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이민호(Lee Min-Ho) 한국한의학연구원 2012 한국한의학연구원논문집 Vol.18 No.1
This paper studied the premodern Chinese Medical Herb Market and commercial culture by analysing the structure and management of Qizhou(祁州) Medical Herb Market, the most representative herb market of the Qing(淸) Dynasty. The merchant of Qizhou(祁州) Medical Herb Market developed 'guild halls(會館)' or 'regional merchant groups(地域商帮)' and form a strong regional bond. These local merchants brought medical herbs from their hometown to Qizhou(祁州) to sell, and bought herbs that were not produced in their hometown or valuable medical herbs from Qizhou(祁州) Medical Herb Market. Qizhou(祁州) Medical Herb Market was a space of various types of business managements. The major business of Qizhou(祁州) Medical Herb Market was herb trade but merchants of other related industries were also active. The thtive of 'Wu Da Hui(五大會)' reflects this.
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명(明),청대(淸代) 기주약시(祁州藥市)의 성장(成長)과 약왕묘(藥王廟)
이민호 ( Min Ho Lee ),안상우 ( Sang Woo Ahn ) 대한본초학회 2009 대한본초학회지 Vol.24 No.4
Objectives: The rapid progress seen in the Chinese medical and pharmaceutical industries since the mid-Ming Dynasty, and the resulting surge in demand for medicinal herbs led to the emergence of dedicated medicinal herb markets. A representative example was the medicinal herb market of Qizhou (today`s Anguo) in Hebei Province. This paper examines various factors that contributed to the transformation and growth of Qizhou into and as a major medicinal herb market of China. Methods: Along with the examination of geographical factors, this study attempts to link the development of Qizhou as a center for medicinal herbs trade with legends related to the Medicine Lord Temple (Yao Wang Miao), a local shrine dedicated to the mythical Medicine Kings. Results: The main argument of this study is that although the emergence of Qizhou as China`s largest marketplace for medicinal herbs was significantly helped by its proximity to Beijing, a huge source of demand, as well as its convenient location easily accessible from all parts of the country, and the large herbal production from surrounding areas, the single-most important contributing factor was the body of legends attributing to this city a magical healing energy. Conclusions: The example of Qizhou may also suggest that in pre-modern eras, legends related to supernatural healing power, associated to a city or town, were as important contributing factors to its emergence and growth as a dedicated medicinal herb market as its location or ease of access.
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淸代 ‘懷慶藥商’의 商業 活動과 네트워크 形成 ― ‘協盛全’과 ‘杜盛興'을 中心으로 ―
이민호 명청사학회 2011 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.35
懷商是指明淸時期河南懷慶府所屬的河內, 孟縣, 溫縣, 武陟, 修武, 濟源等縣商人所組成的懷慶商帮. 懷慶位于河南省西北部, 北枕太行山, 南臨黃河, 沁河, 丹河等河流貫穿境內, 全境爲沖積平原. 明淸時期, 懷慶因其豊富的物産, 四通八達的水陸交通, 以及山西商人的影響, 在中原地區商品經濟的發展中占有十分重要的地位. 懷慶商帮以本地所産四大懷藥(地黃, 牛膝, 山藥, 菊花)爲依托, 以自己獨特的經營之道, 步入商海之林, 參與競爭, 幷且在競爭中發展壯大. 明淸時期, 不少懷慶商人離鄕背井, 足迹遍及大江南北, 形成了遍及全國的商品貿易網絡, 促進了懷慶與全國各地的商品交流. 明淸時期, 懷慶府地區出現了 ‘協盛全’, ‘杜盛興’ 等一批知名商號. 這些懷商商號通過遍布各地的網絡進行貿易, 不僅促進了懷慶地區與全國各地的商品流通, 發展了地方經濟. 協盛全在國內的各個分店按水系劃分管理區域, 總店則根據經營需要不斷遷移, 開始在開封, 後來到武漢, 店鋪100餘家, 廣及河南, 河北, 天津, 上海, 湖北等10個省區. 杜盛興除了經營傳統上的四大懷藥外, 也經營麝香, 朱砂, 黃芪, 黨參等名貴中藥材. 當時懷藥運鎖主要走水路, 懷商稱外出經營爲“跑水”. 懷慶藥商, 從懷慶府出發, 舟車轉運, 渡黃河入汜水至禹州, 然後過社旗, 入唐河, 襄河, 南下武漢, 長沙, 廣州等地. 禹州, 武漢是懷藥南下途中兩個最爲重要的中轉站和集散地, 建在這兩個地方的懷慶會館的規模也最爲宏大. 懷慶會館是淸代以來河南懷慶商人集資建造的活動場所, 是懷慶商人發展的標志. 分布在各地的懷慶會館, 爲將懷藥推向海內外市場, 謀求懷帮貿易更大的發展進行了多方探索
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