한국 해양사 연구의 성과와 역사수업에서의 교재화 방안

문경호 한국사회과교육연구학회 2015 사회과교육 Vol.54 No.3

In this writing, I have discussed the meaning and necessity of maritime history, its value in terms of history education, and the reality that our history textbook less and less covers maritime history. Also, I have presented a plan and procedures for introducing into history class the marine transportation system that contributed to formation of diverse maritime culture. The main points of what I have talked about so far can be summarized as follow. The Korean Peninsula is located at a point where continental culture and maritime culture crosses. It was the final point where culture introduced by land from China or Russia reached and also the final destination where culture introduced by sea through the maritime Silk Road reached. This geographical position is not irrelevant to how Islamic merchants reached the Korean Peninsula from the South-North States Period to Goryeo Dynasty. This shows that the maritime part of the Korean history can provide important data on understanding the formation of and change in the Korean culture. Moreover, since the ships, maritime weapons, pottery, etc, excavated from the sea are recently appearing in the textbook of the history of state system and local history, if maritime history is effectively covered in history class, it will highly motivate the students in getting practical help. Nevertheless, the part of Korean history education that maritime history accounts for is decreasing sharply. Since it is the case that there are not that plenty of materials available to be covered related to maritime history, not even attempts are being made to include it as part of textbook. Not only this, but considering the gradually increasing value of the ocean and the mounting tension involving our neighboring countries’ threat to infringe on our sovereignty over the ocean, the problem gets even worse. The reason I particularly focus on dealing with maritime history among many other topics of history is because it helps us to have an overall understanding of the whole history by including the ocean as part of history. Considering we now have a certain amount of research results accumulated in the field of maritime history, it is about time we should make an effort to enrich our history education by reflecting such results in the history textbook and encourage students to take an interest in the ocean. 전세계적으로 해양에 관한 관심이 높아지고 있지만 우리나라의 한국사 교육에서는 해양사와 관련된 내용들이 점차 줄어들고 있다. 2015개정교육과정 시안대로라면 중·고등학교 학생들은 중학교 <역사>와 고등학교<한국사>교과에서는 해양사와 관련된 분야를 거의 접할 기회가 없게 된다. 이러한 현실을 고려하여 이 글에서는 해양사의 의미와 필요성, 역사교육적인 면에서의 가치 등에 대해 살펴보고, 우리나라 교과서에서 해양사 관련 내용 서술이 줄어들고 있는 현실의 문제점에 대하여 짚어 보았다. 또한, 다양한 해양 문화에 기반하고 있는 조운제도를 역사수업에 활용할 수 있는 방안과 절차를 제시하였다. 다양한 분야의 역사 중에서 해양사에 주목하는 이유는 역사학이 간과한 해양이라는 공간을 역사의 범주에 넣음으로써 역사를 전체적으로 파악하여 전체사를 지향하려는 데에 있다. 해양사의 여러 분야에서 연구 성과가 어느 정도 축적된 만큼 이를 교재화 하여 역사교육에 반영함으로써 역사 교육의 내용과 자료를 풍부하게 함은 물론, 학생들이 바다에 대한 흥미와 관심을 갖도록 노력할 필요가 있다고 판단된다. 바다를 중심으로 역사에 접근하게 되면 다양한 공간과 시간의 얽힘 속에 공존하는 사람들의 삶에 주목하게 될 것이며, 이를 통해 영토 중심적인 한국사 교육의 틀에서 벗어나 더 폭넓은 세계 시민적 교육으로 나갈 수 있을 것이다.

한국해양사 연구의 현황과 전망

한임선 동북아시아문화학회 2009 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.21

The Current Status and Prospect of Study on Korean Maritime History Han, Im-Seon Study on Korean maritime history has been actively conducted since 1990 with great interest. However, the lives of people focus on the sea before it was divided into “maritime history” should also include results of such study as an area that consists of maritime history. This thesis regards the results of research on maritime history during the 1ate Joseon period as the start of studying Korean maritime history and investigates the status of studying Korean maritime history by period. Furthermore, it also examines the fact that the research and inspection of the ocean in the Korean Peninsula conducted before study on the sea began to be carried out were done by Japan with political and economic purpose. Future studies on Korean maritime history need to include organizing concrete subareas for each subdivision, investigating modern maritime history, and clarifying concepts. Study on maritime history has a great tendency to extend in the present situation and atmosphere. In order for the research areas on maritime history not to be affected by such situation and become established as an independent subdivision afterwards, it is necessary to lay systematic foundation in the aspect of the necessity, future direction, organization, and methodology of the research.

21세기 중국학계의 중국 해양재해사 연구동향

박지혜 한국생태환경사학회 2024 생태환경과역사 Vol.- No.12

해양재해사는 해양사와 재해사 관점을 상호 융합한 연구 분야이며 역대 해양 재해 사건을 재검토 및 분석을 통해 실제로 해양 재해로 인한 피해를 예방하는 귀중한 참고 자료가 되어 학술적으로도 가치가 높다. 중국학계에서 해양재해사의 시작은 개혁개방 이후 1980년대 자연과학 분야의 연구자들을 중심으로 정사(正史), 해안지역 지방지, 관공서 문서(檔案), 문학작품 등에서 태풍 해일과 같은 해양 재해 관련 기록을 수집 및 정리하여 자연과학 이론을 기반으로 해양 재해 사료를 분석하는 방식으로 시대별 해양 재해 유형과 특징, 발생 주기, 데이터 통계 중심의 연구 경향을 보였다. 21세기에 접어들면서도 해양사와 재해사 두 분야의 연구가 국가와 사회의 주목을 받고 있고, 해양재해사는 학제 간 융합연구 분야로 연구 성과들이 계속 축적되고 있으며, 이론적인 가치를 인정받고 있다. 또한 기존의 자연과학 이론과 연구 방법을 기반으로 한 자연재해 기록 분석, 통계 연구에서 벗어나 소재가 확대·다양화되고 있다. 한국학계에서도 21세기에 들어와 해양사 연구의 중요성에 대한 본격적인 논의가 시작되었고 대학연구소를 중심으로 ‘해양 인문학’,‘해양 문화학’,‘해항 도시학’ 등 해양사 연구가 활성화되었다. 해양사를 중시하는 국내의 학문적 분위기는 해외학계의 해양사 연구에도 관심을 가지며 중국과 일본의 연구 동향을 소개하는 논문이 최근까지 발표되었다. 그러나 해양기후 및 해양 재해에 대해서는 관심도와 연구성과가 중국학계와 비교하면 아직 걸음마 단계라 할 수 있다. 또한 중국 해양재해사는 이미 다수의 연구 성과가 축적되어 있음에도 국내에서는 아직 중국 해양재해사 연구 동향이 소개되지 않고 있다. 21세기 이후 최근 20여 년 동안의 중국학계의 중국 해양재해사 분야로 범위를 한정하여 해양 재해의 유형, 해양 재해 발생으로 인한 사회적 영향과 대응, 해난사고로 나누어 연구현황을 간략히 소개하고 해양과 관련한 재해사와 생태사에 관심이 있는 국내 연구자에게 다각적인 연구 시야를 가지는 데 도움을 주고자 한다. Marine disaster history is a research field that combines the perspectives of marine and disaster history. Such research has great academic value as reference material to prevent damage caused by marine disasters through review and analysis of previous marine disaster events. The beginning of marine disaster history in Chinese academia was marked by analyzing marine disaster-related records of typhoons and tsunamis based on natural science theory, which entailed collecting and organizing marine disaster-related records such as the official history (正史), local chronicles(地方志), government documents (檔案), and literary works. This method was practiced largely by natural science researchers in the 1980s after China’s reform and opening up. As we entered the 21st century, research in the two fields of maritime and disaster history began attracting state and society-wide attention. Presently, marine disaster history is an interdisciplinary field in which research results with theoretical value are continuously accumulated. Additionally, materials are expanding and diversifying away from statistical research and analysis of natural disaster records based on existing natural science theories and research methods. In the 21st century, Korean academia also began to discuss the importance of marine history research in earnest, and marine history research in areas such as the marine humanities, marine culture, and sea urban studies emerged mainly at university research institutes. The academic atmosphere in Korea, where marine history is valued, is also characterized by interest in overseas marine history research as evidenced by the recent publication of a paper on research trends in China and Japan. However, interest in and research results related to the marine climate and marine disasters are at an early stage compared to the state of affairs in Chinese academia. Moreover, although a number of research results have already been accumulated on the history of Chinese maritime disasters, research trends gleaned from historical Chinese maritime disasters have not yet been introduced in Korea. By limiting the scope of Chinese academia to maritime disaster history over the past 20 years since the beginning of the 21st century, this paper briefly describes the research status by type of marine disaster, social impacts, and marine disaster and maritime accident responses, with the aim of helping domestic researchers interested in marine-related disasters and ecological history gain a multifaceted research perspective.

해양사 연구의 회고와 전망

김성준(S. June Kim) 한국해양사학회 2023 해양담론 Vol.1 No.1

이 논문은 서구와 우리나라에서의 해양사 연구동향을 살펴보고, 우리나라 해양사 연구의 과제를 제시해 본 글이다. II에서는 서구에서 해양사 연구가 어떻게 전개되어 왔는지 살펴보고, III에서는 우리나라의 해양사 연구성과를 회고해 볼 것이다. IV에서는 우리나라 해양사 연구의 과제를 제시해 볼 것이다. 서구에서 해양사 연구는 대체로 세 단계로 전개되어 왔다. 1단계는 19세기 말 해운사와 해전사 연구에서 시작되었고, 2단계는 1960년대 랠프 데이비스와 패리의 연구에 의해 역사학의 분야사로서 부각되기 시작해 1989년 『세계해양사지』의 창간으로 본격화되었다. 1990년부터 2010년 전후까지 해양사 연구는 연구 주제를 확대해 왔으며, 최근에는 연구범위의 지리적 확대 현상을 보여주고 있다. 해양사 연구의 범위가 크게 확대된 데는 지구사 내지는 초국가사의 대두와도 연관이 있다. 우리나라의 해양사 연구는 식민기에 외국인에 의해 시작되어 1950-80년대까지 선박사, 어업사, 해운사 등의 분야의 통사적 연구에 의해 ‘파종’되기에 이르렀다. 1990년대부터 2010년 경 사이에 우리나라 해양사 연구는 장보고 연구와 해운경제사 분야에서 ‘발아’되어, 2000년대 중후반 HK연구사업을 통해 본격적으로 ‘개화’되었다고 할 수 있다. 연구자의 절대 부족, 선박 및 선원에 대한 이해 부족, 식민화와 산업화와의 연관성과 같은 주제의식의 부재는 여전히 극복해야 할 과제라 할 수 있다. This paper reviews the research trends of maritime history from its birth to the present in the West and Korea, focusing on published books, and presents the prospects of research on maritime history in Korea. Section II briefly describes how maritime history research has been developed in the West, and section III reviews the research results in Korea. Section IV discusses the prospective future of maritime history research and presents the remaining issues accordingly. Maritime history research in the West has been generally developed in three stages. The first stage began with W.S. Lindsay and Alfred Mahan’s research on shipping and naval history at the end of the 19th century. The second stage began to emerge as a field of history through research by Ralph Davis and J.H. Parry in the 1960s and has been studied in earnest since the International Journal of Maritime History published in 1989. From 1990 to around 2010, maritime history study expanded its research subjects and recently showed a phenomenon of geographical expansion of the research scope. The significant increase in the scope of maritime history study is also related to the emergence of global or transnational history. Maritime history study in Korea began in the fields of shipping law, fishery, and ships by foreigners during the colonial period. It sowed the seeds for general research on shipping, fishery, and vessels during the period the 1950s - 1980s. Between the 1990s and around 2010, research on maritime history in Korea turned to research on Chang Bogo, which the Human Korea Research project enabled, and the history of shipping. However, relatively few researchers and the lack of knowledge and understanding of ships and seafarers are still issues to overcome.

중국해양사를 바라보는 또 다른 시각 ― 대만학계의 연구성과를 중심으로

조세현 대한중국학회 2015 중국학 Vol.53 No.-

대만학계의 중국해양사 연구는 모든 시대와 분야에 대해 고루 연구되었다기보다 연구인력 의 한계로 말미암아 명청시기와 같은 특정시대와 분야에 집중되었다. 특히 해양사연구의 대 세가 중국해양사에서 대만해양사로 바뀌면서 더욱 그러하다. 이 글에서는 주로 대만학계의 명청시기와 근대시기의 중국해양사 연구현황을 주요 저서와 『중국해양발전사논문집』에 실린 논문들을 중심으로 소개하고자 한다. 본문 2장에서는 해양사연구의 출발을 알린 중앙연구원 의 『중국해양발전사논문집』을 소개하고, 3장과 4장에서는 명청시기와 근대시기의 중국해양사 연구성과를 해양관련 키워드를 중심으로 정리할 것이다. 나오는 말에서는 대만학계의 해양사 연구에 대한 한 두 가지 특징을 언급할 것이다 Taiwanese academic circle's research on China's maritime history was concentrate d on specific periods and fields, rather than being evenly done owing to limit of r esearch workforce. It's so especially when the mainstream of research on maritime history shifted from China's maritime history to Taiwan's maritime history. As a res ult, some scholars pointed out that the biggest problem of Taiwanese academic cir cles would be lack of succeeding young researchers. However, the increase of ocea n-related research papers during the Japanese rule in step with increasing trend of researchers on Taiwan's history may be considered to some degrees as the increas e of researchers reversely. So, the research may be rather deemed as having been carried out from a wider perspective of maritime culture in linkage with marine sci ence, fishery, ports and shipping. This article introduces research status on China's maritime history during the Ming/Qing Dynasty and modern times by Taiwanese academic circles, focused on majo r books and research papers published in "Collection of Papers on the History of China's Maritime Development''. Chapter 2 of this article introduces 'Collection of P apers on the History of China's Maritime Development'' of Academy of Sciences, th at signalled the starting of research on China's maritime history, while Chapter 3 a nd 4 summarize research outcomes of China's maritime history during the Ming/Qi ng Dynasty and modern times based on ocean-related keywords. Conclusions will mention two characteristics of Taiwanese academic circle's research on maritime his tory.

해방 이전 한국 고대 해양사 연구 동향

임동민 ( Dongmin Lim ) 해군사관학교 해양연구소 2019 해양역사문화 Vol.6 No.0

The research trend of Korean ancient maritime history before the liberation of Korea divided into the ‘historical geography’ at the late Choson dynasty and the ‘modern history’ at the Colonial period. Tonggukchir(東國地理誌) at the 17th century, one of the historical geography at the late Choson dynasty, cited several ancient records on maritime history. Yojigo(輿地考) at the 18th century, set up chapters such as ‘Sea Route’ to describe ancient routes. In the 19th century, (海東歴史) deduced ancient sea routes through various record in East Asia. These studies have made the foundation for the perception of maritime history at present, but it is aifncult to say modern history. The nationalism history at the Colonial period was initiated by Choi Namseon(崔南善), Shin Chaeho(申采浩), and embodied by Jung Inbo(鄭寅普). In the nationalism history, the sea was largely used as a symbol of the nation-states lost territory, but it did not fundamentally overcome colonialism. The colonialism history of Japan studied ancient Korean maritime history for the justification of colonial rule. Unlike studies in the 1910s and 1920s, Imanishi Ryu(今西龍) and others agreed with Korea’s role in the ancient maritime history of East Asia. However, they maintained the colonialism history in a large framework. After the liberation of Korea, Korean modern history has used nation(民族)’ for overcoming colonialism history. However, recent studies try to consider the concept of ‘modern’ in the nationalism and colonialism history. Therefore, we need to think beyond the ’modern’ and ‘nation(民族)’ concept in the maritime history.

역사와 허구의 접합, 『토지』의 연해주 지역 형상화 방식

이승윤 한국문학연구학회 2021 현대문학의 연구 Vol.- No.74

The purpose of this study is to examine the Figurative Methods of the Maritime Province among the various spaces in the “Toji”. The “Toji” is entirely fictional backdrop to the Japanese occupation. The story from Hadong Pyeongsari extends to Jinju, Tongyeong, Busan, Masan, Seoul, Japan, Yongjeong, and Maritime Province. Individuals and groups in the work lie in the space of ‘flow’. The “flow” space means that a single space does not stop fixed or static. One space relates to another and is influenced. Under the Japanese colonial rule, Maritime Province was the main asylum of the Joseon diaspora. In addition, Maritime Province was behind the anti-Japanese independence movement and served as the home of the revolutionary movement. In this sense, the Maritime Province, which is embodied in “Toji”, shows the formation process of imagined geographies through the survival and struggle of diasporas who left their colonial homeland. In addition, in the Maritime Province, real people such as Choi Jae-hyung, Choi Bong-joon, Lee Bum-yoon, Lee So-eun, and Ahn Jung-geun are actively involved in the narrative. Most of the historical figures in the work are subject to discourse or discussion. However, in the Maritime Province, real-life characters are combined with fictional characters. However, in the Primorsky Sea, real-life characters are combined with fictional characters. The writer takes a strategy to secure specificity by combining history and fiction against the backdrop of Maritime Province. The Maritime Diaspora and anti-Japanese movements, which have remained on the periphery so far, occupy their position as historical entities, not rumors and backgrounds. With the appearance of the Maritime Province, the author is taking a different narrative strategy from the setting of different spaces in the “toji” and the layout of characters. This is because we were conscious that this area had been alienated from our history. In fact, not only historical research but also spatial research in the “toji”, ‘Maritime Province’ did not attract much attention. By examining the way ‘Maritime Province’ embodies it, one can identify the aspect of the combination of history and fiction in the “toji” and the artist’s sense of history. 본 연구의 목적은 『토지』 속에 등장하는 여러 공간 중 ‘연해주’ 지역의 형상화 방식에 대해서 살펴보는 것이다. 『토지』는 온전히 일제 강점기를 소설의 배경으로 삼고 있다. 하동 평사리에서 출발한 이야기는 진주, 통영, 부산, 마산, 서울, 일본, 용정, 연해주까지 그 범위를 확장해 나간다. 작품 속에 등장하는 개인과 집단은 ‘흐름’의 공간 속에 놓여 있다. ‘흐름’의 공간이란 하나의 공간이 고정되거나 정태적인 모습으로 멈추지 않는다는 것을 의미한다. 하나의 공간은 서로 다른 공간과 관계를 맺고 영향을 받는다. 일제하에서 연해주는 조선인 디아스포라의 주요 망명지였다. 또한 연해주는 항일 독립운동의 배후이자 혁명운동의 본거지 역할을 담당하였다. 『토지』에서 형상화된 연해주는 식민지 조국을 떠난 디아스포라들의 생존과 투쟁 방식을 통해서 심상지리의 형성과정을 보여준다. 또한 연해주에서는 다른 공간을 형상화할 때와는 달리 최재형, 최봉준, 이범윤, 이소응, 안중근 등 실존 인물들을 적극 서사에 개입시킨다. 『토지』에서 역사상의 실존 인물들은 대부분 담론이나 토론의 대상으로 등장한다. 하지만 유독 연해주에서는 실존 인물이 허구적 인물들과 결합하는 모습으로 형상화된다. 작가는 연해주를 배경으로 역사와 허구를 접합시킴으로써 구체성을 확보하려는 전략을 취한다. 지금까지 변방에 머물렀던 연해주의 디아스포라와 항일 운동은 소문과 배경이 아니라 역사적 실체로서의 위치를 점하고 있는 것이다. 작가는 연해주를 등장시키면서 『토지』 속 다른 공간의 설정과 인물 배치와는 다른 서술 전략을 취하고 있다. 이는 이 지역이 우리 역사에서도 소외되어왔음을 의식했기 때문이다. 사실 역사 연구뿐 아니라 『토지』 속 공간 연구에서도 ‘연해주’는 주목받지 못하였다. 연해주의 형상화 방식을 검토함으로써 『토지』 속의 역사와 허구의 결합 양상과 작가의 역사의식의 일면을 규명해 볼 수 있을 것이다.

한국 해양사 연구의 몇 가지 논점

강봉룡 국립목포대학교 도서문화연구원 2009 도서문화(島嶼文化) Vol.0 No.33

This article clarified several issues raised in the field of Korean Maritime History. Firstly, this article pointed out that the concepts of ‘Maritime History’ ‘Sea area History’ ‘Maritime affairs History’ are in the subsidiary relations and each concept can support the other concept. Because these concepts have parts overlapped in common, though they are different each other in emphasis points and goals of each concept. Secondly, the author introduced the fact that there have been several opinions by others about the name of sea route and its opening period through research on the Ancient sea route in East Asia. An opinion on same subjects was also given by the author. Thirdly, exploring the character of Maritime activity by Chang Po-go, the author criticized researches of others, that emphasizes appearances of pirates as background which motivated Chang Po-go. The author then asked for more interest in ‘special circumstances’ as to the background. Fourthly, based on the study of the maritime forces in the west southern sea during the period(the end of Silla and early Goryeo), this article shows the movement of maritime forces in the west southern sea after the fall of Chang Po-go and the character of ‘Neung Chang’ which was the leading maritime forces. Fifthly, studying ‘Sung merchant’ and ‘Goryeo merchant’, the author criticized the conventional opinion that ‘Sung merchant’ prevailed maritime trade in the East Asia. As the result, it was pointed out that it is necessary to pay attention to the activities of Goryeo merchant. Finally, through studying on ‘embargo’ and ‘empting islands’, it was pointed out that it is necessary to widely study on the maritime activities in Joseon, because there were some of maritime activities, though it was true that maritime activities were discouraged by ‘embargo’ and ‘empting islands’ at that time.

후기 중화제국(中華帝國) 해양사(海洋史) 연구의 최근 흐름과 글로벌 히스토리 -중등 역사 교과서에 대한 제언-

조영헌 ( Cho Young-hun ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2017 민족문화연구 Vol.77 No.-

This article mainly deals with recent trend and new perspectives of maritime history in late imperial China and suggests how we can apply these trend and new perspectives in history textbooks of high school, especially < World History > and < East Asian History >. Why does maritime history in late imperial China receive the worldwide attention recently? There are two big backgrounds. From the practical and political perspectives, this trend is related with both the coincidence that the year of 2005 is the 600 years anniversary of Zhenghe expedition and the powerful endeavor of Chinese government to be a maritime powers. And, from the historical academic perspectives, this is very closely related with important issues such as the reaction against euro-centrism, how to interpretate the maritime ban policy after Zhenghe expedition, ‘early modern’ controvercy, and global history.

Introduction to "Binding Maritime China: Control, Evasion, and Interloping"

Eugenio Menegon 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2017 Cross-Currents Vol.0 No.25

Maritime Asia is a confusing morass of contested sovereignties and geopolitical rivalries. Yet the seaways of Asia have, in their history, also fostered cultural exchange and economic integration. The liminal maritime zone surrounding China remains a paradox between seas and ports teeming with legal and illegal exchange and governmental policies attempting to monopolize and restrict that exchange. Vast and fluid, maritime China has long hindered state control and fostered connections determined as much by bottom-up economic and cultural logic as by top-down official impositions. This issue of Cross-Currents proposes to reexamine the rich history of maritime China and adjacent areas by tracing the interactions of the three initiatives of control, evasion, and interloping. This special issue stems from a conference the guest editors organized in Boston in 2015, with support from Boston University, Brandeis University, Northeastern University, and the Taiwan Ministry of Education. We invited a distinguished group of scholars to explore the many facets of maritime China’s history. Our key postulation was that state control, evasion from that control, and interloping within the interstices of China’s maritime world literally bound an array of actors and locales for distinct but interrelated goals, from the early modern era to the modern era. This concept is encapsulated in the title of the current issue, “Binding Maritime China.” What “creates” and gives coherence to the concept of maritime China as a social, economic, political, and geographic space is, to a large extent, how human actors (Chinese and Western merchants and businessmen, navy officers, bureaucrats, fishermen, pirates, missionaries, and so on) productively interacted or experienced conflicts and resisted one another’s control. They did so across oceanic and coastal spaces, administrative boundaries, class lines, bureaucratic institutions, commercial organizations, and competing imperial formations...