북한 전력인프라 개발지원을 위한 국제협력 방안 : 베트남의 국제협력 사례를 중심으로

김형주(Kim, Hyung Ju) 한국정치사회연구소 2020 한국과 국제사회 Vol.4 No.5

본 연구는 국제협력기금의 메커니즘을 이해하고 이를 토대로 체제전환국 베트남의 국제협력 사례가 주는 시사점 분석을 통해 북한의 체제개방 이후 전력인프라 조성을 위한 국제협력 방안을 제시하는데 목적을 두고 연구하였다. 연구결과, 베트남은 국제협력을 통해 전력인프라를 구축함으로서 경제성장을 이루어낸 모범국가로 평가받고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 선행연구에서 다룬 체제전환국의 국제협력을 위한 주요요인인 국제협력 유형과 전력개발사업 방식, 그리고 국제사회의 요구 준수를 분석의 틀로 하여 베트남 사례가 주는 시사점과 북한 전력인프라 구축을 위한 방안을 논의하였다. 베트남의 국제협력 사례가 주는 시사점을 통해 본 연구에서 주장하고자 하는 국제협력 방안은 첫째, 북한 전력인프라 구축을 위한 국제협력자금 활용이다. 이를 위해 체제전환과 국제사회의 신뢰를 받을 수 있도록 자체적인 노력이 필요하다. 둘째, 남한 주도하에 북한의 미흡한 행정역량을 강화하면서 국제협력을 추진하는 전력인프라 구축모델이다. 북한은 한국과의 특수관계를 고려해 볼 때 국제협력에 있어 베트남보다 유리한 상황으로 평가된다. 셋째, 막대한 초기 재원이 필요한 북한 전력개발의 속성을 고려한, 비용대비 효과가 큰 사업과 민간투자방식(BOT)이다. 베트남의 경우도 민간투자방식을 통해 공급규모에 맞는 전력인프라를 구축할 수 있었다. 한국의 국제적 지위와 국가역량을 고려해 볼 때 북한의 국제협력을 강화하기 위해서는 체제전환 직후에 한국의 전략적 지원이 필요하다. 이는 한반도의 안정과 평화유지는 물론 남북교류협력을 활성화하여 남북관계를 획기적으로 발전시킬 수 있는 현실적인 방안이자 가치 있는 재시발점이 될 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this study is to present international cooperation measures for the establishment of electric power infrastructure after North Korea s opening of the regime through implications from the case of international cooperation in Vietnam, a country in transition. Vietnam recognized electricity as the most important infrastructure of Vietnam s economy, and implemented radical reform and opening measures to build electricity infrastructure through international cooperation. In order to finance infrastructure construction, it actively accepted the demands of the international community, which is a condition for attracting foreign capital, and expanded the power infrastructure by utilizing the official development assistance (ODA) of international financial institutions. In addition, a market-oriented system was established for foreign investment attraction (FDI), and a free economic zone was created to promote investment attraction. Through the implications of these cases in Vietnam, the international cooperation plan to be asserted in this study is as follows. First, in order to establish the North Korean power infrastructure, the use of international cooperation funds is essential, and for this, North Korea s own efforts to gain trust from the international community are essential. Second, considering the insufficient North Korean administrative capabilities, a model for establishing a power infrastructure that promotes international cooperation while supporting North Korean administrative capabilities is needed. Considering that North Korea has a special relationship with South Korea, it can be viewed as a more favorable situation than Vietnam in terms of international cooperation. Third, due to the nature of power development, the scale of support is insufficient compared to the enormous resources required to build the North Korean power infrastructure, so it is necessary to first review projects and private investment methods (BOT) that have a high cost-effectiveness. In the case of Vietnam, it was also possible to build a power infrastructure suitable for the scale of supply through private investment. Considering North Korea s international position and national capabilities, North Korea s strategic support will be necessary for North Korea s international cooperation, and such support can be used as a useful tool for realizing inter-Korean cooperation.

포스트 코로나 시대 국제환경협력 전략 연구

추장민,명수정,김춘이 한국환경연구원 2020 수시연구보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

1. Background □ The global spread of COVID-19 in 2020 led to environmental, health, and economic crises. ㅇ The COVID-19 pandemic caused the trilateral crisis of ‘eco-economic -climate crisis’. ㅇ A new approach and reflection on the existing development methods that brought about ecological damage and the climate crisis are needed. 2. Objective □ Establishment of an international environmental cooperation strategy in the Post-COVID Era ㅇ Diagnosis of the current and future impacts and trends of international environmental cooperation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. ㅇ Development of an international environmental cooperation strategy to lead international cooperation in the environmental field in the Post-COVID Era. Ⅱ. Domestic and International Environmental Issues related to COVID-19 1. The status of COVID-19 outbreaks □ Global trends ㅇ The number of patients infected with COVID-19 has been continuously increasing, with 47,405,395 cumulative confirmed cases and a total of 1,213,735 cumulative deaths worldwide, as of November 4, 2020. □ Domestic trends ㅇ As of November 4, a total of 26,925 cases were confirmed and the number of deaths was 474, which shows that the virus is rapidly spreading not only in the metropolitan area but across the nation. 2. COVID-19 and domestic and foreign environmental factors □ Covid-19 quarantine measures and environmental impact factors ㅇ The first path of environmental impact factors for various preventive activities to prevent the spread COVID-19 pandemic and test-trace-treatment measures named ‘3T’ for COVID-19 patients. - Potential risk factors affecting the environment, such as soil, water quality, and atmosphere during the generation, collection, transport, and incineration of large amounts of medical waste. - Impact of personal quarantine activities, such as wearing a mask to prevent COVID-19 infection, and disinfecting the environment. □ Changes in traffic and energy and water use ㅇ Air quality improvement due to the reduction in traffic and energy use ㅇ An increased share of household water use in the total water use □ Structural change of the overall socio-economic field and environmental issues ㅇ The emergence and settlement of a non-face-to-face (untact) society causes fundamental changes in lifestyle and consumption methods. ㅇ Acceleration of the digital economy caused by COVID-19 leads to unmanned, automated, and online spaces and economic entities such as consumers, companies, factories, etc. 3. COVID-19 and domestic and international environmental issues □ Medical and safety measures and environmental issues in COVID-19 prevention ㅇ Increased risks of air, soil, and water pollution due to the increase in medical waste - From January 23 to August 25, 2020, a total of 3,023 tons of medical waste was incinerated due to COVID-19 which was about 12 times larger than the amount of medical waste generated during the MERS outbreak in 2015. - Potential risks of COVID-19 virus spreading in wastewater including hospital wastewater and drinking water. - It is necessary to establish safe treatment equipment, facilities, and systems for medical waste related to COVID-19. □ Restrictions on COVID-19 quarantine measures, socio-economic structural changes, and environmental issues ㅇ Improved air quality and reduced greenhouse gas emissions ㅇ Increase in waste discharge: Due to the environmental impact factors that occurred in the second path, such as restrictions on socio-economic and daily activities including ‘social distancing’, and voluntary self-restraint actions, the amount of parcel delivery surged following the increase in online consumption. □ COVID-19-Environment-Human interrelationship and environmental issues. ㅇ Wildlife management and infectious diseases: The increased number of viruses transmitted to humans and the risk of spread of common infectious diseases due to increased human-to-wild animal contact due to development and urbanization. ㅇ COVID-19 and climate change: Climate change affects the frequency of occurrence of viral infectious diseases such as COVID-19 and it is likely to act as an environmental factor suitable for transmission of infectious diseases. ㅇ COVID-19, environmental conditions, and environmental justice: COVID-19 occurs regardless of country, region, occupation, and class, but the coping capacity and damage level are different among countries, regions, classes, and races depending on socioeconomic, occupational, and environmental conditions as well as health conditions. Ⅲ. Domestic and International Environmental Measures to Respond to COVID-19 and Future Directions 1. Environmental measures in response to COVID-19 by major international organization and country □ Major international organizations ㅇ UNEP: Published a fact sheet on the management of COVID-19-related waste such as medical waste for environmental and health protection, titled ‘No Uncontrolled Dumping, No Open Burning’. ㅇ OECD: In order to block future viral pandemics through 「Environmental Health and strengthening resilience to pandemics」, it is necessary to strengthen resilience, and an integrated approach that considers human health and environmental health at the same time. □ Major countries ㅇ Korea: Promote environmental measures such as prompt and safe disposal of medical waste, safety measures for sterilization and disinfection of facilities, supplies, and individuals, prevention of the inflow of wild animals from abroad, and safe disposal of household waste. ㅇ U.S.: The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), distributes ‘Cleaning and Disinfection Guides in Public Places, Workplaces, Offices, Schools, and Homes. ㅇ EU: The European Federation of National Association of Water Services (EurEau) has tested drinking water and wastewater for coronavirus and published the results and the ‘Waste Management in the Context of the Coronavirus Crisis’. ㅇ China: Preventing the spread of coronavirus to the outside environment, focusing on major coronavirus outbreak areas such as Wuhan, safe treatment of coronavirus-contaminated medical waste, and promoting environmental management in consideration of economic recovery in the time of COVID-19 stabilization. 3. Future direction of environmental policy in response to COVID-19 □ Major international organizations ㅇ UN: Call for action for just recovery through ‘A Time to Save the Sick and Rescue the Planet’ ㅇ OECD: Presenting an approach that takes COVID-19 as an opportunity to transform into a better society ㅇ UNEP: Blocking the chain of infectious diseases and suggesting ten measures for better reconstruction ㅇ Others: Policy proposals linked to economic recovery packages in response to COVID-19, such as linking climate resilience and economic stimulus measures, etc. □ Major countries ㅇ Korea: The ‘Green New Deal’ policy was announced through the ‘Korean New Deal’ as a strategy for overcoming the COVID-19 crisis and responding to the climate environment crisis, emphasizing the digital New Deal in response to the non-face-to-face (unact) society cthat has emerged due to. ㅇ U.S.: Present linking policies for overcoming COVID-19 and responding to the climate crisis, making the transition to a clean economy and creating jobs, and restoring the role of a global leader in responding to climate change as the basis of the pledge in the field of climate and environment ㅇ European Countries: Emphasis on digital investment, just recovery, and a ‘better reconstruction policy’ - ‘Climate change and environmental protection policies, measures, and actions in the context of overcoming COVID-19 in Germany’ and the 15-minute City of Paris, France, etc. ㅇ China: From 2021 to 2035, the direction of the long-term environmental strategy is set to ‘promote green development and harmony as well as coexistence between humans and nature’ Ⅳ. Strategies for Promoting International Environmental Cooperation in the Post-COVID Era 1. COVID-19 pandemic and international environmental cooperation status □ COVID-19 and international environmental cooperation ㅇ Cancellation and delay of international environmental conferences negatively affect environmental negotiations and implementation. - Cancellation and postponement of major international environmental meetings such as the 25th United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the 22nd Korea-China-Japan Environment Ministers’ Meeting - Delays and temporary suspension of implementation of environmental agreements due to delays in holding international conferences □ International environmental cooperation trends in international organizations and major countries ㅇ International organizations have mostly created non-face-to-face online communication channels for international cooperation and although partial and limited, are establishing, disseminating, and sharing environmental countermeasures and strategies for coping with COVID-19, as well as holding various online meetings. ㅇ In the case of Germany, international cooperation is included as one of the four strategies in the policy on climate change and environmental protection in the context of COVID-19 recovery. ㅇ Japan seeks international momentum by building an online platform called the ‘Platform for Redesign 2020’ to recover from COVID-19 in a sustainable and resilient way. ㅇ Korea is promoting related activities such as online video conferencing to disseminate the Green New Deal policy to the international community and discuss international cooperation measures for responding to COVID-19. 2. Conditions for international environmental cooperation in the post-COVID-era and characteristics of new normals □ External conditions ㅇ Changes in the international order due to the COVID-19 pandemic: 1) proliferation of the phenomenon of weakened global multilateral governance (international organizations and international agreements), 2) opening of the international community, the accelerated decline in globalization, and realization of changes in the structure of the international branch office system, 3) continued strategic competition and conflict between the United States and China and the weakened global leadership, 4) emergence of the new global leadership, such as soft power in middle power countries that effectively carried out COVID-19 quarantine, and 5) emergence of environmental and health issues as core agenda items in international politics. ㅇ Influence of changes in international relations and the international order on international environmental cooperation: 1) as the international cooperation system becomes vulnerable, it weakens international environmental regimes such as the Paris Convention on Climate Change and decreases the effectiveness and reliability of international cooperation and 2) at a global level, with reflection on the existing development-oriented and human-centered development methods from the perspective of the history of civilization, a positive environment for expanding the scope of international environmental cooperation is created. In addition, various international cooperation opportunities in green technologies and industries for responding to the Paris Agreement are expected to be created. □ Internal conditions ㅇ Policy for the internationalization of ‘K-quarantine’ and the ‘Green New Deal’ to lead the international community based on the successful cases of ‘K-quarantine’ in response to COVID-19. ㅇ Establishment of the ‘National ODA Strategy for COVID-19 Response’ and the prospects of strengthened ODA for overcoming COVID-19. ㅇ The government plans to expand international environmental cooperation to participate in and lead the world’s green recovery strategy to overcome COVID-19 in connection with the Green New Deal. □ Key features of new normal in the international environmental cooperation ㅇ Establish an online method to cope with the unstable and unexpected situations of cross-border movement due to blockades and restrictions resulting from the frequent infectious diseases and pandemic. ㅇ A non-face-to-face (untact) implementation mechanism is established and expanded according to the creation of a non-face-to-face society. ㅇ A shift toward securing the life security of not only humans but all living things. ㅇ Integrated international cooperation under the banner of ‘One Health’ to respond to emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic as well as daily cooperation for human and environmental protection. 3. International environmental cooperation promotion strategy in the Post-COVID Era □ Basic direction of international environmental cooperation in response to COVID-19 ㅇ Five basic directions - Resolving immediate environmental problems caused by COVID-19, such as safe disposal of medical wast. - Based on the experience of COVID-19 quarantine, present an international cooperation model that combines the technology and know-how of K-prevention and medical waste treatment technology as a package. - In line with the international trend that is shifting from the existing ‘human-centered’ cooperation to cooperation for ‘protection of all life on earth,’ create and lead the model of international environmental cooperation in response to the new normal of the post-COVID-era and renew the foundation for cooperation. - In order to overcome COVID-19 and respond to the climate crisis, closely link diplomatic strategies such as the Korean New Deal and the New Southern policy and at the same time, promote bilateral or multilateral cooperation programs by closely reviewing policies in major countries and regions such as President-elect Joe Biden’s climate and environmental policies and the European Green Deal. □ Implementation strategy and cooperation tasks ㅇ Strategy for each of the three goals - Strategies to achieve the goal of ‘improving resilience over COVID-19’: 1) strengthening cooperation in building green infrastructure to prevent infectious diseases and 2) establishing a cooperation system for preventing and coping with infectious diseases. - Strategies for achieving the goal of ‘building a safe global village from the climate crisis’: 1) reinforcing decarbonization, green recovery, and cooperation for social/urban system development and 2) expanding support for disaster response systems in countries vulnerable to natural disasters. - Strategies to achieve the goal of ‘realizing the establishment of the new normal, non-face-to-face environmental cooperation system’: 1) construction of an eco-friendly online communication system and capacity building support system and 2) creation of international cooperation initiatives and establishment of an integrated domestic environmental cooperation system.

The Study of International Cooperation on Emergencies

An Chen,Jing Rui Chen,Fei Chi 위기관리 이론과 실천 2017 Journal of Safety and Crisis Management Vol.7 No.1

International cooperation on emergencies is significant to the response of these emergencies. Firstly, the connotation and characteristics of international cooperation on emergencies were analyzed. Secondly, the typical types of emergencies in need of international cooperation, the types of countries involved in international cooperation and the typical types of international cooperation modes on emergencies were analyzed in order to explain the mechanism of international cooperation. Finally, some strategies of international cooperation on emergencies were proposed. The result shows that, in order to have a better international cooperation, international cooperation modes on emergencies should be determined according to the types of emergencies, the situations of countries and organizations involved in it.

국제개발협력법제의 발전방안에 대한 연구

김대인 사단법인 한국국가법학회 2020 국가법연구 Vol.16 No.1

In Korea, “Basic Act on International Development Cooperation”, “Act on Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA)”, “Act on Oversees Economic Development Cooperation Fund (EDCF)”, and local government’s Ordinances on the international development comprise the international development law regime. However, this regime is criticised for following reasons: ① the relationship between “Basic Act on International Development Cooperation” and other Acts or Ordinances is not clear, ② the philosophy or basic principles of Official Development Assistance(ODA) is not considered enough in implementing “Basic Act on International Development Cooperation”, ③ the coordination among various aid agencies is weak, ④ interests of relevant party are not well reflected in ODA planning and the pecuriality of aid procurement is not fully considered. This paper suggests improvements in international development law regime from the perspective of administrative law. First, “Basic Act on International Development Cooperation” should take priority over other Acts, and the ground of Ordinance of local government should be included in “Basic Act on International Development Cooperation.” Second, “strengthening economic development cooperation”, as a basic spirit of ODA in “Basic Act on International Development Cooperation” Article 3, should not be deemed as having constitutional status, and the relationships with other basic spirit of ODA should be seen from this premise. Third, to enhance coordination among various aid agencies, it is necessary to strengthen the coordinating role of International Development Cooperation Committee and to introduce cooperation agreement among aid agencies. Fourth, it is necessary to reform ODA law providing inclusion of relevant parties & pre-feasibility study in ODA planning and reflecting the pecuriarities of aid procurement. 우리나라의 국제개발협력법제로는 「국제개발협력기본법」, 「한국국제협력단법」, 「대외경제협력기금법」 및 각 지방자치단체에서 제정한 국제개발협력조례를 들 수 있다. 그런데 이러한 국제개발협력법제들은 1) 「국제개발협력기본법」과 관련법제와의 체계적인 연관성이 충분히 고려되지 못하고 있다는 점, 2) 「국제개발협력기본법」을 운용하는 과정에서 개발원조의 철학 또는 기본원리에 대한 충분한 고민이 이루어지지 못하고 있다는 점, 3) 다양한 원조기관간의 조정이 충분히 이루어지지 못하고 있다는 점, 4) 행정계획수립시 이해관계인의 의사가 충분히 반영되지 못하고 있으며 원조조달 등의 특수성이 충분히 반영되지 못하고 있다는 점 등의 문제점이 존재한다. 이 글은 행정법학의 관점에서 이러한 우리나라 국제개발협력법제의 문제점을 극복할 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 첫째, 관련법령의 체계와 관련해서는 다른 법률과의 관계규정을 “다른 법률에 특별한 규정이 있는 경우를 제외하고는 이 법에서 정하는 바에 따른다”라는 내용으로 개정함으로써 기본법으로서의 위상을 제고할 필요가 있으며, 「국제개발협력기본법」에서 조례를 통한 규율가능성을 명시하는 것이 필요하다. 둘째, 국제개발협력의 기본정신과 관련하여 「국제개발협력기본법」 제3조에서는 경제협력관계의 증진이라는 표현을 두고 있지만 이를 헌법적인 가치가 있는 것으로 보기 힘들다는 전제하에 다른 헌법적 가치가 있는 기본정신(인도주의적인 가치)들과 관계정립을 하는 것이 필요하다. 셋째, 행정조직법적인 측면에서 원조기관간의 조정을 강화하기 위해서는 국제개발협력위원회의 조정기능을 강화하는 것도 필요하지만 협약제도의 도입을 통해 사안별 조정기능을 강화하는 방안도 모색해볼 필요가 있다. 넷째, 행정작용법적인 측면에서 행정계획에 수원국정부를 포함한 이해관계인의 참여 및 사전타당성 조사제도를 법률에 명문화하는 것이 필요하며, 공공조달계약과 관련해서는 원조조달의 특수성이 충분히 반영될 수 있는 법령체계가 마련되는 것이 필요하다.

The Study of International Cooperation on Emergencies

CHEN An,CHEN JingRui1 위기관리 이론과 실천 2017 위기관리 이론과 실천 학술대회 Vol.2017 No.04

비상 사태 시 국제 협력은 이러한 비상 사태에 대응하기 위해 매우 중요한 요소입니다. 첫번째로, 비상 시 국제 협력의 의미 및 특성을 분석하였습니다. 두 번째로, 국제 협력이 필요한 전형적인 경우, 국제 협력에 참여하는 국가의 종류, 및 비상 시 국제 협력의 전형적인 방법에 대해서 분석하였고, 이를 통해 국제 협력 방식을 설명하였습니다. 마지막으로, 비상 시 이뤄지는 국제 협력의 일부 전략들을 제안하였습니다. 더 나은 국제 협력을 위해서는 비상 시 국제 협력의 방법이 비상 상황의 종류, 국가의 및 참여 단체의 상황에 따라 결정돼야 한다는 결론을 도출하였습니다. International cooperation on emergencies is significant to the response of these emergencies. Firstly, the connotation and characteristics of international cooperation on emergencies were analyzed. Secondly, the typical types of emergencies in need of international cooperation, the types of countries involved in international cooperation and the typical types of international cooperation modes on emergencies were analyzed in order to explain the mechanism of international cooperation. Finally, some strategies of international cooperation on emergencies were proposed. The result shows that, in order to have a better international cooperation, international cooperation modes on emergencies should be determined according to the types of emergencies, the situations of countries and organizations involved in it.

지방자치단체의 국제개발협력과 자치입법권에 관한 고찰

장교식 한국토지공법학회 2016 토지공법연구 Vol.73 No.2

In today’s international society, a variety of international development cooperation programs have been led by local authorities as well as countries in diverse fields such as politics, economy, society and culture. It is important to develop an ideal model which can handle legal issues which occur in carrying out government-led international development cooperation programs by local authorities. According to the Framework Act on International Development Cooperation, public agencies as well as local authorities are stated as the leading entities of international development cooperation programs. As a result, local authorities have actively promoted these programs by enacting regulations on international development cooperation. Therefore, it is needed to establish relationship with the Framework Act on International Development Cooperation. Regarding the enactment of an ordinance on international development cooperation by local authorities, furthermore, it is critical to review conflicts relating to their autonomous legislative power, develop a legislative adjustment plan and enact an effective ordinance. In order for local authorities to perform an international development cooperation program, it is important to utilize regional features and conditions and induce active participation from the locals in addition to the legislative adjustment. Hence, it is needed to improve the adequacy and efficiency of the international development cooperation policy promoted by local authorities and achieve the policy goal in an effective manner. In addition, it is important to develop them into international cities by promoting globalization and strengthening their global competitiveness through the expansion and enhancement of international development cooperation programs. 오늘날 국제사회는 국가뿐만 아니라 지방자치단체가 주도가 되어 정치‧경제‧사회‧문화의 다양한 국제개발협력 사업이 수행되고 있다. 그동안 국가위주의 국제개발협력 사업을 지방자치단체가 수행함에 있어 발생하는 법리적 문제를 해결하고 이상적인 모델안을 마련하는 것이 중요하다. 우선, 국제개발협력기본법에서는 국가뿐만 아니라 지방자치단체와 공공기관도 국제개발협력 사업의 주체로 규정하고 있다. 이에 따라 최근에는 각 지방자치단체가 적극적으로 국제개발협력에 관한 조례를 제정하여 사업을 수행하고 있는 바, 국제개발협력기본법과의 관계 정립이 필요하다. 다음으로, 각 지방자치단체가 국제개발협력에 관한 조례를 제정함에 있어 자치입법권과 관련하여 상충문제를 검토하여, 입법적 정비방안을 마련하고 실효적인 조례를 제정하는 것도 중요하다. 그리고, 지방자치단체가 국제개발협력 사업을 수행함에 있어 입법적 정비도 중요하지만 지역특색과 지역실정을 살리고 주민이 적극적으로 참여할 수 있는 방안이 병행되어야 한다. 그리하여 지방자치단체가 추진하는 국제개발협력정책의 적정성과 집행의 효율성을 제고하고 국제개발협력의 정책목표를 효과적으로 달성할 수 있어야 한다. 아울러 지방자치단체의 국제화를 촉진하고 국제개발협력 사업의 확대와 내실화를 통한 국제경쟁력을 강화하여 지방자치단체가 국제도시로 성장‧발전해 나가야 한다.

The Study of International Cooperation on Emergencies

CHEN An,CHEN JingRui,CHI Fei 위기관리 이론과 실천 2017 위기관리 이론과 실천 세미나발표논문집 Vol.2017 No.-

비상 사태 시 국제 협력은 이러한 비상 사태에 대응하기 위해 매우 중요한 요소입니다. 첫번째로, 비상 시 국제 협력의 의미 및 특성을 분석하였습니다. 두 번째로, 국제 협력이 필요한 전형적인 경우, 국제 협력에 참여하는 국가의 종류, 및 비상 시 국제 협력의 전형적인 방법에 대해서 분석하였고, 이를 통해 국제 협력 방식을 설명하였습니다. 마지막으로, 비상 시 이뤄지는 국제 협력의 일부 전략들을 제안하였습니다. 더 나은 국제 협력을 위해서는 비상 시 국제 협력의 방법이 비상 상황의 종류, 국가의 및 참여 단체의 상황에 따라 결정돼야 한다는 결론을 도출하였습니다. International cooperation on emergencies is significant to the response of these emergencies. Firstly, the connotation and characteristics of international cooperation on emergencies were analyzed. Secondly, the typical types of emergencies in need of international cooperation, the types of countries involved in international cooperation and the typical types of international cooperation modes on emergencies were analyzed in order to explain the mechanism of international cooperation. Finally, some strategies of international cooperation on emergencies were proposed. The result shows that, in order to have a better international cooperation, international cooperation modes on emergencies should be determined according to the types of emergencies, the situations of countries and organizations involved in it.

EU의 국제개발협력법제에 대한 연구

김대인 행정법이론실무학회 2025 행정법연구 Vol.- No.77

The field of international development cooperation has recently been undergoing rapid change. A representative example is that, in the United States, following the inauguration of the second Trump Administration in 2025, the long standing agency responsible for international development cooperation - the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) - was closed and the international development cooperation budget was drastically reduced. In Europe as well, the sector of international development cooperation budget has been affected by the increase of defense budget due to geopolitical factors such as the war in Ukraine. Against this backdrop of shifting international circumstances, this article examines the EU’s legal framework for international development cooperation in order to explore ways to advance Korea’s international development cooperation law. The main characteristics of the EU’s international development cooperation legal framework can be summarized as follows. First, law occupies a prominent place within the EU system of international development cooperation. The EU’s legal framework consists of hard law with binding force, such as the Treaty on European Union (TEU), the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), agreements with ACP(African, Carribbean and Pacific) countries, Regulation on establishing Neighborhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument (NDICI) and soft law without binding legal force, such as the “New European Consensus on Development”. Among these, hard law plays the central role. Second, the EU’s legal framework for international development cooperation has traditionally emphasized universal values such as democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and good governance. This reflects the EU’s strong interest in exercising international leadership with respect to these values. Third, while underscoring such universal values, the EU has simultaneously stressed coherence with its other policies. This has been concretized in the notion of Policy Coherence for Development (PCD). Fourth, the EU has favored a contractual approach through entering into agreements with partner countries. The Lomé Convention (1975), the Cotonou Agreement (2000), and the Samoa Agreement (2023) are examples. The focus of these agreements has gradually shifted with the times; in the most recently concluded Samoa Agreement, six areas are set as priorities: (1) human rights, democracy, and governance; (2) peace and security; (3) human and social development; (4) inclusive and sustainable economic growth and development; (5) environmental sustainability and climate change; and (6) migration and mobility. This EU legal framework - centered on law, oriented toward universal values, emphasizing policy coherence for development, and valuing agreements with partner countries - now faces numerous challenges amid today’s geopolitical changes. Nevertheless, due to the EU’s multi‑level governance structure, no direct, immediate transformations have yet occurred within the EU’s international development cooperation legal system. The substance and current state of the EU’s legal framework for international development cooperation offer many implications for the Republic of Korea.

국내 우수 연구자의 R&D 국제협력 활동도 분석 연구 : 가사로봇 분야를 중심으로

유화선,김윤명,양치승 한국기술혁신학회 2019 기술혁신학회지 Vol.22 No.4

With the progress of the fourth industrial revolution in recent years, the convergence, complexity and segmentation of science and technology have been intensified, and international cooperation of R & D is becoming more and more active. However, the level of international cooperation of Korea is very low due to low research capacity, closure of R & D ecosystem, and lack of proactive system for international cooperation. In fact, in the evaluation of science and technology innovation capability of the country in 2018, the index of international cooperation items in Korea was just it of the 29th lowest among 35 OECD countries and thus the level of international cooperation needs to be improved. This study compares and analyzes the international cooperation activities between domestic and global core researchers using the KDD / KM collaborator network analysis technique, which is a big data analysis methodology, as a way to promote international cooperation. In addition, we have studied the development strategies for finding cooperation targets for increasing the international cooperation of domestic researchers. The research target of this study is to select the home-working-robotics field which shows the highest market growth rate among the promising industries of robot technology in the future. More specifically, we have identified the status of international cooperation networks among domestic and international renowned researchers in the field of home-working-robotics, and analyzed the degree of their activities to derive strategic implications for promoting international cooperation among domestic researchers. 최근 4차 산업혁명으로 인한 과학기술 융・복합화 및 세분화의 가속화에 따른 R&D 국제협력이 점차 활발해짐에도 불구하고, 우리나라는 연구역량 열위, 연구개발 생태계 폐쇄성, 국제협력 대상 능동적 발 굴체계 부재 등으로 인해 국제협력 활동도가 매우 미흡한 편이다. 실제로 2018년 국가과학기술 혁신역량평가에서 우리나라 국제협력 항목지수는 OECD 35개국 중 최 하위권인 29위에 머무르는 것으로 나타나 국제협력 활동도를 높이기 위한 다각적인 개선방안 확립이 시급한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 국제협력 활성화를 위한 방안의 일환으로 빅데이터 분석 방법론인 KDD/KM 공동연 구자 네트워크 분석기법을 활용하여 국내와 글로벌 핵심연구자 간 국제협력 활동 비교・분석을 통해 정 확한 현황을 진단하고, 국내 연구자 국제협력 활성화를 위해 능동적 협력대상 발굴을 위한 발전방안에 대해 고찰하였다. 본 연구 분석대상은 미래유망산업 로봇 분야 중 가장 높은 시장성장률을 보이고 있는 가사로봇 분야 를 선정하였다. 가사로봇 분야 국내 및 글로벌 상위 핵심 연구자 간 국제협력 네트워크 현황 및 활동도 비교・분석을 통해 국내 연구자의 국제협력 활성화를 위한 전략적 시사점을 도출하였다.

국제환경협력사업 내실화를 위한 국가전략 개발

이윤외 한국환경연구원 2012 기본연구보고서 Vol.2012 No.-

The Korean government is pushing ahead with a five-year plan for green growth to realize the goal of playing as an important role in the field of green growth. To do so, the Korean government proposed four major policy themes such as East Asia Climate Partnership, Green Official Development Assistance(Green ODA), greenhouse gas reduction in developing countries, and green technology assistance for developing countries. Coping with the proposal of the Korean government, the ministry of environment of Korea established three strategies; consolidating cooperation with international organizations for the vision of green growth, extending cooperation projects for the vision of green growth in Asia-Pacific area and increasing green ODA for developing countries, to reinforce green leadership and participate global governance. Since 2006, the total ODA of Korea has consistently increased. Of ODA from the Korean government, international environment related cooperation mainly focuses on financial aid and technical assistance, and it will be more importantly invigorated for developing countries, along with the enhancement of green growth. The goal of international environment cooperation is to solve environmental problems of recipient country, as well as to create and expand the environment market with transferred environment technologies in the recipient countries. Regarding the transboundary issue of environmental pollution, developed countries not only provide environmental aid, but also actively collaborate with developing counties on climate change adaptation, climate change mitigation, and biodiversity conservation. To enhance the effectiveness of international environment cooperation, it should be conducted systematically and tactically. Therefore, the Korean government should understand the mechanism of the current international environment cooperation. This study firstly examines the international environment cooperation of Korea, and secondly make a suggestion for development of national strategy to enhance international environment cooperation. The problematic pattern of Korea`s international environment cooperation is mainly divided into five parts. First, at the stage of developing a new project, only a standardized project assessment such as interview and contingent valuation method is uniformly performed disregarding economic, social and environmental conditions in the field due to the short duration of a field investigation. Second, lack of capable human resources causes the malfunction of a project performance, and consequently possible connected cooperation projects cannot be linked or mislinked. Third, lager numbers of projects regarding the secured specialists in the field and limited amount of financial aid lead to the ineffective project management in both processing and post processing step. Moreover, insufficiency of post project process by inexperience and uninitiate project performance may cause failure of connecting to other sustainable environmental projects. Lastly, incompletion of strategy for fostering of a national consciousness toward international environment cooperation in both short and long term may be a barrier to enhancement of ODA including environment ODA. In order to deal successfully with these problems, the practical methods to maximize efficiency and effectiveness of environment cooperation should be applied as follows. Purposed-oriented and user-oriented on-site investigation should be used at the stage of developing a new project. Also, participatory-oriented on-site project assessment should be conducted. Enhancing educational and career development program to cultivate local environment cooperation specialists is necessary. Collaborating with international organizations and ODA agencies of developed countries can strengthen professionalism, and accumulate know-how to do post project management. Furthermore, using publicrelations can help enlighten public at large about international environment cooperation, and employing high quality human resource in private sector can compensate the defect of project assessment. The premises for development of national strategy to enhance international environment cooperation are to have a differentiated approach in considering Korean environment technologies and needs of recipient countries, to have a prudent approach in considering the global trend of environment cooperation, and to aiming at improving the dignity of Korea and the quality of life in recipient countries through environment cooperation. Then, national strategies to enhance international environment cooperation can be first creating environment aid projects though environmental ODA expert committee, master plan for environment ODA, Korean style environment cooperation contents. The second method is vitalizing environment cooperation through helping developing countries establish environmental technology institute, diversifying regions that projects will implement. The last one can be more actively participating environment projects of international organization and collaborating with other international ODA agencies by dispatching Korean environment experts and penetrating into foreign environment markets.