청대 귀주성 청수강 유역 소수민족의 賣田과 裏面契約

박찬근 명청사학회 2024 명청사연구 Vol.- No.61

In the Qing dynasty, where taxes were imposed on landowners based on land units, it was necessary to ascertain the residency status of the owners and the state of land ownership. Therefore, transactions related to land and houses were mandated to be reported to the state. Consequently, Qing dynasty land contracts offer vital insights into the everyday strategies adopted within minority communities, between the state's principles and their modes of agreement. This study focuses on land sale contracts found in the Qingshuijiang Documents , a collection of documents excavated from minority residences in the Qingshuijiang River basin in Guizhou Province. The practices of private transaction contracts transcend the dimension of everyday economic activities and hold significant meanings as expressions of the relationship between the region and the state, and of mutual interaction and trust-building within local communities. This paper analyzes the land sale contracts recorded in the Qingshuijiang Documents to reveal that officially recognized contracts coexist with those based on mutual trust within the community, and sometimes, dual contracts—‘red contract’ and ‘white contract’—were drafted to simultaneously ensure the stability of ownership and maintain the economic value of the transaction items as recognized locally. Additionally, while drafting these dual contracts, the sale price listed in the ‘red contract’ was approximately half of that recorded in the ‘white contract’. This was understood as a measure to reduce the transfer tax payable to the authorities. However, this implies that relying on the sale prices listed in the ‘red contract’ to ascertain the actual land prices at the time may not fully reflect the reality. When creating any economic-related data based on both red and white contracts, the possibility of distortion must be considered. The reliability of the sale prices presented in the ‘red contract’, including the feasibility of compiling any statistics based on them, needs to be reconsidered.

The Effects of Dual-Class Equity Structure on the Cost of Borrowing

Sangho Yi 한국산업경제학회 2007 산업경제연구 Vol.20 No.6

본 논문은 기업지배구조가 저열할 때 기업가치 및 주주에게 미치는 비용에 대해 연구한다. 본 논문에서 특히 다루어지고 있는 것은 저열한 기업지배구조의 표본이라 할 수 있는 차등의결권제도를 채택한 기업이다. 차등의결권제도 하에서는 경영자는 현금흐름에 대한 소유권을 기업에 대한 통솔력과 구분할 수 있는 능력을 가지게 된다. 본 논문에서는 차등의결권제도 및 채무계약의 엄격성 그리고 자본조달비용의 관계에 대해 두 가지 상이한 가설을 제시하고 검증하기로 한다. 첫 번째 가설은 비용계약가설로서 경영자들이 자본조달비용을 최소화하기 위해서 자발적으로 엄격한 계약을 받아들이고 스스로의 행위를 제약한다는 것이며, 두 번째 가설은 경영자들이 자신들의 사적 이익을 추구하기 위해 관대한 계약조항을 받아들이는 대신 높은 자본조달비용을 지불한다는 것이다. 본 연구의 실증분석 결과 차등의결권제도를 채택한 기업의 경우 채무계약 조항은 덜 엄격해진 반면 자본조달비용은 더 높아진 것으로 나타났다. 이는 주주 및 기업 가치를 감소시키는 저열한 기업지배구조 비용이라고 해석할 수 있다. This paper investigates the cost of weak corporate governance to shareholders. We will focus on dual-class companies which are known to be one extreme form of weak corporate governance. In the dual-class equity structure, managers separate cash flow ownership and control rights. We propose two hypotheses regarding the relationship between the strictness imposed on managers by loan contracts and the cost of borrowing and dual-class equity structure. The first is the costly contracting hypothesis, which suggests that managers voluntarily constrain their actions so that financial markets perceive favorably the prospects of receiving back their returns on funding. The second hypothesis is managers' control hypothesis, which suggests that managers' use their control powers to avoid strict discipline of loan contracts at the expense of higher cost of borrowing. We find that the loan contracts actually impose lax contractual constraints on dual-class company managers. Instead, dual-class company managers pay a higher cost of borrowing, which may be interpreted as the cost of weak corporate governance to the shareholders when there are dual-class shares.

유동적 무효인 이중매매와 채권자대위권- 대법원 2013. 5. 23. 선고 2010다50014 판결 -

추신영 한국토지법학회 2014 토지법학 Vol.30 No.2

본 논문은 토지매매계약에서의 유동적 무효의 법리와 토지이중매매의 법리가 복합적으로 문제된 우리나라 최초의 판례를 평석한 논문이다. 종전에 토지거래허가구역 내에 있는 토지매매에 대하여 유동적 무효라고 하여, 매수인은 매도인에 대하여 등기청구권은 아직 성립된 단계는 아니지만 협력의무 이행청구권이 발생하고 있다는 법리를 전개하여 왔다. 또한 부동산 이중매매에서는 제2매수인이 매도인의 배임행위에 적극 가담한 경우에는 제1매수인은 매도인을 대위하여 제2매수인 명의의 등기말소를 구할 수 있다는 법리를 전개하여 왔다. 그런데 대상판결의 사안은 토지거래허가구역 내에 있는 토지를 매도한 자가, 유동적 무효의 상태에서 그 토지를 이중으로 매도하였고, 제2매수인이 이에 터잡아 신탁가등기를 경료한 경우, 제1매수인이 매도인을 대위하여 제2매수인 명의의 신탁가등기말소청구를 할 수 있는지를 다룬 것이다. 본 사안은 일반적인 이중매매와 동일한 형식이기는 하나, 단지 그 매매의 대상이 된 토지가 토지거래허가구역 내에 있다는 특징만 다를 뿐이다. 이러한 특징 때문에 대상판결은 등기청구권과 차별화된 협력을 구할 수 있는 권리로서의 피보전권리의 문제, 그에 따른 보전의 필요성에 대한 별도의 기준을 제시하면서, 제2매수인이 매도인의 배임행위에 적극 가담하였더라도, 제1매수인이 매도인을 대위하여 제2매수인 명의의 신탁가등기말소를 구할 수 없다고 하고 있다. 말하자면 제1매수인의 법적 지위와 제2매수인의 법적 지위를 유동적 무효라는 틀에 넣어 제1매수인의 법적 지위를 좁히는 해석을 시도하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 대상판결의 입장은 종전의 판례가 이중매매에서 제1매수인이 매도인을 대위하여 제2매수인에 대하여 등기말소청구를 할 수 있는 이유로서 밝힌 제2매수인의 악의적․배임적 응징에 초점을 두고, 제2매수인의 권리취득의 자격박탈을 목적으로 하는 입장을 벗어난 판결이며, 그것이 토지거래허가구역 내의 매매라는 이유로만으로 제2매수인의 지위가 달라지는 것은 아니라는 점을 주장하는 것이다. This article is a commentary on the first cases involving dual contract in the flexible invalid. The contract of the land in the land transaction permission zones was flexible invalid. The seller is not able to exercise a registered buyer claim but is able to exercise cooperation claims. In a Real Estate Dual Contract if the seller has actively participated in the breach of trust deed, the only charge is for a cancellation by the second buyer who registered first as a Purchaser with the Seller. This Judgment determines the dual contract of the land transaction permission zones. It is a previously registered cancellation claim on the second buyer on behalf of the seller by the first buyer. However, this judgment does not recognize the previously registered cancellation claims. The reason is that the first buyer lacks the need for conservation. This judgment rejects the claims of the first buyer because a strict standard is needed for conservation of the rights of Subrogation to the Obligor in the dual contract in the flexible invalid. However, I think that this judgment does not comply with previous supreme court judgments about dual contract. The reason is that previous superior court judgments mounted to punishment of bad behavior on the part of the second buyer.

특수형태근로종사자의 시간빈곤과 일과 삶의 균형

조아라 ( Cho A-ra ),김명희 ( Kim Myung-hee ),권현정 ( Kwon Hyun-jung ) 한국보건사회연구원 2020 보건사회연구 Vol.40 No.3

It is difficult to assess work-life balance with objective discretionary time because the distinction between work and rest is ambiguous. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between time poverty and subjective indicators of work-life balance among Korean dependent self-employed workers. Data on 2328 dependent employed workers were extracted from the Fifth Korean Working Conditions Survey (2017) and analyzed by a multiple regression method. First, the descriptive results indicated that dependent self-employed workers had long paid work and lack of discretionary time and were less likely to be satisfied with the work-life balance than general standard workers. Second, in the descriptive comparison by occupation, some dependent self-employed workers showed that objective discretionary time was inconsistented with subjective work-life balance. Third, results from regression showed that dependent self-employed workers were more likely to be time-poor, whereas the dual-poor were not related to the work-life balance. The findins showed that dependent self-employed workers are in vulnerable conditions due to their non-standard labor characteristics. Therefore, they are deviated from standard contracted employee. This study pointed to the limits of labor policy for self-employed workers excluded from the labour rights and the lack of social security system.

확정판결에 기한 부동산이중매매와 진정명의회복을 원인으로 한 소유권이전등기소송-대법원 2002. 4. 26. 선고 2001다8097, 8103 판결-

추신영 한국민사소송법학회 2012 민사소송 Vol.16 No.2

In this article, writer provides new models that the judgment to the dual contract of real estates and Res Judicata. The views of the majority and precedents hold the dual contracts are null and void if the dual contracts contravenes good morals and other social order. In case if dual contracts of real estates by an act in violation of one’s duty of the seconds buyer,These contracts are null and void, because it is contravenes good moral and other social order. Therefore, the dual contracts becomes Performance for Illegal cause, because it is a person grants property or renders service for an illegal cause he may not demand the return of benefits resulting therefrom. In addition, the views of majority and precedents were adopted the comparative method of unlawfulness and the seller is a better unlawfulness than the second contracts buys. According to the majority theory and precedents,the first contract becomes impossible to perform if the owner transfer. The Supreme Court of Korea has decided that dual contracts of real estates are null by an act in violation of one’s duty of the seconds buyer. If this is the case, The first buyer can do recovery the right of ownership of real estate through Obligee`s Right of Subrogation to the Obligor. An obligee may, in order to protect his claim, exercise the rights belonging to the obligor. But, the seconds buys receive final decision for the registration of a transfer,his claim acquire Res Judicata. As a result, seconds buys won the ownership of the real estate, it is not morally correct. In other words, a final decision for the registration of a transfer cut off latter legal proceedings by the object of a lawsuit of the same. I insist that this can be solved by lawsuit claiming performance for registration demand for recovery of real name. The Supreme Court of Korea precedents in 2001 changed the decision of 1990 by ruling that the registration cancellation demand for reason invalidation and the registration demand of ownership transfer for recovery of real name have substantially same objects of the lawsuit. This decision make powerlessness that to protect dual contracts of real estates by an act in violation of one’s duty of the seconds buyer.

산학 연계 교육 : 한국형 듀얼 시스템(K-Dual 시스템)의 구축 및 운영방안에 관한 연구

이문수 ( Moon Su Lee ),이우영 ( Woo Young Lee ),오창헌 ( Chang Heon Oh ) 한국실천공학교육학회 2013 실천공학교육논문지 Vol.5 No.2

In this paper, we proposed a new Korean Dual system, K-Dual System, and discussed the concepts and details about three submodels of the system, IPP, W3 and corporate university models. Propose K-Dual system is a new and unique educational model that combines academic study and industrial work in order to solve the various problems of existing work-study parallel educational systems in Korea. K-Dual System has two tracks, Academic and Vocational tracks. Academic track has a long-term field experience training program, IPP program. On the other hands, Vocational track can be divided into two sub-models and those are W3 and corporate university. Finally, we summarized several key points for the successful setup and operation of K-Dual system.

중국에서의 주택이중매매에 관한 소고 - 인민법원의 판결을 중심으로 -

서세걸,박규용 한국토지법학회 2014 토지법학 Vol.30 No.1

With the development of economy of China, the price of the house is harsh rising. For the family, the house becomes the most valuable real estate in China. So the impact of dual sales in house can not be ignored. To solve the problems of dual sales in house, firstly, it is important to make a distinction between the effectiveness of contract and registration. According to the Article 15 of the real right law of China, as regards a contract entered into by the related parties concerned on the creation, alteration, alienation or termination of the real rights of a realty, it shall go into effect upon the conclusion of the contract, unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law; and the validity of the contract is not affected, whether the real right has been registered or not. Secondly, it is necessary to analyze the relationship between the effectiveness of contract and the ownership on the different situations on the dual sales of house. And then, this paper will make an analyse of the punitive damages in the dual sales of the commercial building. Lastly, it analyzes the good-faith acquirement of China and Korea. 중국도 시장경제가 급속하게 발전하면서 경제가 큰 폭으로 성장하고 있으며, 지난 몇 년 사이 북경·상해·광주 등 대도시를 중심으로 한 주택가격은 급등하였고, 이에 따라 주택은 일반 가정이나 개인에 있어서 가치가 가장 큰 재산 중의 하나가 되었다. 중국정부에서 주택가격의 폭등을 억제하기 위하여 여러 가지 정책을 입안하고 있으나, 가격상승의 추세는 여전하고 부동산거래는 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 주택의 매수인을 침해하는 사례도 늘어나고 있는데, 매도인이 제1매수인과 계약을 체결한 후 주택가격이 폭등함에 따라 다른 매수인과 계약을 체결하여 더 많은 이익을 취하려는 주택이중매매가 발생하고 있는 것이다. 중국에서의 주택이중매매는 두 가지의 유형, 즉 매도인이 주택을 제1매수인과 제2매수인에게 이중으로 매도하였으나 양자 모두 소유권이전등기를 하지 않는 경우와, 매도인이 주택을 이중으로 매매한 후 제2매수인이 등기를 한 경우로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 둘째의 경우에는 제2매수인이 선의인지 아니면 악의인지에 따라 구분하여 살펴보아야 하고, 제2매수인이 주택을 선의의 제3자에게 전매한 후에 제2매매계약이 무효가 된 경우, 선의의 제3자를 어떻게 보호할 것인가의 문제도 주어진다. 2012년 7월 1일부터 시행한 「최고인민법원의 <중화인민공화국 계약법>의 적용에 관한 몇 가지 문제에 대한 해석(3)」 제9조와 제10조는 동산의 이중매매에 대해서 구체적으로 규정을 두었으나, 부동산의 이중매매에 대해서는 규정하지 않았다. 그러므로 중국에서의 주택이중매매에 대해서는 여전히 물권법과 계약법 및 관련 사법해석을 중심으로 검토해야 한다. 주택이중매매를 실질적으로 살펴보기 위해서는 법규정에 대한 연구와 함께 무엇보다도 구체적인 사안을 분석해 보아야 한다. 이에 관한 중국법원의 판결은 변호사·법관 등 법조인들이 실무를 수행하는데 있어서 참고적 가치와 예측가능성을 높일 수 있는 기능을 할 것이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 중국에서의 주택이중매매의 여러 유형에 대해 인민법원이 어떠한 판결을 하고 있는지를 중점적으로 살펴보고, 특별히 상품주택의 이중매매에 대한 손해배상의 문제와 선의의 매수인을 보호할 수 있는 방안에 대해서도 검토해보고자 한다.

담보신탁재산 처분을 위한 신탁공매와 수의계약에 대한 법적 규율 : 수의계약의 무효사유와 무효확인의 이익을 중심으로 - 대상판결 : 대법원 2021. 5. 7. 선고 2021다201320 판결 -

정민희,김제완 한국사법학회 2023 비교사법 Vol.30 No.1

Public auctions and free contract as a disposition of real estate pertaining to the collateral trust contract are private sales. In this regard, it is safe to say that there are almost no related regulations, and all procedures are left to private autonomy. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court granted the lower-ranking bidder, who had only competed for the conclusion of the sales contract, the right to file a lawsuit whether the sales contract between third parties was not invalid as an anti-public order act. This is the same as granting the first purchaser a remedy called the right of subrogation in a dual sale that was competing for ownership. The dual contract theory already has a number of problems, such as the problem of interpretation of Article 746 of the Civil Act in relation to the right of subrogation. And it also has the problem that legal stability can be seriously harmed by considering the sale between the seller and the second buyer absolutely invalid. Unlike the first buyer in a dual contract, the lower-ranking bidder in the collateral trust disposition procedure does not have the right of conservation, the offer has already lost its effect, and no legal status has been granted between the seller and the lower-ranking bidder. Therefore, it is an unreasonable extension of interpretation to admit the legal interest of confirmation to him. Even in cases where registration is completed, it is contrary to the existing attitude of the Supreme Court to view that there is a legal interest of confirmation. However, as much as it is necessary to protect the first buyers in a dual contract, it is clear that the lower-ranking bidders also need remedies, and in reality, the lower-ranking bidders are the ones who have the incentive to monitor the illegality of business transactions such as public auctions. Therefore, it is suggested that related regulations be prepared as self-regulation of associations so that the legal interest of confirmation can be clearly granted to them. In addition, I think it is necessary to comprehensively prepare regulations on all procedures and reasons for defects related to public auctions and private contracts, and to organize an integrated public disclosure system for related announcements.

일학습병행을 위한 계약학과 운영모델 개발 연구

엄기용 ( Ki Yong Om ),강기호 ( Ki Ho Kang ),임경화 ( Kyung-hwa Rim ) 한국실천공학교육학회 2016 실천공학교육논문지 Vol.8 No.1

As job mismatch intensifies in the employment market, the work based learning has emerged as a solution to this social problem. The so called Korean dual education system is expected to raise jobseekers equipped with knowledge and skills demanded by industry. This study intends to recommend an effective operational model for contracted education programs at higher institutions in order to support soft landing of Korean dual education system. Students of contracted education programs are adults graduated from vocational high schools and working for companies during weekdays. In consideration of the difficulties experienced by employee students, more flexible operation of academic affairs is required. To address these challenges, the recommended contracted education model includes such beneficial features as S-OJT courses, standard curriculum based on National Competency Standard, recognition of prior learning, flipped classroom, and tutoring system. In the last part, several directions for implementing the new contracted education model are discussed.

소셜커머스 환경에서 구매와 구매추천 행동에 관한 종단적 연구

강영식(Kang, Young Sik),이보경(Lee, Bo Kyoung),김병수(Kim, Byoung Soo) 국제e-비즈니스학회 2013 e-비즈니스 연구 Vol.14 No.4

Social commerce is a subset of electronic commerce that sells products or services at dramatically discounted prices. It uses social media to assist the online buying and selling of products and services. Given the rapid growth of social commerce sites such as Groupon and Coupang, it has become critical to understand customer purchase and purchase recommendation processes in the social commerce environment. This study applies a dual model which integrates dedication and constraint-based mechanisms. Moreover, this study develops a longitudinal model to examine the moderating role of psychological contract violation in customer decision-making processes. Data collected from 108 customers who had prior experience with social commerce were empirically tested against the research model. The analysis results validate that the dual model explains and predicts customer purchasing decision-making processes substantially well. The analysis results indicate that both customer satisfaction and perceived switching costs play an important role in enhancing customers purchasing and purchase recommendation. Moreover, when the level of psychological contract violation increases, the influence of willingness to pay on purchasing decreases.