focused on estimating the age of the wooden tablets and debating about Setaek(洗宅). However, they could not make rapid progress on their research due to the difficulty of decoding the ink on the tablets and the lack of people’s interest on these wooden tablets. Since the late 1990s, more wooden tablets have been excavated, which has freshened and revived the study of the wooden tablets from Anapji. Based on the study of Japanese wooden tablets, the publications of wooden tablets of Anapji, studied by Lee, Sung-si, who mentioned the possibility of more wooden tablets of Anapji, also supported by Yoon, Seon-tae and Lee, Yong-hyeon shed new light on the wooden tablets of Anapji. Nevertheless, there was a limit as to how much scholars could decipher ink letters on the tablets, since their interpretation was made through the direct reading of the tablets. The book Ancient Wooden Strip with Inscription in Korea, published in 2004, introduced infrared photographs and influenced the former study on the wooden tablets. This allowed them to correct their research methods and re-examine the tablets of Anapji. The new method of research produced several breakthroughs in understanding the usages of the Anapji tablets, such as the following: (i) wooden tablets for receipts of goods, such as foods or keys; (ii) wooden tablets for receipts of tributary payments or taxes, which were collected and moved to Naesung(內省) (iii) wooden tablets in which the names of palace gates and guards, for palace security matters, were written (iv) wooden tablets for prescriptions; and (v) wooden tablets related to the information exchange between administrative offices. This outcome of the research offers evidence that in the late 7th century and its aftermath, there were diverse daily works in the palace of Silla, and the Anapji wooden tablets were used for daily life at that time. However, it is difficult to ascertain whether the wooden tablets were used for document-related administration in the time of wooden tablet culture, since during the so-called Anapji era, people started using papers for administrative works after Silla’s unification of three kingdoms. Nonetheless, the wooden tablets were widely used for various purposes beyond document-related administration because of their well-preserved, characteristic material, wood.

全南 靈光郡 吉龍里 粉靑沙器 도요지의 재조명

徐廷昊(Seo Jeong Ho) 한국문화사학회 2008 文化史學 Vol.0 No.30

이자겸의 집권 배경과 인종초 이자겸 권력의 공식화

황향주 중앙대학교 중앙사학연구소 2024 중앙사론 Vol.- No.62

본고는 이자겸의 집권을 가능케 한 복합적 요인을 분석하는 한편 그의 독특한 위상 및 이로부터 비롯된 막강한 권력을 고려가 어떠한 방식으로 공식화하였는지 구명해보고자 하였다. 이자겸은 非왕실 출신의 관료가 현왕의 외조부로서 생존 중인 최초의 사례였다. 동시에 그는 문벌네트워크의 광범한 지지를 모아 외손 인종을 보위한 즉위 공신이었다. 이자겸이라는 돌출된 존재의 등장은, 고려 왕실의 혼인 규범, 숙종 이후 정국과 왕실의 혼인 전략, 생물학적 우연이 종합적으로 맞물려 빚어낸 결과였다. 인종과 이자겸의 위계는 공적 영역과 사적 영역에서 역전되었다. 군신 관계인 인종과 이자겸은 가문 내에서 직계비속·직계존속의 관계에 놓였다. 고려에서는 이자겸과 국왕의 상충된 위상을 어떠한 제도적 틀로 담아내야 하는가에 대한 논의가 시작되었다. 고려는 중국의 전장·고사를 참조하는 한편 자국 봉작제의 원리를 파악하여 융통하였다. 그 결과 고려 최초의‘異姓諸王’ 朝鮮國公이 탄생하게 된다. 이자겸의 실각 이후에도 이성제왕의 개념, 그리고 ‘開府’와 ‘置僚屬’ 등 이성제왕을 지탱하기 위한 제도적 기반은 필요에 따라 변통되어 최씨무신집권기에 이르기까지 유의미한 전례가 되었다. 이자겸은 조선국공에게 허용된 공적기반을 활용하여 知軍國事를 참칭하는 단계까지 나아갔다. 군주권을 대리할 수 있었던 지군국사 직위는 고려 관료제의 논법에서 결코 허용될 수 없는 것이었다. 지군국사 참칭을 계기로 이자겸과 인종은 반목하기 시작하였고 이자겸을 지지하던 문벌네트워크에도 균열이 발생하였다. 기왕에 조선국공 이자겸이 향유한 공적 기반은 중국 및 고려 봉작제에 내재된 원리로 충분히 정당화될 수 있었던 반면 지군국사는고려전·중기의 정치구조 하에서 용납될 수 없었다는 점에서 큰 차이가 있었다. This article aimed at analyzing complex factors that made Yi Ja-gyeom in power and furthermore tried to find out how Goryeo reflected his unique authority in his position and officialized special power that originated from his authority. Yi Ja-gyeom was the first bureaucrat that was from non-royal family but alive as a grandfather of present king. In the same time, he was a meritorious retainer who enthroned his grandson King Injong by gathering support among aristocratic network members. His exceptional identities were formed by comprehensive combination of marriage rules of the Goryeo royal family, political situation after King Sukjong's accession, marriage strategies of the royal family in mid-Goryeo period, and biological coincidence. Hierarchy between King Injong and Yi Ja-gyeom differentiated according to the public and private spheres. Serious debate on legislative ways to accept their conflicting conditions was proceeded in the early period of King Injong’s reign and as a result the concept of ‘feudal lords with different family names (異姓諸王)’, which had already existed in chinese investiture system, was created in the Goryeo dynasty. Yi Ja-gyeom got the title as Joseongukgong (朝鮮國公), new rank higher than duke (公; gong) of the royal family. This concept and systematic foundation like arrangement of feudal administration office (開府) for it were used continuously until the period of Choi dictatorship. Yi Ja-gyeom went to the stage of referencing regent (知軍國事) as using the public foundation permitted to Joseongukgong. Unlike the case of Joseongukgong, this position of regent able to substitute for the monarchy could never be allowed in the Goryeo dynasty, and that’s why Yi Ja-gyeom failed in the end.