1940년대 대동아공영권 구상과 남양민족의 아시아성 이토 겐(井東憲) 저 『남양의 민족과 문화』의 질병·기형으로서의 혼혈과 인종주의

김효순 ( Kim Hyo-sun ) 고려대학교 글로벌일본연구원 2021 일본연구 Vol.36 No.0

This study is an analysis of the prospect of the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere and the Asian characteristics of the people of South Sea as described in “People and Culture of South Sea” by Gen Ito. Ito perceived all peoples of South Sea as belonging in the same category as all other ethnics groups in Asia, physically based on the “blood”, and mentally based on the pursuit of “Misogi (ritual of purification)”. Ito believed that the invasion by the West, mainly driven by the Jewish people, would disrupt this mental and physical bond that ties all Asians together. In his view, intermixing of the Asian and non-Asian races was an intentional consequence of the Western people infiltrating Asia. He argued that this was systematically planned by the West, especially the Jewish people, ultimately trying to assimilate the culture of South Sea to the Western culture, causing the people of South Sea to lose their Asian characteristics. Based on these speculations, Ito claimed that all Asians should unite against foreign invasion on the basis of their kinship and the Asian value of Misogi, and that the Yamato people of Japan, who are superior to the rest of Asians, are obliged to carry out the task of leading the rest of Asia. At the core of his prospect of the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere was such idea that the Yamato people, representing the spirit of pan-Asia, should liberate the people of South Sea from the Western imperialism and that the rest of Asia should thus follow and cooperate. Ito’s idea of the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity implies racism based on the theory of evolution and eugenics, sharing its root with Fascism. In 1940, when “People and Culture of South Sea” was written, Japan established and enforced the “public hygiene law” that was inspired by the “sterilization law” of the Nazis. Ito accommodated Nazi eugenics to assume the Jewish people as the center of Western imperialism and urged a pan-Asian counteraction. On the one hand, Ito consciously rejected the West-centric view on the culture of South Sea and provided a holistic description of the people of South Sea from an Asian perspective, diversifying viewpoints on the culture and people of South Sea. On the other hand, he relied on Western ideologies such as the theory of evolution and Nazi eugenics in order to support his scheme of the Greater East-Asia Co-prosperity sphere. Ito’s agenda to preserve Asian identity of the people of South Sea and his idea of the Greater East-Asia Co-prosperity sphere thus elicits logical incoherence.

1940년대 대동아공영권 구상과 남양민족의 아시아성 : 이토 겐(井東憲) 저 『남양의 민족과 문화』의 질병·기형으로서의 혼혈과 인종주의

김효순( Kim, Hyo-sun) 고려대학교 글로벌일본연구원 2021 일본연구 Vol.36 No.-

본 논문에서는 이토 겐의 『남양의 민족과 문화』에 나타난 대동아공영권 구상과 남양민족의 아시아성이 성격을 분석하였다. 이토에게 남양의 제민족은 육체적으로는 ‘피’로 이어진 아시아민족이라는 친연성을 지닌 존재이고 정신적으로는 ‘미소기=청결’을 추구하는 아시아 정신으로 묶여 있는 존재이다. 이토는 이와 같은 남양을 비롯한 아시아의 제민족의 혈연적 유대와 정신은 유태인을 중심으로 한 서구 제민족의 침입에 의해 기형이 될 것이라고 생각한다. 아시아 민족의 혼혈은, 이민족 정복자 혹은 침략자의 이혈(異血) 혼입에 의해 이루어진 것이고. 혼혈은 우연이 아니다. 그것은 서구인=유태인의 음모로 이루어진 것으로, 남양민족은 본래의 아시아적 성격을 상실하고 이민족(백인) 문화에 동화되고 있다는 것이다. 이에 대해 이토는, 아시아 민족은 같은 ‘피’와 같은 아시아 정신을 공유하는 민족적 유대감으로 공동 대응해야 하고, 야마토 민족은 아시아 민족 중 가장 우수한 민족으로서 아시아 민족을 선도할 사명감이 있다고 하며 대동아공영권 확립을 주장한다. 우수한 아시아 민족의 대표 야마토 민족은 위기에 처한 남양 민족을 해방하고, 아시아 정신을 유지하는 것을 사명으로 알아야 하며, 다른 아시아 민족은 이에 협조, 동조해야 한다. 이것이 이토가 구상한 대동아 공영권의 요체이자 논리이다. 이와 같은 이토의 대동아공영권 논리에는 파시즘의 이론적 근거로 활용되었던 진화론이나 우생학을 바탕으로 하는 인종주의가 내재되어 있다. 『남양의 민족과 문화』집필 시기인 1940년은 일본에서 우생사상이 파시즘과 결합하여, 타민족의 절멸을 불사하는 나치의 강제불임법인 ‘단종법’을 모델로 한 ｢국민위생법｣이 제정되어 시행된 시기였다. 이토는 이러한 나치의 우생 정책의 논리로, 유태인을 서구 제국주의의 배후 세력으로 상정하고 그를 대상으로 아시아 민족의 공동대응을 촉구하고자 한 것이다. 이와 같은 이토의 아시아 민족 인식은, 의식적으로 서구 백인들의 남양 인식을 배제하고, 아시아적 시각에서 남양민족의 전체상을 그렸다는 점에서는 남양의 민족과 문화를 입체적으로 이해할 수 있는 시좌를 제공하는 자료라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 그는 의식적으로 서구 백인들의 시각에서 벗어나 아시아적으로 남양에 대한 지식을 구축하고자 했음에도 불구하고, 그 과정에서 논리적 근거로 활용한 것은 비과학적 진화론 혹은 우생사상이라는 서구의 학문이었다고 할 수 있다. 이런 점에서 이토가 도출한 남양 민족의 아시아성과 그를 바탕으로 구상했던 대동아공영권은 논리적 모순을 노정시킬 수 밖에 없었다고 할 수 있다. This study is an analysis of the prospect of the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere and the Asian characteristics of the people of South Sea as described in “People and Culture of South Sea” by Gen Ito. Ito perceived all peoples of South Sea as belonging in the same category as all other ethnics groups in Asia, physi-cally based on the “blood”, and mentally based on the pursuit of “Misogi (ritual of purification)”. Ito believed that the invasion by the West, mainly driven by the Jewish people, would disrupt this mental and physical bond that ties all Asians together. In his view, intermixing of the Asian and non-Asian races was an inten-tional consequence of the Western people infiltrating Asia. He argued that this was systematically planned by the West, especially the Jewish people, ultimately trying to assimilate the culture of South Sea to the Western culture, causing the people of South Sea to lose their Asian characteristics. Based on these speculations, Ito claimed that all Asians should unite against foreign invasion on the basis of their kinship and the Asian value of Misogi, and that the Yamato people of Japan, who are superior to the rest of Asians, are ob-liged to carry out the task of leading the rest of Asia. At the core of his prospect of the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere was such idea that the Yamato peo-ple, representing the spirit of pan-Asia, should liberate the people of South Sea from the Western imperialism and that the rest of Asia should thus follow and cooperate. Ito’s idea of the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity implies racism based on the theory of evolution and eugenics, sharing its root with Fascism. In 1940, when “People and Culture of South Sea” was written, Japan established and enforced the “public hygiene law” that was inspired by the “sterilization law” of the Nazis. Ito accommodated Nazi eugenics to assume the Jewish people as the center of Western imperialism and urged a pan-Asian counteraction. On the one hand, Ito consciously rejected the West-centric view on the culture of South Sea and provided a holistic description of the people of South Sea from an Asian perspective, diversifying viewpoints on the culture and people of South Sea. On the other hand, he relied on Western ideologies such as the theory of evolution and Nazi eugenics in order to support his scheme of the Greater East-Asia Co-prosperity sphere. Ito’s agenda to preserve Asian identity of the peo-ple of South Sea and his idea of the Greater East-Asia Co-prosperity sphere thus elicits logical incoherence.

동아지중해론과 고대 황해의 지중해적 성격

권덕영 ( Deok Young Kwon ) 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2011 지중해지역연구 Vol.13 No.2

In recent years, Korea and Japan named a wide range of East Asian waters including the East Sea, Yellow Sea, South China Sea, and Okhotsk Sea as East Asian Mediterranean Sea and presented East Asian Mediterranean Sea Theory that explains historical developments of the East Asia. Geography and oceanography define that a mediterranean sea is surrounded by lands, and at the same time, is linked to the ocean through a few narrow streams. The definition goes on to claim that it does not have its own current and that it crosses waters of different salt concentration and temperature. The East Asian Mediterranean Sea does not fit into such geographical conditions and features, lacks cultural diversity and interrelationship, and humane characteristics. The Yellow Sea of the East Asian Mediterranean Sea is not a perfect match with typical mediterranean geographical features, but has oceanographic features of a mediterranean sea in part. In addition, the Yellow Sea was a channel for political, cultural, and economic exchanges in ancient East Asia. Different cultures of China, Korea, and Japan met thorough the Yellow Sea. This means the Yellow Sea partially has geographic and cultural characteristics of the Mediterranean and deserves to be called semi-East Asian Mediterranean Sea

海洋史觀으로 본 한국 고대사의 발전과 종언

尹明喆(Youn Myong-Cheol) 한국사연구회 2003 한국사연구 Vol.123 No.-

The purpose of this research is to interpret the Korean history in terms of the ocean historical view. In particular, it gives a concept of the development process of ancient history under a view named East Asian-Mediterranean-Sea model. In Korean history, Ocean plays critical role to make political, cultural, and economical exchange. Therefore, we need to employ two perspectives that implicate the land and the ocean together based on the geographical conditions such as peninsula, sea and land simultaneously to understand the Korean history appropriately. Accordingly, it is necessary to make a study on ocean history. In order to understand the history concretely and efficiently, and make implication from the historical understanding, we can review the point through constructing the East Asian-Mediterranean-Sea model, based on ocean historical view. With the standpoint on Korean peninsular, East Asian Sea territory is consisted of the eastern sea, tartarian straits, and southern sea, which are located between Korean peninsular and Japanese island. Also, there is an inland sea named yellow sea between China and Korean peninsular. The southern Korean peninsular, Western Japanese Island, and Southern Chinese land, located below Yangtze river, are linked together through a intermediary, named Eastern Chinese sea. Therefore, the East Asia sea territory resemble the Mediterranean Sea in its shape relatively, not perfectly though. With the consideration of various natural environment and oceanic conditions, The East Asian-Mediterranean-Sea is likely to contain similar historical space each other. Most of East Asian tribes crowd round this area, and these people interchange through the sea. Under the cultural diversity in this area, stability culture became to meet the mobility culture. The ocean is located in the core of East Asia, and it has significant meaning and function. Maritime activities were vivacious from Ancient Cho-Sun and Sam-Han era. Go-Cu-Ryo dynasty became a powerful country through both management of the land and expansion of the sea in its peak. It extinguished, however, by the amphibious invasion from the alliance composed of Shin-La dynasty and Dang dynasty of China. Baek-Je dynasty began its maritime activity from its early stage. There are signs that it negotiated with China actively via Northern China and sea, and it advanced into China directly at its heyday. In addition, Baek-Je went to Japanese Island in earnest through the sea. Ga-Ya dynasty inherited maritime tradition from Kun-Han, Jin-Han, and other dynasty, and develops its oceanic culture and made active trade with Japanese Island. Shin-la dynasty entered into Japan in its beginning, and the oceanic culture progressed when the King Jin-Hung secured Kyoung-Ki gulf. After then, Shin-la also used sea to negotiate with Dang dynasty confidentially when it made Baek-Je fall. In seventh century, there was the international war that caused reorganization of power among the east asian dynasties in the East Asian mediterranean sea. As a result of the war, Dang dynasty in China, Shin-La, Bal-Hae in Korean peninsula, and Japan were born. In the process of international war among three nations, the maritime power of each nation played the important role. However, the nations in Korean peninsula were forfeited the roles as balancing political and military power in East Asian Mediterranean region as a result of the war. Therefore, the nations in Korean peninsular turned out to be the circumference nations that were affected by China.

동아시아 연안해로의 추이와 한반도 남부지역 포구세력의 동향

강봉룡 국립해양유산연구소 2025 해양유산연구 Vol.23 No.-

한반도를 기준으로 하여 고대 동아시아 연안해로를 ‘서남해 연안해로’와 ‘동남해 연안해로’로 나누어보고, 각 단계별로 핵심 환적 거점과 주도세력, 남부 포구세력의 변화 등을 중심으로 동아시아 연안해로의 운영 실태와 변화의 추이를 거시적으로 고찰하였다. 먼저 1단계는 고조선과 낙랑·대방군 등이 대동강 유역의 평양지역을 핵심 환적 거점으로 삼아 ‘서남해연안해로’를 주도하면서 동아시아 문물교류를 활성화시켜 갔던 B.C.3세기~A.D.3세기의 시기에 해당한다. ‘서남해 연안해로’ 상의 요소요소에 중국 화폐가 발견될 정도로 동아시아 문물교류가 활성화되었고, 이 시기 한반도 남부 포구세력으로는 아산만 일대의 한국, 낙동강 하구 김해지역의 구야한국, 그리고 해남백포만 일대의 신미국과 사천시 늑도의 세력 등을 거론하였다. 2단계는 낙랑군과 대방군이 축출된 이후 고구려와 백제가 치열한 혈투를 벌이면서 ‘서남해 연안해로’가경색되고 그 대신 ‘동남해 연안해로’가 대안 해로로 부상하는 4세기 전반의 시기에 해당한다. 2단계에는신라가 새로운 핵심 환적 거점으로 대두한 경주평야를 중심으로 ‘동남해 연안해로’를 주도하였고, 김해의금관국이 신라-금관국-왜로 이어지는 새로운 교역체계에 편승하여 활로를 찾고자 하였으며, 교역체계에서 소외된 금관국 이서以西의 8개 포구세력이 반발하여 금관국을 공격하기도 하였다. 3단계는 백제가 고구려와의 대결에서 결정적 승리를 거두고 한강 유역의 서울지역을 핵심 환적 거점으로삼아 ‘서남해 연안해로’를 주도하게 되는 4세기 후반의 시기에 해당한다. 3단계에 백제는 전북 서해안의포구세력들을 복속하고, 서남해 해남지역의 침미다례를 격파하였는가 하면, 남해안의 가야 포구세력들을포섭함으로써, 왜에 이르는 남부 ‘서남해 연안해로’를 주도한 것으로 파악하였다. 4단계는 심각한 삼국 대결 구도가 형성되어 동아시아 연안해로가 심각한 경색 국면에 빠져드는 4세기말~5세기의 시기에 해당한다. 4단계에는 남부 포구세력들이 중심이 되어 ‘서남해 연안해로’의 남부구간을 통해서 왜倭에 이르는 ‘가능한 범위 내의 문물교류’를 진행해 나갔다. 5세기 중반까지는 아라가야(안라국)가 주도하였고, 5세기 후반부터는 소가야(고자국)가 주도한 것으로 파악하였다. 5세기 후반에해남 북일면 일대에서 제주 지역과 해상교류를 독점하고 ‘탐라’라는 이름을 공유하면서 유력한 포구세력이 대두한 것도 주목하였다. 5단계는 삼국간 대결 국면이 더욱 증폭되어 동아시아 연안해로가 총체적 경색 국면의 수렁에 빠져드는6세기~7세기 전반의 시기에 해당한다. 본고에서는 이 시기 한반도 남부의 포구세력들이 백제와 신라에의해 분점되어 삼국 정립鼎立체제에 편입되어가는 불안정한 과정에 있었음을 지적하는 것에 그쳤다. This study divides East Asian coastal sea roads into the West-South Coast Sea Road and the East-South Coast Sea Road, and considers from a macroscopic perspective the operational status and trend of changes in East Asian coastal sea routes, with the focus on changes in key transshipment bases, leaders, and southern port forces at each stage. The first stage corresponds to the period spanning the third century BC to the third century AD, when Gojoseon, Nakrang-gun and Daebang-gun led the West-South Coast Sea Road by using the Pyongyang area of the Daedong River as their key transshipment base and revitalized commercial & cultural exchanges in East Asia. Indeed, such exchanges appear to have been very active as Chinese currency has been found in various places along the West-South Coast Sea Road. During this period there were the southern port forces of the Korean Peninsula, including Hanguk in the Asan Bay area, Guyahanguk in the Gimhae area at the mouth of the Nakdonggang River, Sinmiguk in the Baekpo Bay area of Haenam, and Neukdo Island in the area of Sacheon City, etc. The second stage corresponds to the first half of the fourth century, when Goguryeo and Baekje engaged in a fierce battle after Nakrang-gun and Daebang-gun were ousted, and the West-South Coast Sea Road emerged as an alternative sea route. During this period, Silla dominated the East-South Coast Sea Road around the Gyeongju Plain, which emerged as a new key transshipment base, and Gimhae's Geumgwanguk tried to find a way out by riding on the new trade system leading to Silla, Geumgwanguk, the eight port forces in the west of Geumgwanguk, which were alienated from the trade system, protested and attacked the Geumgwanguk. The third stage corresponds to the second half of the fourth century, when Baekje won a decisive victory in the confrontation with Goguryeo and led the West-South Coast Sea Road by using the Seoul area along the Han River as its key transshipment base. In this stage, Baekje was found to have led the West-South Coast Sea Road leading to Japan by subjugating the port forces on the west coast of Jeollabuk-do and defeating Chimmidarye in the west-south sea, and capturing Gaya port forces on the south coast. The fourth stage corresponds to the period from the end of the fourth century to the fifth century, when a serious three-countries confrontation structure is formed and the East Asian coastal sea route fell into a serious jam phase. In the fourth stage, ‘exchanges within the possible range’ were carried out through the southern sectionof the West- South Coast Sea Road, centering on the southern port forces. It was understood that Aragaya (Anraguk) led it until the middle of the fifth century, and that Sogaya(Gojaguk) led it from the second half of the fifth century. In the late fifth century, it was also noted that a powerful port force emerged to monopolize maritime exchanges with the Jeju area, and shared the name 'Tamra' in the area of Bukil-myeon, Haenam. The fifth stage corresponds to the first half of the sixth and seventh centuries, when the confrontation between the three countries intensified and the East Asian coastal sea routes became bogged down in a total jam phase. This paper points out that during this period, the port forces in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula were divided by Baekje and Silla and were in an unstable situation where they were incorporated into the triangular system of the three kingdoms.

전지구 해양-해빙결합모형과 SRES A1B 시나리오 기반 동아시아 해수면 미래 변화 전망

김민우(Minwoo Kim),김철호(Cheol-Ho Kim),장찬주(Chan Joo Jang) 한국연안방재학회 2021 한국연안방재학회지 Vol.8 No.4

To project the future sea level rise in the East Asian Seas due to global warming, regional sea level variations are downscaled from three climate system models (GFDL-CM2.1, ECHAM5/MPI-OM, MIROC3.2(hires)) using a global ocean-sea ice coupled model with non-Boussinesq approximation. Based on the SRES A1B Scenario, the projected ensemble mean sea level rise (rate of rise) for the East Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea from 1995 to 2050 is 15.60cm (2.84mm/year), 16.49cm (3.0mm/year) and 16.43cm (2.99mm/year), respectively. With the inclusion of the future change of land ice melting and land water storage, the mean sea level rise (rate of rise) increases to 33.55cm (6.10mm/year) for the East Sea, and 34.38~34.44cm (6.25~6.26mm/year) for the Yellow and East China Seas. The present non-Boussinesq ocean model experiment shows that the future sea level rise in the East Sea is mainly due to the steric component changes by heat content increase. On the other hand, the future sea level rise in the Yellow and East China Seas appears to be mainly associated with the non-steric component change by water mass convergence.

「최척전」 속의 동아지중해와 대항해시대

김용철 ( Kim Yong-cheol ),신승호 ( Shin Seung-ho ) 국제어문학회 2016 국제어문 Vol.0 No.69

본 논문은 문학지리학과 소설배경론의 입장에서 「최척전」의 후반부에 보이는 동아지중해와 대항해시대의 모습을 구체적으로 살펴보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 「최척전」의 후반부의 내용인 최척 일가가 조·중·일 삼국으로 이산한 다음부터 일어나는 사건을 날짜별, 장소별로 될 수 있으면 자세하게 고증하기로 한다. 그 과정에서 최척과 옥영이 떠돌아다닌 이역의 바다와 땅이 실은 동아지중해와 대항해시대의 바다와 땅이며 그것이 역사적으로 굉장히 중요한 일이라는 것이 드러날 것이다. 「최척전」의 후반부는 옥영이 일본으로 포로로 잡혀가고, 최척은 명군 장수를 따라 중국 소흥으로 망명하면서 시작된다. 이어서 두 사람은 국제무역선을 타고 베트남의 호이안에 갔다가 상봉한다. 이때 두 사람은 동아지중해의 남해와 황해, 남지나해를 거쳐 초기 대항해시대가 열렸던 동남아시아 바다에서 해후한 것이다. 작품의 마지막에서 최척은 동아지중해인 황해를 종단하고 옥영은 횡단하여 고향 남원으로 돌아온다. 이렇게 해서 두 사람의 대항해시대와 동아지중해 체험은 끝을 맺게 된다. 본 논문에서는 「최척전」의 후반부만 거론했지만 사실 「최척전」 전체가 대항해시대의 산물이다. 서양에서 전해온 개인용 화기, 즉 서양 문물로 무장한 일본군이 일으킨 전쟁이 임진왜란이며 이 전쟁으로 인해 최척 일가가 당한 고난을 형상화한 것이 바로 「최척전」이기 때문이다. This study aims to examine specifically scenes of the Sea of East Asian-Mediterranean and the age of the Great Voyages appearing in the later part of Choicheok-jeon from the perspective of the literary geography and the time-space background of fiction. For such purpose, events happening after splitting Choicheok into the three countries of Choseon (Korea), China, and Japan are historically investigated on each date and in each place in as much detail as possible. During this course, the foreign sea and land where Choicheok and Okyeong wonder are to be revealed as the actual sea and land of the Sea of East Asian-Mediterranean and the age of the Great Voyages. This event is found to be a very historically critical incident. The later part of Choicheok-jeon starts when Okyeong is captured and sent to Japan and Choicheok defects to Hangzhou, China following a general of the Ming Dynasty. These two characters visit Hoi An, Vietnam by trading ships and then meet each other. This means that these two characters finally meet each other in the Southeast Asian Sea where the initial age of Great Voyages opened through the East and West part of the Sea of East Asian-Mediterranean and the South China Sea. At the end of this fiction writing, Choicheok vertically travels and Okyeong horizontally travels the Yellow Sea and the Sea of East Asian-Mediterranean to return to their home, Namwon. Experiences of the characters on the Sea of East Asian-Mediterranean and the age of the Great Voyages is finished by their home coming. Although this study only covers the later part of Choicheok-jeon, actually the entire Choicheok-jeon is a product of the age of Great Voyages. The reason for this is the war waged by the Japanese army (the Japanese were armed with personal weapons from the West) is Imjinoiran (Japanese Invasion in Choseon Dynasty). Choicheok-jeon is the story showing images of the suffering of the Choicheok family caused by this war.

‘남양(南洋)’ 표상과 지정학적 상상력

오태영 한국문학이론과비평학회 2009 한국문학이론과 비평 Vol.43 No.-

Just after the outbreak of the Asia‐Pacific War, the South Seas, ‘The Land of Everlasting Summer,’ was an object of romantic imagination, stirring up Korean intellects’ yearning for and curiosity about the unknown world. At the same time, as the region was incorporated into the East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere it was geopolitically recognized as a critical area in terms of politics, economy and military. Of course, such an image was created from the view of Japanese imperialism in the process of its geographical expansion to East Asia. In colonized Chosun without any organized geopolitical knowledge of the South Seas, the knowledge and representation created by the view were accepted, and in the process of reproduction, Chosun intellects’ unconscious desires were exposed. Centering on the region ‘the South Seas’, they restructured the geopolitical topology of the East and the West, and repositioned colonized Chosun imaginatively in the restructured East. It enabled them to overcome the limited and closed spatial sense and boundary perception of Chosun as a local of the empire and ‘colonized Chosun’ and to have spatial sense and boundary perception that see Chosun in Asia and in the world. In this sense, Chosun intellects’ curious view to and representation of the South Seas captured as a new object by Japanese geopolitics, which is closely related to the ideology of the East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere, was ‘a geopolitical imaginary.’

전지구모형(CMIP6)에서 전망한 동아시아 해면수온 미래변화

정희석,정의현,장찬주 (사)한국연안방재학회 2024 한국연안방재학회지 Vol.11 No.4

Future global-mean warming and its intermodel spreads have shown to be greater in the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP6) models than in the earlier generation CMIP5 models, mainly due to increases in both forcing and climate sensitivity. However, regional future changes and their intermodel difference in CMIP6 models have been less known. In this study, we assessed biases in the sea surface temperature (SST) simulated from 30 CMIP6 models and then estimated future SST changes in the near-term (2021-2040) and the mid-term(2041-2060) periods under the scenarios of the low (SSP1-2.6) and high (SSP5-8.5) emissions, by using selected eight CMIP6 models with superior performance in the East Asian Marginal Seas (EAMS). The SST changes in the EAMS are projected to be more pronounced in the mid-term compared to the near-term under global warming. SST is expected to increase by approximately 1.8°C under SSP1-2.6 and by 4.5°C under SSP5-8.5, with the largest increases occurring in the Yellow Sea, East Sea, and East China Sea. Seasonal variations are significant, with summer (August) warming projected to be about 50% greater than winter (February) warming under SSP5-8.5, primarily due to the shallowing of the summer mixed layer. Uncertainty in future SST projections is higher under SSP1-2.6 than SSP5-8.5 because of the stronger signal in the SSP5-8.5 scenario. Spatially, uncertainty is lower in the coastal areas and the Yellow Sea, but higher in the East Sea and the mixed water region (interfrontal zone) between the Kuroshio and Oyashio currents, where ocean currents contribute to greater intermodel variation. In conclusion, the projected future surface warming in the East Asian Marginal Seas (EAMS) is estimated to be approximately twice the global mean, indicating that EAMS is a climate change hotspot with a high level of vulnerability to future global warming.

Comparative Analysis of Surface Heat Fluxes in the East Asian Marginal Seas and Its Acquired Combination Data

심정은,신홍렬,Naoki Hirose 한국지구과학회 2018 한국지구과학회지 Vol.39 No.1

Eight different data sets are examined in order to gain insight into the surface heat flux traits of the East Asian marginal seas. In the case of solar radiation of the East Sea (Japan Sea), Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments ver. 2 (CORE2) and the Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes (OAFlux) are similar to the observed data at meteorological stations. A combination is sought by averaging these as well as the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)-1 data to acquire more accurate surface heat flux for the East Asian marginal seas. According to the Combination Data, the annual averages of net heat flux of the East Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea are −61.84, −22.42, and −97.54Wm−2 , respectively. The Kuroshio area to the south of Japan and the southern East Sea were found to have the largest upward annual mean net heat flux during winter, at −460- −300 and at −370- −300Wm−2 , respectively. The long-term fluctuation (1984-2004) of the net heat flux shows a trend of increasing transport of heat from the ocean into the atmosphere throughout the study area.