百濟都城과 益山

최완규 원광대학교 마한백제문화연구소 2019 馬韓, 百濟文化 Vol.34 No.-

Baekje Kingdom, which was recorded in 『The Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms (三國史記)』 to have been founded over the Hangang river basin in the 18th century B.C.E. and to have transferred its capital to Ungjin (熊津) in Gongju and to Sabi (泗沘) in Buyeo over the Geumgang river basin, had built the capital fortresses by making the most of natural geographical conditions, with the Hangang and Geumgang rivers flowing from the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula to the West Sea in the north. Depending on the period, the kingdom left behind different cultures of capital fortress as well as unique characteristics in the structure of the fortress and royal tomb system in the area. In particular, the planned capital fortress of Sabi shows a different form of fortress from those of previous Hanseong or Woongjin periods, since an outer castle Naseong (羅城) was constructed there. Besides, noteworthy is Busosanseong which was a backup castle for the palace and is thought to have played a role not only as the castle for evacuation in emergency but also as the escort of the palace. It is also believed to have served as a center for patrols and repairs while controlling the entire Naseong. The same example is well illustrated in Iksan capital fortress (tentative name). A fortress was constructed there as an outer castle surrounding the capital fortress, utilizing the natural streams such as Okryongcheon and Busangcheon as an inner castle, and the palace was constructed in its center for the first time in the case of Baekje’s capital fortresses. This kind of layout for a capital fortress has rather complete form as a capital fortress than the previous ones in the three districts. In addition, remains of roads have been discovered in the inner castle around the place, making it possible to figure out the shape of a city formed with the palace in the center. In case of the relics particularly from Jeseoksa Temple characteristic of royal ancestral shrine and Sindong-ri relics characteristic of ancestral rites, it could be confirmed that they are faithfully following the arrangement of the capital fortresses according to ‘royal ancestral shrine to the left and royal court to the right (左廟右社)’ as specified in Zhouli Kaogogongji (周禮考工記). In addition, Iksan not only retains in good condition the indigenous elements of ancient capital fortress such as Mireuksa Temple (彌勒寺), Jeseoksa Temple (帝釋寺), Twin Royal Tombs (双陵), fortresses (城郭), etc. which are some of components of the ancient capital fortresses, but also has documentary records supporting the fact that Baekje transferred its capital to Iksan in the late period. Although there still are controversies over the issue of capital transfer, it is possible to fully prove Iksan as the capital of Baekje, in that it has the perfect defense system and the first royal palace of Baekje was built there. Baekje seems to have a complete system as a capital fortress in Iksan with all of its outer castle, inner castle and royal court, which had gradually been transformed from a simple royal castle. 三國史記』에 B.C.18년 한강유역에서 건국하여 금강유역의 熊津(公州), 泗沘(扶餘)로 천도한 것으로 기록되어 있는 백제는 한반도 서남부에서 서해로 흐르는 한강과 금강을 북쪽에 두고 자연지리적인 유리한 조건을 최대한 이용하여 도성을 축성하고 있으며, 시기에 따라 각각 다른 王都文化를 지역에 남기고 있으며, 都城의 構造나 왕실의 묘제에서도 다른 특징을 보이고 있다. 특히 계획적으로 조성된 사비도성의 경우는 앞선 한성이나 웅진시기와 다른 도성형태를 갖추게 되는데, 바로 외곽성인 나성축조가 그것이다. 또한 궁궐의 배후성으로서 유사시 피난성 성격을 가진 부소산성이 주목되는데, 아마 궁궐의 호위를 담당하기도 하지만 나성 전체를 관할하면서 순찰이나 성곽 보수 등의 중심지 역할을 했을 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 예는 익산(가칭)도성에서도 잘 나타난다. 도성 주변에 산성을 외곽성으로 배치하고 자연하천인 옥룡천과 부상천을 내성과 같은 역할로 이용하고, 그 중심에 백제도성 최초로 궁성을 축조하고 있다. 이러한 도성 배치는 앞선 세 지역의 도성에 비해 완전한 도성 형태를 갖추고 있다. 또한 궁성을 중심으로 내성에서 도로유구가 발견되고 있어 궁성으로 중심으로 조성된 도시의 형태를 추정할 수 있다. 특히 종묘 성격의 제석사나 제사유적의 신동리 유적의 예를 보면 周禮 考工記의 ‘左廟右社’의 도성배치를 충실히 따르고 있음도 확인된다. 또한 익산은 고대 도성의 구성요소인 彌勒寺, 帝釋寺, 双陵, 城郭 등 고고유적들이 양호한 상태로 남아있을 뿐 아니라, 백제말기 천도사실을 뒷받침하는 문헌기록도 남아 있어서 익산 역시 백제 왕도였음이 증명된다. 천도와 관련하여 논쟁이 있지만, 도성 구조에서는 어느 지역보다 완벽한 방어체계와 백제도성 최초로 궁성이 건설된 점에서 백제도성의 완전성을 살필 수 있다. 백제는 왕성 중심의 도성체계에서 점차 변천을 거쳐 익산도성에 이르러 외곽성과 내성, 그리고 궁성을 모두 갖춘 완전한 도성체계를 갖춘 것으로 보인다.

조선 초 都城의 축조와 수도 境界기능

김웅호 서울시립대학교 서울학연구소 2012 서울학연구 Vol.- No.47

The fundamental configuration of fortress in Seoul were established through 2 major construction works, supplementary construction works and“ new constructions works”during the reigns of King Taejo ~ King Jeongjong as well as extensive reconstruction works in 1422. Although King Taejo was assertive towards construction of the fortress, King Taejong took passive attitude due to difference in the domestic and foreign circumstances. While the discussions on the expanded construction of the fortress during the reign of King Taejong placed much focus on military objectives, King Sejong emphasized the longevity and aesthetic beauty of the fortress in discussions on reconstruction of the fortress, and the accommodation for the increasing population of the capital city in the discussions on new construction of outer fortress of the capital city were the key focus. After having transferred the capital city to Hanyang, the regions in which Bang(坊) were installed, were designated as the residential sites. That is, division of residential sites was possible only if Bang had been installed. After having determined the outline of the fortress through 1st phase of the construction of fortress during January ~ February 1396, 5 Bu(部) and 52 Bangs were established in the April of that year. Although there were exceptions including Bansong-Bang and Banseok-Bang, the Bangs in Hanyang were distributed in the fortress. It appears that the residential areas in which Bangs were established, clearly illustrates that the political powers recognized the regions as the actual capital territory. The fact that the term‘ Gyeongjungohbu(京中五部)’, which was the regions subjected to apportioning of residential site, was used as the terminology to describe the capital itself as well as was contrasted it with the each of the government offices in the outlying regions(外方各官) was due to the extension of recognition of the people of the time. For these reasons, Sharmans were not allowed to reside within the capital wall, was instructed to reside outside of the fortress. Moreover, the government took measures to prohibit entrance of Buddhist monks into the fortress. The main reason for the weakening of the functions of the fortress walls of the capital city that designated the boundaries of the capital city was the increase in the population of Hanyang. The government implemented 3 measures to cope with the increasing population, namely, new construction of outer fortress walls, enforcement of role and functions of Hansungbu(漢城府), and expansion of the domain of the Bangs into the outside of fortress. However, as the national sentiment on the new construction of outer fortress walls began to lose their realistic significance in the mid stage of the King Sejong’reign, the aspect of reinforcement of the role of Hansungbu as a measure to expand the domain of Bang was realized as a part of the policy to ‘reinforce the jurisdiction of Sungjeoshipri(城底十里)’. During the times of King Taejo ~ King Taejong, Gwonnong(觀農) and Bang- Byeolgam(坊別監) was the personnel in charge of the administration of Seongjeoshipri. In the latter period of the King Taejong, government began to deploy Gwanlyeong(菅領) as it has done for the Bangs within the capital city. Moreover, the government transferred the Sungjeoshipri ’Gwanlyeong as a part of bureaucracy by granting Cheajik(遞兒職) in 1428. As residential sites within the fortress the began to run out, the government, in 1424, divided the Sungjeoshipri into northern and southern regions of the downstream of the ravine outside of the fortress, and transferring the jurisdiction of the northern region into Sungshin-Bang and Inchang-Bang of Dong-Bu, and the jurisdiction of the southern region into Yesung-Bang and Sungshin-Bang of Nam-Bu. The government, in earnest, executed expansion of the domain of Bang into regions outside capital wall. Measures to reinforce the jurisdiction of Hansungbu on Sungjeoshipri continued to be implemented, and, eventually, Sungjeoshipri was officially confirmed as a part of capital region by apportioning the Seongjeoshipri into the administrative jurisdiction of the neighboring 5 Bu in 1461.

태봉국 철원도성의 축조기법과 공간구성

심정보 ( Sim Jeong-bo ) 동아문화재단 2019 文物硏究 Vol.- No.36

궁예는 896년 철원성에 도읍하였다가 898년 송악 발어참성으로 도읍을 옮기고 901년에는 국호를 고려(高麗)라고 하였다. 그러나 903년 철원지역에서 새 도읍지를 선정하게 되었으며, 904년 7월에 청주 사람 1千戶를 사민(徙民)하여 철원도성에 살게 하고, 서울로 삼았다. 철원도성을 새도읍으로 정하는 과정에서 청주 사람들의 이주가 부각된 것은 도성 마무리 공사에 청주인들의 역할이 컸었다는 것을 의미한다고 하겠다. 그리고 철원도성을 서울로 삼은 지 1년 만인 905년 7월에 궁예가 철원도성(鐵圓都城)으로 도읍을 옮겼다. 궁예가 철원도성에 도읍을 정하게 된 것은 고구려 고지(故地) 탈환에 만족하지 않고 후삼국을 통일하여 동방의 대국을 건설하겠다는 야심에서 출발한 것이다. 비록 왕건 일파의 쿠데타로 원대한 꿈은 이루지 못했지만, 궁예의 이 야심찬 계획은 초기 국호인 고려를 계승한 태조 왕건에 의하여 이루어지게 되었다. 철원도성은 궁예가 꿈을 잃어버린 마지막 현장이기도 하지만 왕건이 고려를 개국한 역사적인 시작점이기도 하다. 철원 풍천원 언덕에 축조된 철원도성은 한반도의 중심에 입지하고 있으면서, 비무장지대(DMZ)의 남·북측에 거의 반분되어 걸쳐있음으로 해서 남북공동 발굴조사의 적격지로서 남북 화해무드의 상징으로 주목받고 있다. 태봉국의 도성이 입지한 철원은 ‘비록 땅이 메마르지만 넓은 들과 낮은 산을 가지고 있어 두메 속에 하나의 도회지를 이루었다’는 『택리지』의 기록처럼 넓은 평야지대로 이루어져 있다. 이러한 사정은 궁예가 철원에 도읍하기 30년 전에 만들어진 도피안사 비로자나불 명문을 통해서도 확인할 수 있다. 궁예가 903년에 도읍을 선정하기 위하여 순행할 시에 이러한 입지적인 조건이 풍천원터로 결정하는데 우선적으로 작용하였을 것으로 보인다. 철원도성은 자연지형에 순응하며 이를 최대한 활용하여 설계되었음이 파악된다. 철원도성의 규모는 궁성 1.8㎞, 내성 7.7㎞, 외성 12.5㎞ 정도로 외성의 규모에 비하여 내성의 규모가 큰 편이라 하겠다. 철원도성의 초기 plan은 발어참성을 모본으로 하여 궁성과 내성으로만 구획된 형태를 하였을 것으로 보인다. 내성의 동벽과 서벽 외곽에는 큰 내가 흐르고 있어 완축 당시의 자연해자로 활용하여 방어력을 높이려 하였을 것으로 파악된다. 궁성은 풍천원 구릉의 가장 높은 평탄 대지에 평면 사다리형태로 축조되었다. 궁성의 동벽과 서벽 외곽에 자연 구(溝)가 형성되어 해자 역할을 하고 있는데, 이 자연 해자의 지형적 영향으로 평면 방형 형태를 띠지 못하고 사다리형태를 하게 되었다. 그 후 외성이 다시 축조되면서 ‘回’자형 3중 성곽이 이루어지게 되었다. 이 외성의 축조로 궁예의 야심을 펼칠 도성이 완성된 것이라 하겠다. 외성 남벽에는 3개소에 성문이 개설되어 있었을 것으로 파악되는데, 남서문에서 내성 남문을 거쳐 궁성 남문까지 거의 일직선상으로 연결되는 것으로 보아 남서문이 정문으로 판단된다. 철원도성의 축조기법은 『조선보물고적조사자료』의 철원도성에 대한 내용과 『철원의 성곽과 봉수』에 수록된 답사기의 내용에 모두 외성은 흙과 돌로 쌓았다는 것이다. 답사 시의 현장 사진을 보면 돌과 흙이 교대로 축조된 것을 볼 수 있다. 이와 같이 축성 재료가 다른 돌과 흙을 교대로 펼치고 다진 것을 『화성성역의궤』에는 교전교축(交塡交築)이라 하고 있다. 이와 같은 교전교축으로 축조한 성곽에 경주 월성, 충주 탄금대토성, 당진 성산리산성, 제주 항파두리성, 부분적이지만 강화 중성과 외성, 한산읍성, 경주읍성, 수원 화성이 현재까지 조사 결과 확인된 상태이고, 발해 상경성 외성과 팔련성 외성 남문지에서 확인되고 있다. 아직 발굴조사가 이루어지지 않은 상태에서 단정짓기는 어렵지만 잠정적으로 철원도성도 교전교축에 의한 축조기법 범주에 넣고자 한다. 또 하나 주목되는 것은 우리나라에서 최초의 금속활자는 이미 궁예에 의하여 건립된 금서성(禁書省)에서 주조하였다는 것이다. 2015년과 2016년에 수습된 금속활자 5점은 모두 만월대 서부건축군의 남쪽부분에서 수습된 것으로 천덕전(天德殿) 등 궁예시기에 궁궐 전각이 있었던 구역이다. 앞으로 남북공동으로 발굴조사가 이루어진다면 철원도성의 정확한 규모 및 축조기법과 함께 궁성 내 금서성(禁書省) 범위에서 금속활자가 출토될 것으로 기대된다. 남북공동 발굴조사의 당위성이 여기에 있다. Gung Ye designated Cheolwonseong Fortress as the capital of his state in 896. He then moved the capital to Baleochamseong Fortress in Songak in 898 and named the kingdom Goryeo. In 903, he had again a new capital in the Cheolwon area and in July 904, he ordered 1,000 households in Cheongju to move into Cheolwondoseong Capital Fortress which became the kingdom’s capital. What is visible in the process of transferring the capital to Cheolwondoseong is the fact that Cheongju’s residents moved into this new capital fortress. This would mean that those from Cheongju played an important role in completing the fortress. In July 905, a year after designating Cheolwondoseong as his capital fortress, Gung Ye moved the capital town to Cheolwon.. Gung Ye’s designation of Cheolwondoseong as the capital fortress originates from his ambition to build a great nation in the East by unifying the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea; he wasn’t satisfied with just regaining the former territory of Goguryeo. Gung Ye didn’t realize this ambitious dream because of the coup staged by Wang Geon’s faction. However, the dream ended up coming true through Taejo Wang Geon who served as a successor of Goryeo, the name Gung Ye had initially given to the kingdom. In short, Cheolwondoseong Capital Fortress is the last place where Gung Ye lost his dream but at the same time, it is also a historic starting point where Wang Geon founded the kingdom of Goryeo. Built on Pungcheonwon Hill in Cheolwon, Cheolwondoseong Capital Fortress is located in the heart of the Korean Peninsula. In the Korean Demilitarized Zone, almost half of the fortress is on the North side, and its another half, on the South side. As a site fit for the two Koreas’ joint excavation projects, the fortress has drawn attention as a symbol of inter-Korean reconciliation. Cheolwon, where the capital fortress of Taebong State is located, is a large plain area. Indeed, Korean geography book Taekriji explains that “although it is a dry area, it has large fields and low mountains so it forms a town in an out-of-the-way mountain village.” Such geographical conditions are also made clear in the inscription of the statue of the Buddha at Dopiansa Buddhist Temple which was built 30 years before Gung Ye moved the capital to Cheolwon. These conditions would have played a major role in leading him to designate Pungcheonwon Hill as the location of the capital fortress when he visited the area in 903 to choose a site for his capital town. According to research, it is evident that Cheolwondoseong Capital Fortress was designed to make the best use of the existing natural topography. As for the size of Cheolwondoseong Capital Fortress, its palace wall is 1.8㎞ long, its inner wall, 7.7㎞ long and its outer wall, 12.5㎞ long. In other words, its inner wall is relatively long, considering the length of its outer wall. Modeled after Baleochamseong Fortress, the initial plan of Cheolwondoseong Capital Fortress would have included only its palace wall and inner wall. The inner wall has a large stream flowing outside the wall’s eastern and western parts. After the completion of the fortress, this stream would have been used as a natural moat to strengthen the local defense. The palace wall was constructed in the shape of a flat trapezoid in the highest flat area of Pungcheonwon Hill. A ditch located outside the east and west of the palace wall serves as a moat. This natural moat’s geographical form led the palace wall to become a trapezoid, not a square. Later on, an outer wall was built, resulting in a triple-layer fortress. The construction of this outer wall means the completion of a capital fortress symbolizing Gung Ye’s ambition. In the south of the outer wall, there would have been three fortress gates. The sites of the gates are connected in an almost straight line. This line starts from the southwest gate, passes through the south gate of the inner wall and reaches the south gate of the palace wall. This means that the southwest gate would have been the main gate of the fortress. Construction techniques used for Cheolwondoseong Capital Fortress are described in two books: Study of Treasured Ancient Sites in Joseon (segment on Cheolwondoseong Capital Fortress) and Fortress and Signal-Fire in Cheolwon (essay on a field trip). These references all agree that the outer wall of the fortress was built of earth and stone. The photos taken during the field trip show that stone and earth are piled alternately. Such a technique of spreading and hardening different construction materials like stone and earth is called gyojeongyochuk (filling and piling alternately). Korean fortresses built with this technique include Wolseong Fortress in Gyeongju, Tangeumdaetoseong in Chungju, Seongsanrisanseong Fortress in Dangjin and Hangpaduriseong in Jeju. Meanwhile, partial results of research confirm this technique in other fortresses: middle and outer walls in Ganghwa, town fortress in Gyeongju and Hwaseong Fortress. The technique is also found in the outer wall of Sanggyeongseong in Balhae and the south gate site of Palryeonseong’s outer wall. It is difficult to draw a quick conclusion before excavation, but Cheolwondoseong Capital Fortress would also have been built with the gyojeongyochuk technique. What is also notable is the fact that Korea’s first metal movable type was made at the central government office called Geumseoseong which was established by Gung Ye. Five pieces of metal movable type that were collected in 2015 and 2016 all came from the southern part of the western building group of Manwoldae, main palace of the Goryeo dynasty. This is a zone that used to have royal palace buildings like Cheondeokjeon during the reign of Gung Ye. If the two Koreas conduct a joint excavation project, they could clarify the exact size and construction techniques of Cheolwondoseong Capital Fortress. They are also expected to discover metal movable type in the zone of the central government office Geumseoseong inside the palace wall. That is why an inter-Korean excavation project needs to be launched.

조선 전기 한양도성 막새의 변화양상

이현주 한국기와학회 2023 한국기와학보 Vol.7 No.-

This paper analyzed the roof-end tiles in the early Joseon dynasty, among those excavated from the Hanyang capital fortress, the capital of Joseon, to verify the formation and development of the Joseon tiles. The roof-end tiles excavated from the Hanyang capital fortress included cloud-phoenix, cloud-dragon, phoenix, dragon, Sanskrit, Sanskrit plant scroll, Kalaviṅka, flower and lotus flower plant scroll patterns, and their manufacturing methods are characterized primarily by the rake technique which was applied to the bindings of all kinds of tiles with different patterns. The formation of the capital fortress roof-end tiles in the early Joseon dynasty was found to be based on the tile system of the Yuan and the Ming dynasty and the originality of Joseon. This study, therefore, examined the background and the changing aspects of the roof-end tiles in the early capital fortress, by comparing the roof-end tiles with those excavated from temples and royal tombs which were located outside the capital fortress and related with royal families, and dividing the background and the changing aspects into four phases: from King Taejo to King Taejong; the reign of King Sejong; the reign of King Sejo; from King Yejong to King Seonjo. The tile system of the capital fortress was formed in the reign of King Sejong(the early 15th century), when the Confucian ruling order was reinforced and the national civilization system was organized. The phoenix/dragon roof-end tiles manufactured based on the tile system was found to be used as a symbol of the national architecture in the capital fortress until the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. In particular, the Sanskrit pattern and the Kalaviṅka pattern are presumed to be used for temples built in the capital fortress and Buddhist buildings in palaces, and was also manufactured as blue tiles, such as the phoenix/dragon roof-end tiles. Hence, it newly highlighted the roof-end tiles with the Sanskrit pattern not only as those symbolizing the Buddhist space, but also as symbolic ones for the national architecture. In addition, it interpreted the background of blue tiles specific to the Joseon dynasty in terms of the civilization system of Joseon and five rites. Such characteristics of Hanyang capital fortress’ roof-end tiles in the early Joseon dynasty are expected to be used as core materials for understanding the development of Joseon tiles and documentary evidence for preserving and restoring the Hanyang capital fortress. 이 글은 조선기와의 성립과 전개를 확인하기 위해 조선의 수도 한양도성 출토 막새 중 전기의 막새를 분석한 결과이다. 그 결과 도성 출토 막새의 문양은 운봉문, 운룡문, 봉황문, 용문, 범자문, 범자당초문, 가릉빈가문, 화문, 연화당초문이 있으며 모든 문양의 막새 접합에 갈퀴기법을 사용하였다는 제작기법상의 큰 특징을 도출하였다. 전기 도성 막새의 성립이 고려와 중국 원‧명의 제와체계와 조선의 독자성을 바탕하였다는 점을 확인하고 도성 밖에 위치한 왕실과 관계한 사찰, 왕릉 등의 출토 막새와 비교하여 전기 도성 막새의 사용 배경과 변화양상을 크게 태조~태종, 세종, 세조, 예종~선조 총 4기로 설정하여 검토하였다. 유교적인 지배질서의 강화와 국가의 문물제도가 정비되는 15세기 전반 세종대에 도성의 제와체계가 성립되었다. 그 제와체계로 제작한 봉황문‧용문 막새는 국가 건축의 상징으로 임진왜란까지 도성 내에서 사용하였다. 특히 범자문과 가릉빈가문 막새는 도성 내 건립된 사찰과 궁궐 내 불교적인 건물에 사용한 것으로 추정되며 용문‧봉황문 막새와 같이 청기와로도 제작되었음을 확인하고, 범자문 막새를 불교적 공간만을 상징하는 막새가 아닌 국가 건축의 상징 기와로 새롭게 조명하였다. 또한 조선시대 가장 특징적인 청기와의 사용 배경을 조선의 문물제도와 오례의 정비 측면에서 해석하였다. 이러한 조선 전기 도성의 막새의 특징들이 조선기와의 발전을 파악할 수 있는 기초자료이자 도성을 보존‧복원하는 고증 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대한다.

백제 한성도읍기 도성 방어 체계 연구

신희권 서울역사편찬원 2014 서울과 역사 Vol.- No.86

백제는 고대국가로 성장해가면서 낙랑과 말갈, 고구려 등 북방 세력과의 대결 구도 속에 도성을 안전하게 보호하고 외부의 적으로부터 효율적으로 방어하기 위한 체계를 구축하였다. 한성도읍기 전기에는 백제 초기 도성인 위례성으로 알려진 풍납토성을 중심으로 한강의 이북과 이남에 각기 아차성과 사성을 축조하였다. 풍납토성은 천혜의 방어 요소인 한강을 끼고 위치한 판축토성으로 그 규모가 거대할 뿐만 아니라 견고한 축조기법을 보이고 있다. 아차성은 북쪽에서 쳐들어오는 적을 막기 위한 핵심적인 역할을 하였고, 사성으로 추정되는 삼성동토성 역시 도성의 서쪽에서 한강 하구를 효율적으로 감시하기 위한 목적으로 축조되었다. 한성도읍기 후기에는 위례성의 방어성으로서의 몽촌토성을 축조하는 등 도성을 확대 정비하였다. 몽촌토성은 남한산 자락의 구릉을 이용하여 토성을 축조하고, 고지대에 망루를 설치함으로써 방어력을 증대하였다. 특별히 한강 이남으로 삼성동토성에서 검단산까지 제방을 쌓아 강물의 범람으로부터 도성을 보호하였다. 한편 남한산 자락의 이성산성과 남한산성은 그 입지와 문헌기록 등을 보건대 전략적 요충지로서 중요한 군사적 역할을 수행하였을 것으로 추정된다. 이로써 한성도읍기 후기에는 풍납토성과 몽촌토성의 양궁성, 한강과 제방, 남한산 일대의 산성으로 이루어진 특징적인 방어 체계를 완성하였다. Developing as an ancient country, Baekje inevitably had to reinforce the defence system of its capital to protect its national territory effectively from the northern ethnic groups or countries such as Nakrang, Malgal and Goguryo. In the early period of Hanseong capital, Achaseong fortress and Saseong fortress were constructed in the northen and southern of the Hangang river, respectively, with Pungnabtoseong(the first capital city of Baekje) in the center, which is known as 'Wiryeseong'. Pungnabtoseong alongside Hangang river, was blessed with natural barriers for defense, and shows massive wall and sturdy construction technique. Achaseong fortress had an important role of protecting enemy from the north. In addition, Samseongdongtoseng fortress, which is regarded as Saseong fortress, was also constructed to effectively observe the mouth of the Hangang river, to protect the west of the capital city. In the later period of Hanseong capital, the capital city expanded through the construction of Mongchontoseong fortress as a defensive castle of the Pungnabtoseong. Mongchontoseong fortress was built by taking advantage of the hill of Namhansan mountain, and also increased its defense level by constructing watchtowers on high perches. In particular, the construction of riverbank that stretched from Samseongdongtoseng fortress to Geomdansan mountain, protected the capital city from flooding of the river . On the other hand, it is concluded that the Yiseongsanseong fortress and Namhansanseong fortress on the slopes of Namhansan mountain, which served an important military role as strategic points of the location, are important for literature research on ancient documents. As a result, a unique defence system consisting of Pungnabtoseong and Mongchontoseong fortress as twin capital cities, the Hangang river and riverbank, and mountain fortresses of Namhansan mountain was completed at the later period of Hanseong capital.

國原小京에서 中原小京으로의 변천과정 연구

황인호 중부고고학회 2013 고고학 Vol.12 No.3

This study examined the movement of central-place which were appeared on transition processes from Gukwon Regional capital(國原小京) that were established throughout the Chungju Area in A.D557 to Jungwon Regional capital(中原小京) that were one of the five regional capital after the unification. I also confirmed changes on urban structure in accordance with those movements. It started to manage the Gukwon Regional capital with exploit stable iron manufacture and well-developed interior traffic by King Jinheung(眞興王) of Silla. The site of Toppyeongri was managed as the only place as Chiso(治所, administrative office in province) in Chung-ju province with large scale settlements during the period for managing Gukwon Regional capital, and there were a large scale building site and settlements with formal divisions, though those were not elaborate edifices like Bang-ri system in Royal capital. Besides the excavated situation of artifacts that was confirmed as terminus post quem the late 7th century were similar with burial facilities-Old tombs in Nuam-ri·Haguam-ri- during Gukwon Regional capital period. From all these grounds, the Chung-ju province was the central-place during Gukwon Regional capital period, but it was changed after transition change as Jungwon Regional capital. Meanwhile, I presumed that Gukwonseong(國原城, Gukwon fortress) was a defensive position during Silla-Tang dynasty war, but after war it was used as outskirt facilities of Jungwon Regional capital. I also review recent archaeological result on Bonghyensungji(the remains of Bonghyen fortress) which were confirmed as an earthen fortification of Goryeo dynasty. However, it is possible that Bonghyensung(Bonghyen fortress) was inherited from Gukwonseong which was city walls(羅城) in Chung-ju basin. It means that the boundary of the west and the south-west where we researched on this occasion can be extension section for resistance to Mongolia in the 13rd century, so we can assume the existence of ancient fortress establishment. I supposed that the Chung-ju basin is the best place for establishment of Gukwonseong and henceforward, reconstruction of Bonghyensung(Bonghyen fortress) that was managed increasing population effectively. Considering a condition of location, it is good to make the best use of mountain fortress of outskirts-Jangmi mountain fortress(薔薇山城), Chung-ju mountain fortress(忠州山城), Dalim mountain fortress(大林山城). Especially some marks of city division of Jungwon Regional capital were verified in Bonghyensung(Bonghyen fortress) range, those marks raise a possibility of relations. Through a division marks aroung Yongsan-dong(龍山洞) and Hoam-dong(虎岩洞), I can restore urban planning which had standard units as the East-west 450chuck(尺) and the south-north 350chuck(尺) of Jungwon Regional capital. In addition I confirmed that a gridiron road which was fitted forward southern slanted central axis according to topography condition had a certain amount of effects to establishment of the Chung-ju townwall(忠州邑城) in Chosun Dynasty. 본 연구는 557년 충주지역에 설치된 국원소경이 통일 이후 오소경의 하나인 중원소경으로 개편되는 과정에서 나타난 중심지 이동과 그에 따른 도시구조의 변화상을 살펴보았다. 국원소경은 안정적인 제철기반과 발달된 내륙교통을 활용하기 위해 진흥왕대부터 운영되었다. 그 치소로 추정되는 충주 탑평리유적은 국원소경이 운영되던 시기에 조성된 대단위 취락으로서 충주지역에서 유일하다는 점, 왕경의 坊里里체계에는 못 미치지만 대형 건물지 및 주거지가 구획시설에 의해 배치된 점, 7세기 말을 하한으로 한 유물의 출토상황이 누암리·하구암리고분군 등 인접한 국원소경 단계의 매장시설과 동일하다는 점에서, 국원소경의 중심지였으나 중원소경으로 전환된 이후에는 더 이상 중심지가 아니었다고 보았다. 한편 중원소경성으로 추정되는 673년에 축성된 2,592보 규모의 국원성은 나당전쟁과 관련된 방어진지였다가 전쟁 후 중원소경의 외곽시설로 활용되었다고 추정해보았다. 충주시내에 위치한 비슷한 규모의 봉현성지가 최근에 고려시대 토성으로 밝혀졌지만, 이번에 조사된 서쪽과 남서쪽 경계구간이 13세기 몽고항전을 대비해 고대 성곽을 확대, 증축한 구간일 수 있어, 충주분지에 위치한 나성 구조의 국원성을 봉현성이 계승했을 가능성이 남아 있다. 입지 상 장미산성, 충주산성, 대림산성 등 외곽 산성을 활용하면서 늘어난 소경인을 효과적으로 관리할 수 있는 충주분지가 국원성의 축조, 그리고 이후 봉현성의 개축에 최적지라고 생각된다. 특히 봉현성의 경계범위 내에서 중원소경의 도시구획 흔적이 확인되어 상호 관련성을 높여주고 있다. 용산동, 호암동 일대의 구획 흔적을 통해 동서 450척(약 160m), 남북 350척(약 124m)을 기본단위로 하는 중원소경의 도시계획을 복원할 수 있었다. 또한 지형조건에 맞춰 중축선이 서쪽으로 기운 격자형 도로망은 조선시대 충주읍성의 축조에도 어느 정도 영향을 끼친 것으로 파악된다.

부여나성 동나성 2문지 발굴조사의 의의

심상육 ( Sang Yuck Shim ),이명호 ( Meung Ho Lee ),김태익 ( Tae Ik Kim ),김선옥 ( Sunok Kim ) 공주대학교 백제문화연구소 2014 백제문화 Vol.1 No.51

사비도성은 백제 후기의 수도로 고구려의 도성과 마찬가지로 커다란 背後산성(청마산성)이 결합된 구조이며, 그 외측으로는 大小의 산성이 환상으로 배치되어 도성의 방어력을 높이고 있다. 그리고 도성은 內城外郭으로 구성되어 최후 방어선으로 부여나성이 구축되어 있다. 이 부여나성은 사비도성의 외곽 성벽만을 지칭하는 용어로 지금까지 20여 차례의 조사를 통하여 동나성과 북나성의 6.6㎞의 성벽선을 확인하였으며, 토축부와 석축부로 구축된 내탁식의 석축성임과 동시에 사비 천도 전에 사비도성의 계획하에 완성된 성벽임이 밝혀지고 있다. 금번 동나성 2문지의 발굴조사는 지금까지의 부여나성의 조사현황을 소개하고 이를 통해 확인된 성벽선·지형별 축조기법·구간별 축조·기저부의 조성·토축부의 특징·성벽의 개보수·성벽의 축조시기와 부여나성의 문지 등을 일괄한 후 2문지의 발굴조사 내용을 수록하였다. 사비도성의 내외부 통로인 동나성 2문지는 산지의 교통로 상에 위치한 성문으로 성외부에서는 문의 유무를 가늠할 수 없는 숨긴문이며, 개구부 두 성벽이 어긋난 어긋문 형식이다. 이 문지는 도성의 배후산성인 청마산성을 잇는 최단거리의 교통로상에 위치한 문지로 두 차례에 걸쳐 성문이 개변된 것으로 확인되었으며, 개구부는 너비 7~15m에 이르는 평면 사다리꼴을 띠고 북측부는 구조물이 놓여 성벽과 마찬가지로 내외를 차폐하는 역할을 하였고, 남편은 계단상의 통로로 활용하였음이 밝혀졌다. 즉, 일반적인 성문은 개구부가 통로임에 비하여 2문지는 개구부의 폭도 넓을 뿐만 아니라 개구부에 통로 이외에 다른 시설물이 설치된 것으로 일반적인 성문과는 상당히 이질적인 문지 형태이다. 그리고 2차문지의 구지표에 가까운 폐기층에서 백제시대 사비기에 해당하는 유물만이 출토되어 성문의 운용은 백제 사비기에만 이루어졌음을 확인할 수 있었다. The Sabi capital is the late one of the Baekje Dynasty and it shows the structure same as the Goguryeo capital connected with the large rear fortress such as Cheongma Mountain Fortress. On the extended line, small and large mountain fortresses are arranged as a ring shape and they are raising the defence of the capital. Moreover, the capital is composed of internal donjon and external fortresses and was built Buyeo Naseong fortress up as the final line of defence. This Buyeo Naseong fortress is a term indicating only outer rampart and it was identified 6.6 kilometers of fortress wall lines on the eastern and northern Naseong fortresses through around 20 surveys until now. In addition, it is revealing that it was a stone built-up fortress where comprises earthen and stone structures and at the same time it was constructed by the master plan of the Sabi capital prior to the transfer of the capital. This time the estimate report on the eastern part of the remains of gate 2 introduces the survey status of the Buyeo Naseong Fortress and summarizes Fortress lines identified through this, structure methods in terrain, construction in sectors, the building of foundation, special features of earthen part, the improvement and repair of ramparts, the construction date of ramparts and the gate remains of the Buyeo Naseong Fortress; in addition, it mentioned the contents of excavation survey on the remains of gate 2. The remains of gate 2 in the eastern part for internal and external passages of the Sabi capital are a sort of fortress gate located on a line of communication; in addition, they are a hidden gate that cannot see them from outside and a deviation door type that goes crisscross two ramparts of the entrance. These gate remains are on the shortest traffic route of the capital connected with the rear fortress, Cheongma Mountain Fortress; they were confirmed that the fortress gate was improved twice; moreover, the entrance is 7-15 meters in width and shows a flat echelon formation; it revealed that the northern part had certain structures and they played a role to cover inside and outside; furthermore, the southern part was employed for the route for staircases. In brief, fortress gates in general have entrances for routes; by contrast, the gate 2 remains have a quite wide entrance and they were installed different facilities saved routes; they illustrate quite distinguished gate remains compared with other general fortress gates. Moreover, the destruction layer near the old surface of the earth in the gate 2 remains only revealed objects in the Sabi period of the Baekje Dynasty. As a result of this, it can confirm that the management of fortress gate merely had done in the Sabi Baekje period.

북한산성의 세계유산 가치와 등재전략 : 한양도성과 연융대성과의 연계를 중심으로

심승구(Shim, Seung-koo) 북악사학회 2020 북악사론 Vol.11 No.-

북한산성은 고대로부터 18세기까지 한국의 도성방어 체제가 어떻게 발달해 왔는지를 상징적으로 보여주는 성곽유산이다. 한국의 도성제(都城制)는 고대에는 산 위에 성곽 시설을 쌓는 산성(山城) 형태에서 점차 평지에 성곽 시설을 갖추는 평성(平城) 형태로 발전해 왔다고 할 수 있다. 갈수록 수도의 군사적 측면뿐만 아니라 정치·경제·문화·행정적인 측면을 함께 고려한 데에 따른 것이다. 조선왕조의 도성은 동아시아의 유교이념에 따라 처음으로 한양의 평지에 궁성(宮城)을 쌓고 주변 내사산(內四山)을 연결하여 성곽을 두루는 형태로 출발하였다. 하지만, 양란 이후 전쟁의 위협이 계속되자 도성의 배후인 북한산에 외성(外城)에 해당하는 북한산성을 축조하였다. 이어서 도성과 북한산성을 연결하는 중성(中城)인 탕춘대성(연융대성)을 쌓아 3개의 성곽을 하나의 방어시설로 구조화하였다. 이와 같이 도성(내성)-연융대성(중성)-북한산성(외성)의 복합적인 도성 방어유산은 국내와 동아시아는 물론이고 세계적으로도 드문 예외적인 사례이다. 한양도성과 연융대성, 그리고 북한산성으로 이어지는 3단계의 복합적인 성곽체제는 수천 년 동안 한국 사회가 발달시켜온 도성방어시스템의 완성을 의미한다. 특히 북한산성은 연융대성과 함께 도성을 지키는 최후의 보루이자 사수성으로서, 국왕이 백성과 함께 도성을 지킨다는 ‘여민공수(與民共守)’라는 근대적 이념이 깔린 18세기 성곽유산으로 탁월한 보편적 가치(Outstandig Univertial Verlue, OUV)를 갖는다. The value of UNESCO World Herit age of Bukhansanseong is that it has a complex structure of castle built on a Bukhan mountain linked to the castle of capital. As can be seen from the comparison between the city and Bukhansanseong in the Joseon Dynasty to the relationship between teeth and gums or mother and child, Bukhansanseong Fortress is characterized as an fortress built to the north of the city to protect the capital. Usually, it is as if the capital is carrying B ukhansanseong Fortress and wearing a band around Tangchundaeseong Fortress. On the contrary, in case of emergency, Bukhansanseong Fortress holds Tangchundaeseong Fortress, Tangchundaesung Fortress is again holding the castle of capital. Bukhansanseong Fortress is the crystallization of the 18th century capital city defense system that most perfectly combines Korea traditional fortress system with the capital city system. Bukhansanseong Fortress is a double-built defense system behind the capital’s fortress, a very except ional example worldwide. It is noteworthy that Bukhansanseong is a military facility that symbolizes the development process of the self-defense system of the Korean capital. The three-stage castle structure that leads to the capital castle of Hanyang, Bukhansanseong Fortress, and Tangchundaeseong Fortress means the completion of a unique city defense system developed in Korea.

아차산성과 삼국의 상호관계 : 백제 한성도읍기의 도성체계와 아차산성

김기섭 ( Ki Seob Kim ) 고려대학교 역사연구소 2014 사총 Vol.81 No.-

Capital fortress was originally refered to Gwakseong fortress surrounding the city where the king lived. The usual point was that the Royal palace (=the inner fortress) was located in Gwakseong fortress. But in particular period like ‘Warring States Period’ on ancient china, when all states are competing over a period of decades for the purpose of unification, the inner fortress was located separately outside Gwakseong fortress for escape of the king. The main capital fortress of that period were Handan fortress, Imchi fortress and Yeonhado fortress. According to the Samguksagi, Hanseong fortress, the capital fortress of Baekje, was composed of a North fortress and a South fortress. The North fortress is equated with present-day Pungnaptoseong fortress and the South fortress is equated with present-day Mongchontoseong fortress. They would have installed defense in Achasan Mt, where was across from Han River to defend Baekje capital fortress which was located near by Han River. Through the excavation result, it has been known that present-day Achasanseong fortress was built with stone by Silla. Thus it is possible that Achaseong fortress of Baekje would be located around Achasanseong fortress. It might be at the lower area with a view of Pungnaptoseong fortress. We need to consider the excavation for finding Achaseong fortress of Baekje.

백제 한성도읍기의 도성체계와 아차산성

김기섭 고려대학교 역사연구소 2014 사총 Vol.81 No.-

Capital fortress was originally refered to Gwakseong fortress surrounding the city where the king lived. The usual point was that the Royal palace (=the inner fortress) was located in Gwakseong fortress. But in particular period like ‘Warring States Period’ on ancient china, when all states are competing over a period of decades for the purpose of unification, the inner fortress was located separately outside Gwakseong fortress for escape of the king. The main capital fortress of that period were Handan fortress, Imchi fortress and Yeonhado fortress. According to the Samguksagi, Hanseong fortress, the capital fortress of Baekje, was composed of a North fortress and a South fortress. The North fortress is equated with present-day Pungnaptoseong fortress and the South fortress is equated with present-day Mongchontoseong fortress. They would have installed defense in Achasan Mt, where was across from Han River to defend Baekje capital fortress which was located near by Han River. Through the excavation result, it has been known that present-day Achasanseong fortress was built with stone by Silla. Thus it is possible that Achaseong fortress of Baekje would be located around Achasanseong fortress. It might be at the lower area with a view of Pungnaptoseong fortress. We need to consider the excavation for finding Achaseong fortress of Baekje. 도성이라는 말은 본래 중국에서 왕(천자)이 사는 도시를 감싼 곽성(郭城)을 가리켰다. 곽성은 왕이 사는 내성(內城)=왕성(王城)을 감싸는 것이 보통이었지만, 열국(列國)의 전쟁이 잦았던 전국시대에는 왕의 안전을 위해 내성이 곽성 바깥에 따로 자리잡기도 했다. 대표적인 사례가 조(趙)의 한단성(邯鄲城), 제(齊)의 임치성(臨淄城), 연(燕)의 하도성(下都城) 등이다. <삼국사기> 등의 기록에 따르면, 백제의 한성은 북성(北城)과 남성(南城)으로 이루어져 있었다. 북성은 지금의 풍납토성, 남성은 지금의 몽촌토성이다. 강변에 위치한 백제 도성을 안전하게 지키려면 한강 건너편의 아차산에 방어시설을 설치했을 것이다. 발굴조사를 통해 지금의 아차산성은 신라가 쌓은 석성(石城)임이 밝혀졌다. 그렇다면 백제의 아차성(阿且城)은 그 주변지역에 위치했을 개연성이 있다. 아마도 풍납토성이 잘 내려다보이는 높지 않은 곳에 위치한 토성이었을 것이다. 백제 아차성을 찾기 위한 발굴조사가 필요하다.