GIS를 활용한 한성기 백제 관방체계 연구

이승우,양시은 고조선단군학회 2022 고조선단군학 Vol.49 No.-

In historical records, the name of the Baekje fortress during the Hanseong period exists much more than the number of sites discovered through excavations. However, in Gyeonggi-do, Baekje artifacts from the Hanseong period have been discovered in some Silla stone fortresses, so there is a controversy over the construction period and the subject of operation. Therefore, this study examined the possibility of expansion to the Baekje fortress during the Hanseong period by examining the sites of the Baekje artifacts discovered using the GIS analysis technique, which is strong in utilizing geographical and geographical information such as visible areas, transportation routes, and location. As a result, the earthenwall built in hills and mountains did not find much difference in location or visible area from the Baekje fortress during the Hanseong period, and the stone fortress was also same. However, since the structure and construction method of the remaining stone fortress are clear from Silla, it was estimated that other structures such as earthenwall and wooden blocks existed in the Baekje fortress during the Hanseong Period, as in the case of Eumseong Mangi Fortress. In this study, several characteristics of the military defense system at that time were confirmed as a result of linking the Baekje fortress during Hanseong period selected through the above analysis with the ancient traffic route. The first is that the rugged Gwangju mountain range does not contain the fortress of Baekje during the Hanseong period or the transportation route that crosses it. The second is that fortresses are arranged in the longitudinal direction outside the Gwangju Mountain Range to form a defensive line, and several fortresses are arranged at a relatively low point where the Charyeong Mountain Range and the Gwangju Mountain Range meet to block the road. The third is that a double defense line was formed in the Anseongcheon Stream basin where inland traffic routes and waterway traffic routes using the coast meet. 문헌기록에는 한성기 백제 성곽의 명칭이 현재까지 발굴조사를 통해 밝혀진 유적의 수보다 훨씬 더 많이 존재한다. 그런데 경기도 일원에서는 일부 신라 석축 산성에서 한성기 백제 유물이 출토되고 있어 축조 시기와 운영 주체에 대한 논란이 존재한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 가시권역, 교통로, 입지분석 등 지리‧지형적 정보의 활용에 강점이 있는 GIS 분석기법을 이용하여 한성기 백제 유물이 출토되는 관방유적을 검토하여 한성기 백제 성곽으로의 확장 가능성을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 구릉과 산지에 축조된 토성은 한성기 백제 성곽과 입지나 가시권역에 큰 차이를 발견하지 못하였고, 석성 역시 마찬가지였다. 다만 석축성벽의 구조와 축조 방식은 신라의 것이 분명하므로, 음성 망이산성의 경우와 마찬가지로 백제 한성기에는 해당 관방유적에 석축성벽이 아닌 토루나 목책 등 다른 구조의 관방시설이 존재하였을 것으로 판단하였다. 이러한 분석을 통해 선별한 한성기 백제 관방유적들을 고대 교통로와 연계한 결과 당시의 관방체계에 대한 몇 가지 특징을 확인할 수 있었다. 첫번째는 험준한 광주산맥에는 한성기 백제 관방유적이나 이를 가로지르는 교통로가 확인되지 않는다는 것이다. 두번째는 광주산맥 외곽에는 종방향으로 산성이 배치되어 방어선을 형성하고 있었으며, 차령산맥과 광주산맥이 만나는 비교적 낮은 지점에도 여러 산성이 배치되어 길목을 차단하였다는 것이다. 세번째는 내륙의 교통로와 해안을 이용한 수로 교통로가 만나는 안성천 유역에는 2중의 방어선이 형성되어 있었다는 것이다.

몽촌토성 북문지 일원 삼국시대 考古資料의 양상과 성격

박중균,이혁희 백제학회 2018 백제학보 Vol.0 No.26

몽촌토성 북문지 일원에 대한 최근 발굴조사에서는 몽촌토성의 축조시점과 성격, 변천 등을 살펴볼 수 있는 삼국시대 유구와 유물들이 확인되었다. 삼국시대 유구는 도로와 수혈유구·건물지 등이 일정한 공간 분포상의 정형성을 띠며 확인되었다. 즉, 도로는 격자상으로 구획된 양상을 보이고 있으며, 수혈유구와 건물지 등은 북문지 내측에서 북서쪽으로 치우친 지점의 도로로 둘러싸인 공간에 분포하고 있는 특징을 보이고 있다. 또한 주목되는 부분은 백제 漢城이 고구려에 의해 함락된 이후의 시기에 고구려가 백제의 유구를 修改築하여 사용하거나 폐기된 백제 유구 위에 성토대지를 조성하고 수혈유구, 건물지 등을 시설하여 사용한 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 유구의 양상은 한성백제가 멸망한 이후에도 고구려가 몽촌토성을 일정기간 동안 점유하고 활용했다는 것을 보여주는 것이라 생각된다. 유물상의 특징은 3가지 점에서 몽촌토성의 북서쪽에 인접하여 위치한 풍납동토성과 차이를 보이고 있다. 첫째, 원삼국기의 경질무문토기와 타날문토기편이 거의 확인되고 있지 않다는 점이다. 둘째, 삼국시대 문화층에서 출토되는 백제 토기는 한성 Ⅰ기에 해당하는 4세기 중엽 이전의 것들은 극히 드물며, 대부분 4세기 후반~5세기대의 한성 Ⅱ기에 해당하고 있다. 셋째, 풍납동토성에서는 고구려 유물의 출토 빈도가 극히 낮은데 비하여 몽촌토성에서는 1980년대 발굴조사에서도 확인된 바와 같이 고구려 토기·철촉 등의 유물이 상대적으로 출토빈도가 높다는 점이 특징이다. 이러한 유구와 유물의 양상은 몽촌토성이 축조된 지역은 원삼국기~한성Ⅰ기에는 거의 활용되지 않다가 4세기 중엽 이후 몽촌토성이 축조되면서 본격적으로 개발된 것으로 판단되며, 고구려가 백제 한성을 함락한 이후에도 몽촌토성을 일정시기 동안 남방진출의 중심기지로 활용한 것으로 추정된다. 한편, 몽촌토성 북서벽 구간의 성벽 외측 하단에 대한 조사에서는 기존에 목책으로 인식되었던 柱穴이 土城의 축조와 관련된 협판을 고정하는 목주의 주혈일 가능이 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 그리고 성벽에서 출토된 유물과 방사성탄소연대 측정결과를 고려할 때, 조사지점의 성벽 축조시점은 4세기 후반 경으로 추정된다. The recent excavation at the North gate area of Mongchon Earthen Fortress produced relics and artifacts from the period of Three Kingdoms to shed light on the construction time, nature, and changes of the Fortress. As for the relics from the period of Three Kingdoms, life relics, including roads, pit relics and building sites, have shown a fixed distribution in certain spaces. It is noteworthy that Goguryeo renovated and used relics left by Baekje and established embankment land on top of relics discarded by Baekje to use such facilities as pit relics and building sites after it took Hanseong from Baekje. These relic patterns indicate that Goguryeo occupied and utilized the Fortress for a certain amount of time even after the fall of Hanseong Baekje. Its artifact characteristics have differences from those of Pungnap Earthen Fortress adjacent to it in the northwest in three aspects: first, there was almost no hard plain pottery and pottery of Proto-Three Kingdoms; second, most of Baekje pottery excavated in the cultural layer of Three Kingdoms fell in Hanseong Period II between the latter half of the fourth century to the fifth century with only a few pieces before Hanseong Period I in the middle fourth century; and third, unlike the Pungnap Earthen Fortress where the excavation frequency of Goguryeo artifacts was extremely low, the Fortress recorded a relatively higher excavation frequency of Goguryeo artifacts including pottery and iron arrowheads as demonstrated in the excavation projects in the 1980s. These relic and artifact patterns indicate that the area where the Fortress was built was hardly used from the period of Proto-Three Kingdoms to Hanseong Period I and was developed in full scale with the construction of the Fortress in the middle fourth century. It is estimated that Goguryeo made use of the Fortress as its central base for the management and rule of its southern territory for a while even after it took Hanseong(漢城) of Baekje. An examination into the external bottom of the northwestern wall section in the Fortress raises a good possibility that the column pits were made to support wood board for the Fortress. Based on the artifacts excavated in the fortress walls and their radiocarbon dating results, it is estimated that the fortress wall, at the point of survey, was built in the latter half of the fourth century

아차산성과 삼국의 상호관계 : 백제 한성도읍기의 도성체계와 아차산성

김기섭 ( Ki Seob Kim ) 고려대학교 역사연구소 2014 사총 Vol.81 No.-

Capital fortress was originally refered to Gwakseong fortress surrounding the city where the king lived. The usual point was that the Royal palace (=the inner fortress) was located in Gwakseong fortress. But in particular period like ‘Warring States Period’ on ancient china, when all states are competing over a period of decades for the purpose of unification, the inner fortress was located separately outside Gwakseong fortress for escape of the king. The main capital fortress of that period were Handan fortress, Imchi fortress and Yeonhado fortress. According to the Samguksagi, Hanseong fortress, the capital fortress of Baekje, was composed of a North fortress and a South fortress. The North fortress is equated with present-day Pungnaptoseong fortress and the South fortress is equated with present-day Mongchontoseong fortress. They would have installed defense in Achasan Mt, where was across from Han River to defend Baekje capital fortress which was located near by Han River. Through the excavation result, it has been known that present-day Achasanseong fortress was built with stone by Silla. Thus it is possible that Achaseong fortress of Baekje would be located around Achasanseong fortress. It might be at the lower area with a view of Pungnaptoseong fortress. We need to consider the excavation for finding Achaseong fortress of Baekje.

아차산성과 삼국의 상호관계 : 아차산성에 대한 고고학적 조사 성과와 과제

최종택 ( Jong Taik Choi ) 고려대학교 역사연구소 2014 사총 Vol.81 No.-

Achasanseong Fortress, located at Gwangjin-gu in Seoul, is thought of as Adanseong of Baekje. Based on Samguksagi, Achasanseong Fortress appears to have been built in 286. In 396 this fortress was attacked by Koguryo. Written evidence says that King Gaero of Baekje was killed at Adanseong by the Koguryo army in 475 when Hanseong was attacked by Koguryo. Archaeological surveys of Achasanseong Fortress have been conducted from 1994 until 1999 over several times. The surveys reveal that Achasanseong Fortress is a mountain fortress encircling a valley. The fortress is 1038.58 meters around, and has a plan shape of an irregular hexagon. Its external and internal walls were both built with trimmed stones. The original height of the walls appears to have been 7-8 meters. Another wall was constructed to reinforce the lower part of the external wall. This construction method is usually observed in Silla fortresses dated later than the late fifth century. The gates were made on the southern and eastern parts of the fortress, with the eastern gate being a suspensible gate. Inside the fortress, a well, reservoir facilities, many building foundations, and so on were discovered. The finds suggest that the walls were built in the early seventh century and used until the mid ninth century. Roofing tiles with letters written on them imply the possibility that Achasanseong Fortress was used as Bukhansanseong Fortress of Silla after the early seventh century. Archaeological surveys of Achasanseong Fortress have yielded important information about some aspects of Achasanseong Fortress. However, previous surveys on the fortress were conducted to a limited extent in the forms of a surface survey or a trial digging, only providing us with partial data of the fortress. In particular, there is little evidence on when the fortress was first built, how it was used as Adanseong of Baekje, and what the fortress was like when Hanseong was attacked and after then. These remain to be revealed through future surveys.

아차산성에 대한 고고학적 조사 성과와 과제

최종택 고려대학교 역사연구소 2014 사총 Vol.81 No.-

Achasanseong Fortress, located at Gwangjin-gu in Seoul, is thought of as Adanseong of Baekje. Based on Samguksagi, Achasanseong Fortress appears to have been built in 286. In 396 this fortress was attacked by Koguryo. Written evidence says that King Gaero of Baekje was killed at Adanseong by the Koguryo army in 475 when Hanseong was attacked by Koguryo. Archaeological surveys of Achasanseong Fortress have been conducted from 1994 until 1999 over several times. The surveys reveal that Achasanseong Fortress is a mountain fortress encircling a valley. The fortress is 1038.58 meters around, and has a plan shape of an irregular hexagon. Its external and internal walls were both built with trimmed stones. The original height of the walls appears to have been 7-8 meters. Another wall was constructed to reinforce the lower part of the external wall. This construction method is usually observed in Silla fortresses dated later than the late fifth century. The gates were made on the southern and eastern parts of the fortress, with the eastern gate being a suspensible gate. Inside the fortress, a well, reservoir facilities, many building foundations, and so on were discovered. The finds suggest that the walls were built in the early seventh century and used until the mid ninth century. Roofing tiles with letters written on them imply the possibility that Achasanseong Fortress was used as Bukhansanseong Fortress of Silla after the early seventh century. Archaeological surveys of Achasanseong Fortress have yielded important information about some aspects of Achasanseong Fortress. However, previous surveys on the fortress were conducted to a limited extent in the forms of a surface survey or a trial digging, only providing us with partial data of the fortress. In particular, there is little evidence on when the fortress was first built, how it was used as Adanseong of Baekje, and what the fortress was like when Hanseong was attacked and after then. These remain to be revealed through future surveys. 서울시 광진구에 위치한 峨嵯山城은 百濟의 阿旦城에 비정되며, 『三國史記』에 따르면 286년 이전에 축조된 것으로 보인다. 또한 396년 高句麗가 아단성을 공취한 적이 있으며, 475년 고구려가 漢城을 공함할 당시 백제의 蓋鹵王을 아단성 아래에서 참살한 것으로 기록되어 전한다. 아차산성에 대한 고고학적 조사는 1994년에 시작되어 1999년까지 몇 차례에 걸쳐 실시되었다. 현재까지의 조사 성과를 종합해 보면 아차선성은 둘레 1,038.58m의 포곡식산성이며, 평면 형태는 부정육각형이다. 성벽은 다듬어진 석재를 사용하여 내외협축으로 축조하였으며, 축조 당시의 높이는 7~8m 가량 되었던 것으로 추정된다. 성벽 바깥쪽 기저부에는 별도의 보축 성벽을 축조하였는데, 이는 5세기 후반 이후의 신라성에서 주로 보이는 기법이다. 문지는 남쪽과 동쪽에서 확인되는데 동문지는 현문식이다. 성내부에서는 여러 기의 건물지와 우물 및 저수시설 등이 조사되었다. 출토유물을 통해 볼 때 현존하는 성벽의 축조시점은 7세기 초반으로 추정되며, 9세기 중엽까지 사용된 것으로 보인다. 또한 출토된 명문기와를 통해 볼 때 아차산성은 7세기 전반이후 신라의 北漢山城으로 사용된 것으로 추정된다. 아차산성에 대한 고고학적 조사를 통해서 현존하는 아차산성과 관련된 몇몇 사항에 대해서는 자료를 얻을 수 있었다. 그러나 지금까지의 조사가 지표조사나 시굴조사 등 제한적인 것이어서 아직까지 아차산성의 실체가 명확하게 드러나지 않고 있다. 특히 초축 시점과 백제의 아단성으로 기능할 당시의 모습, 고구려의 한성공함 당시와 이후의 모습에 대해서는 아직 이렇다할만한 자료가 없는 것이 사실이다. 향후 조사를 통하여 이와 관련된 자세한 내용이 밝혀질 것을 기대한다.

백제 한성도읍기의 도성체계와 아차산성

김기섭 고려대학교 역사연구소 2014 사총 Vol.81 No.-

Capital fortress was originally refered to Gwakseong fortress surrounding the city where the king lived. The usual point was that the Royal palace (=the inner fortress) was located in Gwakseong fortress. But in particular period like ‘Warring States Period’ on ancient china, when all states are competing over a period of decades for the purpose of unification, the inner fortress was located separately outside Gwakseong fortress for escape of the king. The main capital fortress of that period were Handan fortress, Imchi fortress and Yeonhado fortress. According to the Samguksagi, Hanseong fortress, the capital fortress of Baekje, was composed of a North fortress and a South fortress. The North fortress is equated with present-day Pungnaptoseong fortress and the South fortress is equated with present-day Mongchontoseong fortress. They would have installed defense in Achasan Mt, where was across from Han River to defend Baekje capital fortress which was located near by Han River. Through the excavation result, it has been known that present-day Achasanseong fortress was built with stone by Silla. Thus it is possible that Achaseong fortress of Baekje would be located around Achasanseong fortress. It might be at the lower area with a view of Pungnaptoseong fortress. We need to consider the excavation for finding Achaseong fortress of Baekje. 도성이라는 말은 본래 중국에서 왕(천자)이 사는 도시를 감싼 곽성(郭城)을 가리켰다. 곽성은 왕이 사는 내성(內城)=왕성(王城)을 감싸는 것이 보통이었지만, 열국(列國)의 전쟁이 잦았던 전국시대에는 왕의 안전을 위해 내성이 곽성 바깥에 따로 자리잡기도 했다. 대표적인 사례가 조(趙)의 한단성(邯鄲城), 제(齊)의 임치성(臨淄城), 연(燕)의 하도성(下都城) 등이다. <삼국사기> 등의 기록에 따르면, 백제의 한성은 북성(北城)과 남성(南城)으로 이루어져 있었다. 북성은 지금의 풍납토성, 남성은 지금의 몽촌토성이다. 강변에 위치한 백제 도성을 안전하게 지키려면 한강 건너편의 아차산에 방어시설을 설치했을 것이다. 발굴조사를 통해 지금의 아차산성은 신라가 쌓은 석성(石城)임이 밝혀졌다. 그렇다면 백제의 아차성(阿且城)은 그 주변지역에 위치했을 개연성이 있다. 아마도 풍납토성이 잘 내려다보이는 높지 않은 곳에 위치한 토성이었을 것이다. 백제 아차성을 찾기 위한 발굴조사가 필요하다.

百濟都城과 益山

최완규 원광대학교 마한백제문화연구소 2019 馬韓, 百濟文化 Vol.34 No.-

Baekje Kingdom, which was recorded in 『The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms (三國史記)』 to have been founded over the Hangang river basin in the 18th century B.C.E. and to have transferred its capital to Ungjin (熊津) in Gongju and to Sabi (泗沘) in Buyeo over the Geumgang river basin, had built the capital fortresses by making the most of natural geographical conditions, with the Hangang and Geumgang rivers flowing from the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula to the West Sea in the north. Depending on the period, the kingdom left behind different cultures of capital fortress as well as unique characteristics in the structure of the fortress and royal tomb system in the area. In particular, the planned capital fortress of Sabi shows a different form of fortress from those of previous Hanseong or Woongjin periods, since an outer castle Naseong (羅城) was constructed there. Besides, noteworthy is Busosanseong which was a backup castle for the palace and is thought to have played a role not only as the castle for evacuation in emergency but also as the escort of the palace. It is also believed to have served as a center for patrols and repairs while controlling the entire Naseong. The same example is well illustrated in Iksan capital fortress (tentative name). A fortress was constructed there as an outer castle surrounding the capital fortress, utilizing the natural streams such as Okryongcheon and Busangcheon as an inner castle, and the palace was constructed in its center for the first time in the case of Baekje’s capital fortresses. This kind of layout for a capital fortress has rather complete form as a capital fortress than the previous ones in the three districts. In addition, remains of roads have been discovered in the inner castle around the place, making it possible to figure out the shape of a city formed with the palace in the center. In case of the relics particularly from Jeseoksa Temple characteristic of royal ancestral shrine and Sindong-ri relics characteristic of ancestral rites, it could be confirmed that they are faithfully following the arrangement of the capital fortresses according to ‘royal ancestral shrine to the left and royal court to the right (左廟右社)’ as specified in Zhouli Kaogogongji (周禮考工記). In addition, Iksan not only retains in good condition the indigenous elements of ancient capital fortress such as Mireuksa Temple (彌勒寺), Jeseoksa Temple (帝釋寺), Twin Royal Tombs (双陵), fortresses (城郭), etc. which are some of components of the ancient capital fortresses, but also has documentary records supporting the fact that Baekje transferred its capital to Iksan in the late period. Although there still are controversies over the issue of capital transfer, it is possible to fully prove Iksan as the capital of Baekje, in that it has the perfect defense system and the first royal palace of Baekje was built there. Baekje seems to have a complete system as a capital fortress in Iksan with all of its outer castle, inner castle and royal court, which had gradually been transformed from a simple royal castle. 三國史記』에 B.C.18년 한강유역에서 건국하여 금강유역의 熊津(公州), 泗沘(扶餘)로 천도한 것으로 기록되어 있는 백제는 한반도 서남부에서 서해로 흐르는 한강과 금강을 북쪽에 두고 자연지리적인 유리한 조건을 최대한 이용하여 도성을 축성하고 있으며, 시기에 따라 각각 다른 王都文化를 지역에 남기고 있으며, 都城의 構造나 왕실의 묘제에서도 다른 특징을 보이고 있다. 특히 계획적으로 조성된 사비도성의 경우는 앞선 한성이나 웅진시기와 다른 도성형태를 갖추게 되는데, 바로 외곽성인 나성축조가 그것이다. 또한 궁궐의 배후성으로서 유사시 피난성 성격을 가진 부소산성이 주목되는데, 아마 궁궐의 호위를 담당하기도 하지만 나성 전체를 관할하면서 순찰이나 성곽 보수 등의 중심지 역할을 했을 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 예는 익산(가칭)도성에서도 잘 나타난다. 도성 주변에 산성을 외곽성으로 배치하고 자연하천인 옥룡천과 부상천을 내성과 같은 역할로 이용하고, 그 중심에 백제도성 최초로 궁성을 축조하고 있다. 이러한 도성 배치는 앞선 세 지역의 도성에 비해 완전한 도성 형태를 갖추고 있다. 또한 궁성을 중심으로 내성에서 도로유구가 발견되고 있어 궁성으로 중심으로 조성된 도시의 형태를 추정할 수 있다. 특히 종묘 성격의 제석사나 제사유적의 신동리 유적의 예를 보면 周禮 考工記의 ‘左廟右社’의 도성배치를 충실히 따르고 있음도 확인된다. 또한 익산은 고대 도성의 구성요소인 彌勒寺, 帝釋寺, 双陵, 城郭 등 고고유적들이 양호한 상태로 남아있을 뿐 아니라, 백제말기 천도사실을 뒷받침하는 문헌기록도 남아 있어서 익산 역시 백제 왕도였음이 증명된다. 천도와 관련하여 논쟁이 있지만, 도성 구조에서는 어느 지역보다 완벽한 방어체계와 백제도성 최초로 궁성이 건설된 점에서 백제도성의 완전성을 살필 수 있다. 백제는 왕성 중심의 도성체계에서 점차 변천을 거쳐 익산도성에 이르러 외곽성과 내성, 그리고 궁성을 모두 갖춘 완전한 도성체계를 갖춘 것으로 보인다.

六溪土城의 調査ㆍ硏究成果와 歷史的 價値

백종오 한국고대학회 2022 선사와 고대 Vol.- No.68

This article summarizes the archaeological achievements of Yukgye Earthen Fortress through surface surveys and excavation surveys. Then, it examines the current status, structure, and historical value of Yukgye Earthen Fortress by reviewing documents in the Joseon Dynasty and modern maps before and after the Japanese colonial period. The natural environment of Yukgye Earthen Fortress consists of the alluvial plateau on the riverbank of meandering rivers, the cliffs formed along the Chugaryeong Tectonic Valley, the development of rapids due to the inflow of tributary streams, mountainous areas such as Mt. Gamak and Mt. Papyeong in the south, and tributary rivers flowing to the north. It is believed that such a blessed environment acted as the cause of the formation of Yukgye Earthen Fortress and many fortress relics around it. In the Joseon Dynasty literature on Yukgye Earthen Fortress, the name Yukgye Toseong(六溪土城, meaning Yukgye Earthen Fortress) was used in the Jeokseonghyeon Eupji(積城縣邑誌, Journal of Jeokseong-hyeon) after it was mentioned in Gihaeng Musul Juhaenggi(記行戊戌舟行記) as Yukgye Goru(drum tower) by Misu Heo Mok in 1658. In a topographical map of 1914, "Yukgye Toseongji(六溪土城址, meaning the site of Yukgye Earthen Fortress)" was indicated. It was indicated as Yukgye Seong(六溪城 meaning Yukgye Castle) in a national forest boundary map of 1915. The fortress structure shows the three-layered plane: inner, outer, and baby castles. Next, looking at its historical value, Yukgye Earthen Fortress condenses the appearance and development stages of the fortress and provides a junction point of earthen fortresses on flat ground and mountainous stone fortresses. Chiljung Fortress(Chiljungseong) at the rear also changed from an earthen fortress to a stone fortress during this period. Until the middle of the 7th century, Chiljung Fortress was a multi-layered earthen fortress. It was a double-layered fortress, like YukgyeEarthen Fortress. For example, in the Samguk Sagi(三國史記, History of the Three Kingdoms), Goguryeo's invasion of Chiljung Fortress in October and November of the same year, brilliant performances of Alcheon of Silla Kingdom, and Goguryeo's attack on Chiljungseong in November 660, and deaths of King and the ordinary people during the war occurred in theearthen fortresses with several layers. In addition, Horo Goru, known for stone structure with earthen axis along the Imjin River or stone fortress, Dangpo Fortress, Eundaeri Fortress, and Deokjin Mountain Fortress, also assumed to have natural structures of the earthen structure until this time. In addition, as the only triple flat castle in Korea, Yukgye Earthen Fortress was the largest base fortress in the Baekje Hanseong Period in the Imjin River Basin. The best Goguryeo relics and relics in South Korea were excavated there. After that, a military defense system was established centered on Horogoru, Dangpo Fortress, Eundaeri Fortress, Ami Fortress, Durubong Fortress, and Taebongsan Fortress. In other words, the combination relationship of Yukgye Earthen Fortress + Chiljung Fortress + Mt. Gamak = flatland fortress + mountain fortress + high and stiff mountain was the basis for forming the ancient military defense system in the Imjin River basin. So far, this study has tried to figure out the plane structure of the earthen fortress through the historical review of Yukgye Earthen Fortress. It provides a standard for examining the change process by period in the future. It is considered necessary to approach the fortresses with diverse perspectives with comprehension of natural topography and artificial structures such as rapids, cliffs, and mounds in the future. 이 글은 육계토성의 고고학적 성과를 지표조사와 발굴조사 등으로 나누어 정리한 후조선시대 문헌과 일제강점기 전후 근대 지도류 등의 검토를 통해 육계토성의 현황 및 구조 그리고 역사적 가치를 살펴본 것이다. 육계토성의 자연환경은 사행하천의 하안 충적대지, 추가령 구조곡을 따라 형성된 단애, 지류하천의 유입에 따른 나루와 여울의 발달, 남쪽의 감악산, 파평산 등 산간지대와북류하는 지류하천 등으로 요약된다. 이러한 천혜의 환경은 육계토성과 그 주변에 많은성곽유적을 잉태하는 원인으로 작용하였다고 여겨진다. 육계토성에 관한 조선시대 문헌은 1658년 미수 허목의 「記行戊戌舟行記」에 ‘六溪 古壘’라고 언급된 이후 『積城縣邑誌』 에서 ‘六溪土城’이라는 명칭을 사용하고 있다. 1914년 지형도에서는 ‘六溪土城址’, 1915 년 국유림 경계도에는 ‘六溪城’으로 표기하고 있다. 성의 구조는 성의 구조는 내성, 외성, 자성의 3중 성곽의 평면을 보여주고 있다. 다음으로 그 역사적 가치를 보면, 육계토성은 성의 출현과 발전단계를 응축하고 있으며 평지 토성과 산지 석성의 갈래를 제공하고 있다. 현재 배후의 칠중성 역시 이 시기를거치면서 토축성에서 석축성으로 변화하였으며 이전 7세기 중반까지도 육계토성과 마찬가지로 여러 겹의 토성 즉 重城이었다고 할 수 있다. 예컨대 『三國史記』에 나타난, 638년10월과 동년 11월에 벌어진 고구려의 칠중성 침입, 신라 알천의 활약, 660년 11월에 고구려의 칠중성 공격과 군주 필부 전사 등의 사건은 여러 겹의 土城에서 벌어졌다고 하겠다. 이외 임진강 변의 토심석축 혹은 석축성으로 알려진 호로고루, 당포성, 은대리성, 덕진산성 등도 이 시기까지는 토성의 景觀이 자연스럽지 않을까 한다. 또한 국내 유일의 3중 평지성으로 임진강 유역 백제 한성기의 최대 거점성에 해당된다. 그리고 남한내 최고의 고구려계 유구와 유물이 발굴되었으며 이후 호로고루와 당포성, 은대리성, 아미성, 두루봉보루, 태봉산보루 등을 위시하는 관방체계를 구축하게 된다. 즉 육계토성+칠중성+감악산=평지성+산성+고험처의 조합관계는 임진강유역의 고대 관방체계를 형성하는 모태가 된다고 할 수 있다. 지금까지 육계토성의 연구사적 검토를 통해 토성의 평면 구조를 파악해 보았는데 이는 향후 시기별 변천과정을 고찰하는데 하나의 기준을 제공하였다고 생각한다. 앞으로여울, 단애, 토루 등 자연 지형과 인공 구조물에 대한 다양한 관점과 이해를 가지고 성곽에 접근하는 자세가 필요하다고 여겨진다.

백제 한성기 몽촌토성의 성격과 기능

이차원 백제학회 2025 백제학보 Vol.- No.53

In previous studies, Mongchontoseong has generally been understood as a defensive fortress constructed in preparation for emergencies. This view emerged partly because Pungnaptoseong was identified as Hanam Wiryeseong, the early capital fortress of Baekje, necessitating its characterization as a fortress of a different nature. In this process, the relationship between Pungnaptoseong and Mongchontoseong was interpreted according to the perspective that Three Kingdoms period capital cities were composed of a paired set of plains fortresses and mountain fortresses. Due to this background, research on Mongchontoseong during the Hanseong period of Baekje focused mainly on its defensive functions, and other possible roles have not been extensively explored. However, numerous new archaeological findings from excavations carried out since the 2010s have challenged the simplistic understanding of Mongchontoseong solely as a defensive facility. Therefore, this study aims to reexamine the nature and functions of Mongchontoseong as a constituent element of the Baekje Hanseong royal capital. Previous research emphasized the fortification’s location, scale, wooden palisade remains, and the patterns of weapons and defensive artifacts uncovered as evidence supporting the view of Mongchontoseong as a mountain fortress for emergency defense complementing the royal fortress of Pungnaptoseong. Yet, upon review, it is difficult to consider Mongchontoseong as a fortress specialized exclusively for defense, and this study suggests reconsideration of the existing interpretations. By comprehensively examining archaeological excavation results and historical records, it is concluded that Mongchontoseong fulfilled diverse functions including residential, storage, ritual, production, and royal garden. This indicates that Mongchontoseong was not merely a fortress specialized for defense but rather a complex space sharing various roles necessary for the operation of the royal capital system alongside Pungnaptoseong during the Baekje Hanseong period.

百濟 漢城期 關防體系 檢討

吳康錫(Oh Kang-Suk) 한국고대학회 2007 先史와 古代 Vol.26 No.-

  백제는 한강변에 도읍을 정하여 한강유역의 안정되고 풍부한 생산력을 바탕으로 일찍이 고대 국가로 발전할 수 있었다. 백제의 성장은 같은 시기에 공존했던 신라와 고구려에 자극을 주게 되었으며, 이에따라 한강유역이 크게 대두되기 시작하였다.<BR>  한강유역에서 백제 유물이 출토되고 지정학적으로 백제 성곽이 자리하였을 것으로 추정되는 유적은 모두 51개소이다. 이 유적들의 배치를 살펴보면, 풍납토성을 중심으로 동쪽에는 이성산성, 서쪽에는 삼성동토성, 남쪽에는 몽촌토성, 북쪽에는 아차산성이 확인된다. 이 4방위성에서는 교통로가 사방으로 뻗어나갔으며 각각의 결절지상에는 성곽이 배치되었다. 북쪽의 아차산성에서는 자비령로ㆍ방원령로ㆍ포천천로가 시작되었으며, 서쪽의 삼성동토성에서는 재령로가 이어진다. 또한 남쪽의 몽촌토성은 서부내륙지역으로 진행하는 삼남대로가, 동쪽의 이성산성에서는 남한강유역으로 이어지는 남한강로와 영남대로가 확인된다. 이외에 서해안에는 해안선을 따라 성곽이 점단위로 배치되어있으며 각각의 교통로를 연결하는 동서방향의 교통로를 통해 남북 교통로들이 연결된다.<BR>  교통로상의 성곽은 긴 시간에 걸쳐 축성된 것으로 보이며, 지역내 중심성곽을 시기를 달리하며 변화한 것으로 추정된다. 초기 유적들의 규모는 몇몇을 제외하고는 중형에 해당되는 둘레 600m를 유지하고 후기의 유적들은 대형에 속하는 800~1200m 정도내지는 그 이상의 규모를 가지고 있다.<BR>  성곽의 대체현상은 관방체계에도 영향을 미쳤다. 초기의 관방체계가 교통로를 통해 풍납토성으로 진출하는 적군을 차단하고 아울러 대외 팽창을 목적으로 구성되었다면, 후기에는 고구려ㆍ신라와의 대규모 전투를 목적으로 거점성과 여기에 속하는 주변지역의 부속성으로 구성된 복합적인 성격을 지닌다. 다시말해, 교통로를 따라 형성된 종심방어체계에서 위성방어체계로 변화하는데, 그 시기는 중앙집권적 통치체계가 확립된 이후로 여겨진다.   Fifty-one relics show that the fortress of Baekje may geopolitically have established themselves judging from the relics of Baekje excavated in the basin. They were arranged centering on Pungnaptosung with Isungsansung in the east, Samsungdongtosung in the west, Mongchontosung in the south and Achasansung in the north. In these fortress of the four defense fortress, roads ran in all directions and fortress were placed on them. Achasansung in the north started Jabiryungno, Bangwonno, and Pochunchunno. And Jaeryungno was connected in Samsungdongtosung in the west. Also, in Mongchontosung in the south I confirmed Samnamdaero running to western inland regions and in Isungsansung in the east a waterway of the Southern Han River and Youngnamdaero connected to the basin of the river. Besides, in the west coast fortress were placed along a coastline in dots. South-north roads were connected through east-west roads connecting individual roads with each other.<BR>  The fortress on the roads seem to have been completed built one by one for a long time, and the central fortress in the region may have been changed in different periods. early relics except some are six hundred meters round, which corresponds to a medium size, whereas late ones are about 800 to 1200 meters round or more, which belongs to a large size.<BR>  Replacement of fortress also affected the national defense system. The system at the beginning was constructed for the purpose of blocking the enemy advancing to Pungnaptosung through the roads, while the one in the latter period was complexly composed of a position castle and subsidiary fortress belonging to it for the purpose of waging a large-scale battle with Goguryeo and silla. In other words, the system was changed from Center-line defense system formed along the roads to satellite defense system whose period is regarded as after a centralist ruling system was established.