최대운동시의 산소섭취량 , 심박수 및 산소맥

김태석(Tae Sug Kim),김이근(Ih Geun Kim),김지희(Chi Hui Kim),김채기(Chae Gi Kim),최정윤(Jung Yoon Choe),장성국(Sung Gug Chang),이봉열(Bong Ryeol Lee),채성철(Sung Chul Choi),전재은(Jae Eun Jun),정태훈(Tae Hoon Jung),박의현(Wee Hyun Par 대한내과학회 1997 대한내과학회지 Vol.52 No.3

Objectives: Despite the fact that determinations of cadiorespiratory fitness levels by exercise stress tests are becoming widely used in healthy individuals as well as in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases, the normal standards in this field have not been well established in Korea. The purpose of this study is to provide normal standards or reference values for the VO2 max, HR max and O2 pulse max for normal Korean adults by age and sex, along with the derivation of regression formulae of these parameters. Methods: In 1,000 healthy adults (20-66years) consisting of 603men and 397women, symptomlimited maximal exercise was carried out by Bruce protocol, allowing holding on to the hand rail of the treadmill during exercise for the safety purpose. All the subjects were non-athletes and were members of a health center and were more conscious about their health and physical fitness than the ordinary population. Results: The VO2 max and HR max were decreased with age as expected and, as a whole, the values of the VO2 max and HR max of females were approximately 84% and 90% of those of males, respectively. Estimated yearly reductions in the V max for males and females were 0.45 and 0.32mL/kg/min, respectively and those of the HR max were 0.72 and 0.76/min, respectively. The O2 pulse max of the female was approximately 70% of that of the male, and was slightly related to weight and exercise time. The regression equations of the parameters obtained using exercise time (ET, sec), age (A, year), weight (W, kg) and sex (S, O=male; 1= female) were: HR max=215.3-0.74A-5,04S, O2 pulse max= 5.371+0.216W+0.0107ET-1.505S and VO2 max=40.612+1.950ET-0.206A-0.147W-6.060S, Conclusion: The VO2 max in our study was higher than hitherto reported. This was primarily due to longer exercise time of the subjects on the treadmill, because they were allowed to hold on to the hand rail during exercise. And also, the fact that our subjects, being members of a health center, might have had higher physical fitness levels than general population could have contributed to the high VO2 max. Thus, we feel that our results could be the ideal target or- reference values to be achieved for those patients or individuals who have to do the tests with holding on to the rail of a treadmill for safety purpose.

맥스팩터(Max Factor)의 업적 고찰을 통한 철학적 의미 연구

김은실 ( Eun Sil Kim ),조고미 ( Koh Mi Cho ) 한국미용학회 2015 한국미용학회지 Vol.21 No.3

The purpose of this study is to examine Max Factor, the founder of Max Factor company, who constructed the stepping stone in the hollywood make-up history and the media production. Max Factor company still has high reputation and value among the numerous make-up and media industries, and this study will re-examine the company`s footprint. The method of this study is designed from the domestic and overseas scholarly articles, which provide Max Factor`s biography, pictures, official web site, and news articles from all over the world. The time span for inspecting Max Factor company takes a place between 1914 and 2014, which is between immediately after Max`s death and the present in which P&G’s online marketing has been operated since P&G took over the ownership of Max Factor company. The result shows the challenge spirit and creativity of Max Factor company provided a huge success to the company. Newly invented make-up kits were not only thorough but also contained humanity, natural beauty, and futuristic features. As a result, Max Factor company became leading company in the industries, and no company could beat its popularity. For example, the air-spray body painting, optical illusion based animal make-up, innovative make-up research development, etc. are the proof of Max Factor`s characteristics which made him so special. Currently, there is Max Factor Museum established in Hollywood; therefore, it has been obvious that Mac Factor`s contribution in the art and make-up industry is very impressive. The history of Max Factor will remain forever among the people all over the world.

Morphological, Cytological and Molecular Evidence for Intersubgeneric F₁ Hybrid between Glycine max × G. tomentella

Insoo Choi(최인수),Yong-Chul Kim(김용철) 한국생명과학회 2008 생명과학회지 Vol.18 No.4

본 연구는 콩의 Glycine tomentella와 G. max 뱀콩의 종간교잡으로부터 얻은 F₁식물체의 검증을 위하여 형태적, 세포 유전학적, 그리고 분자유전학적 연구를 하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. F₁ 식물체의 암술과 수술, 꽃 색깔, 그리고 생육습관 등의 형태적 특징들은 G. tomentella 의 특징들을 따르거나 중간적 특성을 나타내었다. G. tomentella (2n=38) 와 G. max 뱀콩(2n=40)의 F₁식물체의 염색체수는 2n=39를 가지고 있었다. Esterase와 peroxidase의 동위효소 반응의 결과에서도 F₁ 식물체는 G. tomentella과 G. max 뱀콩의 중간적인 밴드유형을 나타내었다. RAPD 분석결과 62 primers들로부터 얻은 F₁ 식물체 밴드양상이 모두 G. tomentella와 G. max 뱀콩 양친으로부터 물려받은 것들로 판명되었다. 형태적, 세포학적 그리고 분자유전학적 결과들을 종합하여 볼 때, 본 연구의 G. max와 G. tomentella의 종간교잡으로부터 얻은 F₁ 식물체는 진정 F₁ 교배체로 판명되었다. F₁ 식물체의 임성회복을 위한 연구와 RAPD 분석에서 나타난 모계유전양상(OPA02, OPA09)과 부계유전양상(OPD05)을 보인 결과에 대한 지속적인 연구를 위한 노력이 요구된다. This study was carried out to demonstrate morphological, cytological and molecular evidence for intersubgeneric F₁ hybrid between Glycine tomentella and G. max cv. 'Baemkong'. Morphological features of F₁ plant for pistil and stamen, flower color and growth habit showed intermediate type between G. tomentella and G. max cv. 'Baemkong'. Chromosome number of F₁ plant was 2n=39, which explained the evidence of F₁ hybrid between G. tomentella (2n=38) and G. max cv. 'Baemkong' (2n=40). Polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing pattern for esterase and peroxidase also showed that the F₁ plant was true F₁ hybrid between G. tomentella and G. max cv. 'Baemkong'. From RAPD analysis, we identified that 62 primers showing bands in F₁ hybrid had both bands from G. tomentella and G. max cv. 'Baemkong', which suggested that this was true F₁ hybrid. Based on our results from morphological, cytological and molecular analyses, we suggest that the F₁ plant was true intersubgeneric hybrid between G. tomentella and G. max cv. 'Baemkong'. Our results still remain us further study to recover fertility of F₁ hybrids. The occurrence of maternal and/or paternal inheritance in F₁ hybrid from intersubgeneric cross between G. tomentella and G. max cv. 'Baemkong' need to be explained.

100m 달리기시 최고 속도 구간과 감속 구간의 동작 비교 연구

은선덕 ( Seon Deok Eun ),정철수 ( Chul Soo Chung ),배성제 ( Sung Jee Bae ) 한국운동역학회 1996 한국운동역학회지 Vol.6 No.1

The study was conducted to make a comparative analysis of running motion and to examine the difference in the deceleration phase(80∼90m) and the Max-speed phase(30∼40m) during the 100-meter Sprint. In this study, data was analyzed with variables including velocity and displacement of center of gravity, stride frequency, stride length, foward angle of upper body, joint angle, angular velocity in the deceleration phase and the max-speed phase. The conclusions of the study were as follows ; 1. Horizontal velocity of the center of gravity in the deceleration phase was found to be slower than that in the max-speed phase in the supporting period and non-supporting period. 2. Stride frequency in the deceleration phase was found to be slower than that in the max-speed phase, and supporting time n the deceleration phase was longer than that in the max-speed phase, also there was no difference between each phase in nonsupporting time. 3. Stride length in the deceleration phase was to be found shorter than that in the max-speed phase. 4. Horizontal distance between the center of gravity and toe in the deceleration phase was to be found longer than that in the max-speed phase. 5. Forward angle of upper body at the moment of touch down in the deceleration phase was found to be smaller than that in the max-speed phase. 6. Knee angle at the moment of touch down and take off in the deceleration phase were found to be smaller than in the max-speed phase. 7. Hip angle at the moment of touch down and take off of the other foot, and minimum hip angle in the deceleration phase were found to be larger than that in the max-speed phase, and range of, motion in the deceleration phase was smaller than that in the max-speed phase. 8. Knee angular velocity at the moment of touch down of the other foot toward flection in the deceleration phase was found to be larger than that in the max-speed phase.

MAX-INJECTIVE, MAX-FLAT MODULES AND MAX-COHERENT RINGS

Xiang, Yueming Korean Mathematical Society 2010 대한수학회보 Vol.47 No.3

A ring R is called left max-coherent provided that every maximal left ideal is finitely presented. $\mathfrak{M}\mathfrak{I}$ (resp. $\mathfrak{M}\mathfrak{F}$) denotes the class of all max-injective left R-modules (resp. all max-flat right R-modules). We prove, in this article, that over a left max-coherent ring every right R-module has an $\mathfrak{M}\mathfrak{F}$-preenvelope, and every left R-module has an $\mathfrak{M}\mathfrak{I}$-cover. Furthermore, it is shown that a ring R is left max-injective if and only if any left R-module has an epic $\mathfrak{M}\mathfrak{I}$-cover if and only if any right R-module has a monic $\mathfrak{M}\mathfrak{F}$-preenvelope. We also give several equivalent characterizations of MI-injectivity and MI-flatness. Finally, $\mathfrak{M}\mathfrak{I}$-dimensions of modules and rings are studied in terms of max-injective modules with the left derived functors of Hom.

MAX-INJECTIVE, MAX-FLAT MODULES AND MAX-COHERENT RINGS

Yueming Xiang 대한수학회 2010 대한수학회보 Vol.47 No.3

A ring R is called left max-coherent provided that every maximal left ideal is finitely presented. MI (resp. MF) denotes the class of all max-injective left R-modules (resp. all max-flat right R-modules). We prove, in this article, that over a left max-coherent ring every right R-module has an MF-preenvelope, and every left R-module has an MI-cover. Furthermore, it is shown that a ring R is left max-injective if and only if any left R-module has an epic MI-cover if and only if any right R-module has a monic MF-preenvelope. We also give several equivalent characterizations of MI-injectivity and MI-flatness. Finally, MI-dimensions of modules and rings are studied in terms of max-injective modules with the left derived functors of Hom.

Off-Road Machinery System Engineering ; Combine Harvest Scheduling Program for Rough Rice using Max-coverage Algorithm

( Hyo Jai Lee ),( Oui Woung Kim ),( Hoon Kim ),( Jae Woong Han ) 한국농업기계학회 2013 바이오시스템공학 Vol.38 No.1

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop an optimal combine scheduling program using Max-Coverage algorithm which derives the maximum efficiency for a specific location in harvest seasons. Methods: The combine scheduling program was operated with information about combine specification and farmland. Four operating types (Max-Coverage algorithm type, Boustrophedon path type, max quality value type, and max area type) were selected to compare quality and working capacity. Result: The working time of Max-Coverage algorithm type was shorter than others, and the total quality value of Max-Coverage algorithm and max quality value type were higher than others. Conclusion: The developed combine scheduling program using Max-Coverage algorithm will provide optimal operation and maximum quality in a limited area and time.

고로쇠나무(Acer mono Max.) 씨앗 기름과 목련나무(Magnolia denudata) 씨앗 기름의 섭취가 마우스의 혈중 지질 수준에 미치는 영향

최경순,신경옥,정근희,김용환,허선민 한국식품영양학회 2012 한국식품영양학회지 Vol.25 No.4

In this study, the effects of intake of Acer mono Max. seed oil, and Magnolia denudata seed oil on the lipid levels of mouse blood were compared to those of commercially available vegetable oils. Five ICR mice were each fed a corn oil, Acer mono Max. seed oil, and Magnolia denudata seed oil supplemented diet for a total of 8 weeks. The serum profiles of mice fed Acer mono Max. seed oil and Magnolia denudata seed oil were high in palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. The saturated fatty acid contents of mice fed Acer mono Max. seed oil and Magnolia denudata seed oil were 3.95% and 0.88%, whereas the unsaturated fatty acid contents were 8.71% and 4.60%, respectively. The liver and spleen weights of mice fed Acer mono Max. seed oil were higher than those fed corn oil (p<0.05). Total cholesterol level was highest in mice fed Acer mono Max. seed oil (p<0.05), whereas there were no significant changes in the cholesterol levels of mice fed Magnolia denudata seed oil and corn oil. The HDL-cholesterol levels in mice fed Acer mono Max. seed oil (175.80±27.66 ㎎/㎗) and in those fed Magnolia denudata seed oil (145.20±19.10 ㎎/㎗) were higher compared to those of mice fed corn oil (p<0.05). In conclusion, there were no significant differences in fatty acid composition between mice fed Acer mono Max. seed oil and Magnolia denudata seed oil. Future study on the antioxidant effects of seed oils should be carried out. 본 연구는 ICR-mouse를 실험군당 5마리를 공시하여 식이에 고로쇠나무 씨앗 기름, 목련나무 씨앗 기름 및 옥수수기름을 첨가하여 배합한 사료의 섭취가 쥐의 혈중 지질 수준에미치는 영향을 비교․분석하였다. 1. 고로쇠나무와 목련나무의 씨앗에는 palmitic acid, oleic acid 및 linoleic acid 등이 다량 함유되어 있으며, 포화지방산의 함량이 각각 3.40%, 0.88%이고, 불포화지방산의 함량은각각 8.71%와 4.60%로 나타났다. 2. 항산화 효과는 고로쇠나무 기름에서 61.85%로 높게 측정되었다. 3. 최종 체중은 고로쇠나무 씨앗 기름을 섭취한 군에서는대조군에 비해 높게 조사되었다(p<0.05). 4. 간의 무게는 고로쇠나무 씨앗 기름을 섭취한 군에서 유의하게 높게 조사된 반면에, 비장의 무게는 옥수수기름을 섭취한 군에서 높았다(p<0.05). 5. 총콜레스테롤 수치는 고로쇠나무 씨앗 기름을 섭취한군에서 202.40±44.08 ㎎/㎗로 가장 높았으나(p<0.05), 목련나무 씨앗 기름과 옥수수기름을 섭취한 군에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 6. HDL-cholesterol 수준은 고로쇠나무 씨앗 기름을 섭취한군에서 175.80±27.66 ㎎/㎗, 목련나무 씨앗 기름을 섭취한 군에서 145.20±19.10 ㎎/㎗로 조사되어 옥수수기름을 섭취한 군에 비해서는 높은 수준을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 7. 혈중 LDL-cholesterol 수준은 고로쇠나무 씨앗 기름을 섭취한 군에서는 23.60±17.47 ㎎/㎗로 다른 군에 비해 높았으며(p<0.05), 혈중 중성지방 수준은 목련나무 씨앗 기름과 옥수수기름을 섭취한 군에서는 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 고로쇠나무 씨앗 기름을 섭취한 군에서 가장 높았다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 고로쇠나무 씨앗 기름과 목련나무 씨앗 기름은 현재 시판 중인 기름과 비교해 볼 때, 지방조성면에서 큰 차이가 없었다. 항산화 효과는 고로쇠나무 기름에서 높게 조사된 반면에, 목련나무 씨앗 기름은 항산화력이 낮은 것으로 조사되었다. 고로쇠나무 씨앗 기름의 경우 쥐의 생체 내에서 혈중 지질 농도(콜레스테롤, HDL-cholesterol,LDL-cholesterol, 중성지방)를 증가시켰다. 또한 쥐의 혈중 지질대사에 미치는 영향도 목련나무 씨앗 기름은 현재 시판 중인 옥수수기름과 유의한 차이가 없었지만, 항산화력은 낮게조사되었다. 이러한 결과가 식이 조성의 문제인지, 아니면 고로쇠나무 씨앗 기름의 다른 성분에 의한 것인지에 대해서는현재 연구된 자료가 미비하므로 좀 더 많은 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 고로쇠나무와 목련나무 씨앗 기름을 상품화시켜 일상생활에서 이용 가능성을 판단하기 위해서는 씨앗 기름의 항산화 효과, 산패 진행정도 및 인체에 미치는 영향 등의 지속적인 연구가 이루어져야 한다고 사료되며, 기름의 장․단점을 확인하여 상품화시킬 방법을 모색해야 할 것이다.

ABO-RhD 혈액형 검사와 비예기항체 선별검사를 위한 혈액은행 자동화장비 IH-500과 VISION Max의 평가

박유미,김선영,구선회,임진숙,김지명,임영애,권계철 대한진단검사의학회 2017 Laboratory Medicine Online Vol.7 No.4

Background: The use of automated systems for pre-transfusion tests is increasing in an attempt to reduce workload and the impact of human errors in blood banks. We evaluated the clinical performance of the automated blood bank systems IH-500 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Switzerland) and VISION Max (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, USA) for ABO-RhD blood typing and unexpected antibody screening. Methods: ABO-RhD blood typing was performed for 410 samples, and antibody screening was performed for 332 samples, including 15 antibody-positive samples. The results obtained from the two automated instruments were compared with those obtained using manual methods for ABO-RhD blood typing and a semiautomated method (DiaMed-ID system) for antibody screening. Additionally, both instruments were evaluated in terms of concordance rates, sensitivity, and carryover. Results: The concordance rate of the ABO-RhD blood typing results between the manual methods and the two automated instruments was 100%. For antibody screening tests, the concordance rates between the semiautomated method (DiaMed-ID system) and the automated methods were 100% and 99.7% for the IH-500 and VISION Max instruments, respectively. The sole discrepant result was obtained for a sample identified as antibody-positive only on the VISION Max; the antibody was identified as anti-Lea. The overall sensitivity of the two automated instruments was the same as or higher than that of the semiautomated method. Carryover was not observed in antibody screening. Conclusions: The IH-500 and VISION Max instruments showed reliable results for ABO-RhD blood typing and unexpected antibody screening, and can be used clinically, with confidence, for pre-transfusion tests in the blood bank. 배경: 수혈 전 검사에서 자동화장비의 사용은 혈액은행에서의 업무량과 인적 오류 영향을 줄이기 위해 점차 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 ABO-RhD 혈액형 검사와 비예기항체 선별검사에서 혈액은행 자동화장비 IH-500 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Switzerland)과 VISION Max (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, USA)의 임상적 수행능을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 총 410건의 ABO-RhD 혈액형 검사와 15개의 비예기항체 양성검체를 포함한 332건의 비예기항체 선별검사를 시행하였다. 두 자동화장비의 ABO-RhD 혈액형 검사결과는 수기법과 비예기항체 선별검사 결과는 반자동화법(DiaMed-ID system)과 비교하였다. 또한 ABO-RhD 혈액형 검사와 비예기항체 선별검사에서 일치율, 비예기항체 희석검사, carryover 항목에 대해 평가하였다. 결과: 두 자동화장비와 수기법의 ABO-RhD 혈액형 검사결과는 100% 일치하였다. 비예기항체 선별검사에서 반자동화법(DiaMed-ID system)과 비교하였을 때 IH-500과 VISION Max의 일치율은 각각 100%, 99.7%였다. 한 개의 불일치 결과는 VISION Max에서만 항체선별검사 양성이었고, anti-Lea로 확인되었다. 비예기항체 희석검사에서는 반자동화법보다 자동화장비에서 같거나 더 높은 검출 민감도를 보였으며, 항체선별검사에서 검체 간 교차오염은 관찰되지 않았다. 결론: IH-500과 VISION Max는 ABO-RhD 혈액형 검사와 항체선별검사에서 신뢰할만한 결과를 보였다. 따라서 혈액은행에서의 수혈 전 검사에 임상적으로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

표준 중국어 중첩 현상에서 성조 변화 유형에 관한 최적성 이론적 분석

장재웅 중앙대학교 외국학연구소 2014 외국학연구 Vol.- No.30

This paper applies Optimality Theory (OT) to the field of Tone-change types of re-duplication in Standard Chinese, so as to make the study more scientific and promising. Standard Chinese has several types of re-duplication. Kinship nouns reduplicate without their Tone, producing a phonologically Toneless reduplicant. Classifiers reduplicate with Tones intact. Adjectives reduplicate with a fixed high Tone on the second half of the reduplicant. In OT treatments of re-duplication, base-reduplicant identity is produced by faithfulness constraints relating the base to the reduplicant, such an Max-BR. Max-BR(Tone) is a B-R faithfulness constraint that requires all Tones in the base to be present in the reduplicant. When base material is not copied, this is attributed to markedness dominating Max-BR(Tone). When base material is copied, Max-BR(Tone) dominates markedness. In both cases high-ranked input-output faithfulness, Max-IO(Tone), ensures the survival of the input Tones on the base syllable. The first two types of re-duplication will thus need construction-specific constraint rankings, with *Tone ≫ Max-BR(Tone) for the Toneless verbal reduplication, and Max-BR(Tone) ≫ *Tone for Tone-copying re-duplication with classifiers. The third type of re-duplication, for adjectives, is presumably like the first since the re-duplication has lost the base Tones, but with the addition of a H-Toned suffix. Compared with previous analyses based on prosodic templates, the alternative analysis can be re-explained through the framework of OT as a few major constraints and their rankings show the adequacy of the analysis.