국내 체질인류학의 연구 분야와 그 변화에 대한 검토 -대한체질인류학회지와 해부 · 생물인류학에 출판된 원저논문을 중심으로

우은진,김민서,이대한,서민우 대한체질인류학회 2024 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.37 No.3

체질인류학은 초창기 민족의 기원과 형태적 특성의 분석에 집중해오다 20세기 중반 이후 인류의 생물적 속성을 포괄적으로 탐구하는 융합학문으로 변모되면서 오늘날에는 생물인류학으로 널리 불리고 있다. 이 연구에서는 국내 체질인류학 연구의 현재를 파악하기 위해 대한체질인류학회에서 발간한 학술지를 검토하였고 이와 더불어 한국의 체질인류학이 나아가야 할 방향을 모색하는 데 참고할 만한 자료로 미국 생물인류학회지에 실린 논문을 함께 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 국내의 경우 해부학 분야의 논문이 압도적으로 많고 생물인류학 범주의 논문은 약 10% 정도를 차지하는 것으로 확인되었다. 반면 미국의 학술지에는 생물인류학 내 분과학문 분야인 영장류학, 고인류학, 뼈대생물학, 생물고고학, 인간생물학, 유전학 분야의 논문이 고른 비중으로 출판되고 특히 최근에는 고인류학, 뼈대생물학 분야의 논문이 증가 추세를 보였다. 국내 학술지에 해부학 분야의 연구 비중이 압도적으로 높은 배경에는 해부학교실을 중심으로 시작된 국내 체질인류학의 연구사가 깊은 관련이 있다. 하지만 최근 들어 법의인류학 연구의 비중이 증가하고 생물고고학 분야의 연구자 역시 다소 증가하면서 연구의 주제가 보다 다양해지는 변화가 나타나고 있다. 향후 이러한 변화가 지속되어 한국의 체질인류학이 인간의 생물적 속성을 다루는 포괄적 학문으로 보다 다양한 분야의 연구를 통합하며 발전해 가기를 기대한다. Physical anthropology initially focused on the analysis of ethnic origins and morphological characteristic. However, since the mid-20th century, it has transformed into an interdisciplinary field that comprehensively explores the biological attributes of human and it is widely known as biological anthropology. This research aims to understand the current state of physical anthropology in Korea by examining the journals published by the Korean Association of Physical Anthropologists. Additionally, in order to explore the future directions for physical anthropology in Korea, this study also conducted a comparative review of articles published in the American Journal of Biological Anthropology. As a result, it was found that a significant majority of the articles in domestic journals were focused on the field of anatomy. Meanwhile, research categorized under biological anthropology accounted for only about 10% of the total. In contrast, research in American journal cover a wide range of sub-disciplines within biological anthropology, including primatology, paleoanthropology, skeletalbiology, bioarchaeology, human biology, and genetics. The predominance of research in the field of anatomy in domestic journals is closely related to the history of physical anthropology in Korea, which began primarily within departments of anatomy. However, recently there has been a steady increase in the proportion of forensic anthropology, along with a slight rise in the number of researchers in the field of bioarchaeology. This indicates a shift towards greater diversity in the topics of biological anthropology of Korea. It is hoped that these changes will continue, leading to the development of Korean physical anthropology as a comprehensive field that addresses the biological attributes of human, integrating research from a wider range of disciplines.

체질, 생물, 진화: 인류학 분과 명칭의 변화

박한선 대한체질인류학회 2024 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.37 No.4

본 연구는 체질인류학에서 생물인류학, 그리고 진화인류학으로 이어지는 인류학 분과 명칭 변화의 역사와 현대적 전환을 고찰하였다. 19세기 프랑스의 폴 브로카와 독일의 루돌프 피르호는 인간 형태학과 인종 분류를 중심으로 체질인류학을 정립하였지만, 식민주의와 우생학의 영향 속에서 그 한계가 분명해졌다. 이러한 배경 속에서, 본 연구는 문헌 조사와 역사적 문서 분석을 통하여 각 시기별 인류학의 학문적 변화와 명칭 변화를 추적하였다. 이후 20세기 중반, 유전학·생태학·인간 적응 연구의 부상과 함께 생물인류학은 고정된 인종 개념을 벗어나 진화 이론과 학제적 접근을 통합하였으며, 셔우드 워시번의 “신 체질인류학”은 이 전환점을 상징하였다고 할 수 있다. 그리고 진화인류학은 생물학·행동·문화적 차원을 아우르며 현대 인류학의 핵심 분야로 자리 잡았다. 본 연구는 프랑스, 독일, 영국, 미국, 한국 등 다양한 지역에서 벌어진 학문적 발전 과정을 살펴보았고, 각국의 사회적·역사적 맥락과 대표 연구자들의 활동이 인류학 분과 명칭 전환에 어떤 영향을 주었는지 분석하였다. 이 명칭 변화는 단순한 어휘 조정이 아니라, 인간 다양성과 진화를 해석하는 학문적 틀의 성숙과 확장을 상징한다고 할 수 있다. 이러한 논의를 통해서 향후 인류학 내 학문적 융합과 협력을 촉진하는 바탕을 마련하고자 한다. This study examined the historical transition from physical anthropology to biological anthropology, and then to evolutionary anthropology, exploring the changes in the sub-disciplinary names within anthropology and their modern implications. In the 19th century, Paul Broca in France and Rudolf Virchow in Germany established physical anthropology centered around human morphology and racial classification. However, the limits of this approach became clear under the influences of colonialism and eugenics. Against this backdrop, this research tracked the academic changes and nomenclature shifts in anthropology through literature reviews and historical document analysis. By mid-20th century, as genetics, ecology, and studies on human adaptation rose to prominence, biological anthropology moved beyond the fixed concepts of race, integrating evolutionary theory and an interdisciplinary approach. Sherwood Washburn's "New Physical Anthropology" symbolized this turning point. Furthermore, evolutionary anthropology has become a core area of modern anthropology, encompassing biological, behavioral, and cultural dimensions. This study examined the academic development processes in various regions including France, Germany, the UK, the USA, and Korea, and analyzed how the social and historical contexts and the activities of representative researchers influenced the changes in sub-disciplinary names within anthropology. These name changes represent not merely lexical adjustments but the maturation and expansion of the academic framework for interpreting human diversity and evolution. Through these discussions, the study aimed to lay the groundwork for promoting academic integration and cooperation within anthropology.

한국인의 컴퓨터 단층촬영 영상을 이용한 법의인류학적 연구의 현황과 과제

우은진(Eun Jin Woo),정양승(Yangseung Jeong) 대한체질인류학회 2021 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.34 No.3

컴퓨터단층촬영술 (CT)로 축적된 자료는 법의인류학적 방법론 개발에 이용가능한 집단 차원의 생물학적 특성을 바탕으로 개인식별 지표를 개발할 수 있게 하며, 집단 간 비교 연구를 보다 폭넓게 이루어질 수 있게 한다. 이러한 자료는 오늘날 가상인류학의 핵심 연구 자료가 되었다. 이러한 맥락에서 이 연구에서는 한국인 CT 자료를 이용해 구축된 자료와 지금까지의 연구 성과를 검토함으로써 한국인의 컴퓨터단층촬영술을 이용한 법의인류학적 연구의 경향을 파악하고자 했다. 국내외 주요 법의인류학 데이터베이스와 학술지를 검토한 바에 의하면 한국인의 CT 자료에 대한 데이터 베이스가 체계적으로 축적된 예는 몇몇 사례에 그쳤다. 이와 관련해 2013년부터 국립과학수사연구원에서 축적하고 있는 부검 시신의 CT 자료가 현재까지는 가장 규모가 컸다. 한국인 CT 자료를 이용한 연구 성과물은 2010년을 전후로 출판되기 시작하였고 생물학적 속성 복원을 위한 성별 추정 방법에 대한 연구가 많은 비중을 차지하고 있었다. CT를 비롯한 법의인류학적 이미지 분석기술은 측정 환경과 분석 변수만 명확히 제시되면 인구집단 간 다양한 비교와 메타 분석을 보다 폭넓게 가능하도록 한다. 따라서 향후 한국인 CT 자료를 이용해 연구를 진행할 때에도 표준화된 방법의 구현과 뼈 모델의 신뢰도 문제를 충분히 고려해야 한다. 이렇게 이루어진 자료들은 한국인에 적합한 법의인류학적 기준을 정립하고 다양한 인구집단 간 변이를 연구하는 데 폭넓게 활용될 수 있을 것이다. Computed tomography (CT) allows to inspect and identify the internal features of human tissues in a non-destructive way and to reconstruct their three-dimensional (3D) morphology. Nowadays, CT data have become one of the key research materials in the field of virtual anthropology. Particularly in forensic anthropology, CT data are often used not only to document biological properties of a population and generate population-specific standards for an identification purpose but also to perform comparative studies between populations. This study aims to survey the state of CT databases established in South Korea and research outcomes from the databases to understand the trend of forensic anthropological studies using Korean CT data, which will contribute to an expansion of the scope of Korean forensic anthropology. There are only a few Korean CT databases available for forensic anthropological studies. The largest Korean CT database is the Forensic CT Database managed by the National Forensic Service (NFS) since 2013. The NFS database is still growing by adding new CT data from the forensic cases and has a great potential as a research resource. Research articles using Korean CT data have been published in multiple domestic and international forensic journals since the late 2000s. The two most dominant topics were to generate Koreanspecific sex estimation techniques based on the metric assessment of different body parts and to examine the thickness and shape of soft tissues on the face in terms of the facial reconstruction. There are only a limited number of studies dealing with other topics such as age estimation. Recent advancement of the forensic imaging techniques including the CT method creates a new environment for researchers. In this situation, detailed information about the measurement methods and clearly defined variables are critical to conduct various inter-population comparisons and meta-analyses. Thus, when CT-related research is performed, the issue of standardization and reliability of the measurement methods should be considerately examined. The Korean CT databases established in a systemic and standardized way will contribute to a generation of the Korean-specific forensic standards as well as to an understanding of the human variations among populations.

중앙유라시아 제민족의 생물인류학 특징을 통해 본 한국인 기원문제에 대한 일고찰: 치아고고학 자료를 중심으로

방민규 배재대학교 한국-시베리아센터 2023 한국시베리아연구 Vol.27 No.1

The purpose of this study is to research the dental anthropological characteristics based on dental data of many ethnic groups in Eurasia. The groups of research subjects are Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyzs, Tajiks, Turks, Mongol people, Russians and Koreans. Owing to the great chemical preservation, the teeth are the most remained in archaeological sites including human fossils. Human teeth reflect not only the genetic characteristics, but also the cultural state including dietary life, so the change in dental shape becomes important data for indirectly understanding the state of cultural change. The dental anthropological characteristics could be variously shown according to environmental or general influences, and this characteristic could be used as the index that shows the biological-anthropological characteristics of a specific ethnic group. Thus, it is used as important information for researches that estimate the moving path of a specific ethnic group or reveal the genetic kinship. The appearance rate of shovel-shaped teeth which is an important biological anthropological index of Mongoloid shown in teeth among many ethnic groups of Eurasia, was the highest in Northeast Asian group such as Mongol people and Koreans. On the other hand, the Carabelli’s cusp which is the indexical characteristic of Europeans was the highest in Kazakhs. And the frequency of distal trigonid crest and deflecting wrinkle was highly shown in Northeast Asian group, which reflects differences between ethnic groups. In this study, the Kazakhs of ethnic groups in Centural Eurasia showed more similar dental anthropological characteristics to Koreans than the other groups. The Eurasian culture is the major foundation of the pluralistic cultural structure of East Asia. However, in order to reveal the origin and moving path of Koreans, it would be necessary to accumulate more data and also to conduct convergence researches with related studies such as archaeology, anthropology, and folklore to get more definite answers to it. 본 연구의 목적은 중앙유라시아 제민족의 치아 자료를 토대로 치아고고학 특징을 살펴보고 한국인과 비교해 한국인 기원문제에 대한 정보를 살펴보는데 있다. 조사대상 집단은 우즈베크인, 카자흐인, 키르기스인, 타지크인, 튀르크인, 몽골인, 러시아인, 한국인이다 치아는 화학적 보존성이 좋아 인류화석을 비롯한 고고학 유적에 가장 많이 남아 있다. 사람 치아는 유전적 특성 뿐만 아니라 식생활을 비롯한 문화적 상태가 반영되어 치아 형태의 변화 자체가 문화의 변화 상태를 간접적으로 이해할 수 있는 중요한 자료가 된다. 치아고고학적 특징은 환경적 또는 유전적 영향에 따라 다양하게 나타날 수 있으며 이러한 특성은 특정 민족의 생물인류학적 특성을 나타내는 지표로 사용할 수 있다. 따라서 특정 민족의 이동 경로를 추정하거나 민족 간의 유전적 친연관계를 밝히기 위한 연구에 중요한 정보로 사용된다. 중앙유라시아 제민족들 중 치아에 나타나는 몽골로이드의 중요한 생물인류학적 지표인 삽모양앞니의 출현율은 한국인, 몽골인 등 동북아시아 집단이 가장 높았다. 반면 유럽인에게서 높게 나타나는 카라벨리 결절은 카자흐인에게서 가장 높게 나타났다. 반면 dtc 및 dw의 빈도는 동북아시아 집단에서 높게 나타나 민족 간의 차이를 반영하는 것임을 알 수 있다. 이번 연구를 통해 중앙유라시아 제민족들 중 카자흐인이 다른 집단들보다는 좀 더 한국인과 유전적 친연성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 박대균 외(2001)의 연구에서 한국인 머리뼈의 비계측적 특징을 통해 18개 종족집단과 비교한 결과에도 카자흐인과 가장 유전적으로 가까운 것으로 나타났기 때문에 이와 관련해 보완 조사를 하면 흥미로운 결과가 나타날 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. 중앙유라시아의 문화는 동아시아의 다원적 문화구조의 주요한 토대를 이루고 있다. 그러나 한국인의 기원문제와 이동경로를 밝혀내기 위해서는 좀 더 자료가 축적되고 고고학, 인류학, 민속학 등 인접학문과의 융복합 연구가 진행되어야 좀 더 확실한 해답을 얻을 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

사람뼈의 고고학 : 사람뼈를 이용한 다양한 연구 주제와 분석 기법에 대한 고찰

陳周賢 호서고고학회 2013 호서고고학 Vol.0 No.29

고고학 유적에서 출토되는 유물과 달리 사람뼈는 과거에 살았던사람의 직접적인 흔적이다. 이 때문에 사람뼈를 이용한 연구가 터부시 되기도 하지만, 사람뼈가 고고학 자료로서 가지는 중요성은 다양한 연구를 통해 이미 잘 알려져 있다. 사람뼈가 학자들에 의해 본격적으로 연구되기 시작한 것은 18세기 경부터이다. 그 당시에는 사람뼈를 계측해 인종 간의 차이를 증명함으로써 백인이 다른 인종에 비해 우월함을 보여주고자 하는 목적의 연구가 주를 이루었다. 하지만이러한 식민주의적 접근은 20세기 중반부터 사라지기 시작했다. 오늘날 고고학자와 인류학자들의 주된 관심사는 사람뼈를 이용해 인류진화의 과정, 과거 사회의 생계 경제, 과거 집단의 건강 상태 등을복원하는 것이다. 이러한 연구에는 인골 계측과 같은 전통적인 방법이 사용되기도 하고 안정 동위원소 분석이나 고DNA 분석과 같은 화학/생물학적 방법이 쓰이기도 한다. 사람뼈를 분석해 사망자의 성별,연령, 인종, 신장 및 사망 원인 등을 추정하는 법의인류학적 분석은사망자의 신원 확인에도 도움을 줄 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 이러한다양한 연구 주제와 그 동향을 살펴봄으로써 사람뼈가 고고학적 자료로 가지는 중요성을 강조하고자 한다. Human remains, unlike other archaeological materials, could provide direct evidence to the past lives. The archaeological significance of human remains has been recognized by numerous scholars and human remains have become an important part of anthropological/archaeological analysis. It was around the 18th century when scholars started to take interest in studying human bones. The main goal of those studies was to show the superiority of the Europeans over other “races” by measuring the bones. This type of colonialisitic approach, however, is now an outdated approach. Beginning in the mid-20th century, the interest has shifted to the reconstruction of the past including human evolution, subsistence pattern, and health status. A broad range of methodologies have been used to answer these research questions. Traditional osteological measurements, stable isotope analysis, and ancient DNA analysis are a few examples. In addition, forensic anthropology can assist the medicolegal procedure by providing the sex, age-at-death, race, stature estimation, and cause-of-death. This paper covers a wide variety of bioarchaeological topics to emphasize the importance of human remains as archaeological sample.

창립 70주년을 앞둔 대한체질인류학회의 미래를 위한 제언

박정현 대한체질인류학회 2025 해부·생물인류학 (Anat Biol Anthropol) Vol.38 No.1

This study aims to summarize the status of member management, academic conferences, and journals over the past three years (2022~2024) to understand the overall situation of the Korean Association of Physical Anthropologists, analyze the factors that need to be improved for its development, and propose practical solutions. Over the past three years, the number of members and conference registrants of the Korean Association of Physical Anthropologists has not significantly increased. Additionally, the number of presentations at academic conferences was not substantial. The number of papers published in the journal ‘Anatomy & Biological Anthropology’ did not increase, and the research fields of them remained restricted. A survey on the association’s name revealed that a majority of respondents believed a name change was necessary, with a preference for renaming it to ‘Society for Anatomy and Biological Anthropology’, aligning it with the journal’s title. The author proposes several recommendations for the sustainable development of the association. First, after verifying the participation decision of all members, membership tiers and benefits should be assigned to enhance members’ sense of belonging and pride. Second, the association’s website should be effectively utilized by reinforcing its role as a communication platform. Third, to revitalize academic conferences and journals, external activities and scholastic exchanges should be strengthened and actively promoted. Fourth, changing the association’s name could help clearly define its identity and protect the rights and interests of its members. For the long-term development of the association, active participation and input from its members are essential. Additionally, the executive committee must carefully consider and respect the valuable opinions of members to ensure the society is properly positioned for the future.

<기생충>에 수용된 ‘먹이’의 공유(共有) 관계에 대한 고찰

김남석,김종명,최호석,최연희 동국대학교 동서사상연구소 2020 철학·사상·문화 Vol.0 No.34

PARASITE is an interesting film in many ways, but to date, the research and observation on this work have been mainly biased toward economic problems. There is an undeniable fact that PARASITE clearly showed the imbalance of Korean society such as ‘Underground’ and ‘Mansion’. However, it cannot be said that the sincerity and value of PARASITE is only to reveal economic contradictions. In particular, the biological approach and cultural anthropological truths derived from this work have resulted in the exclusion from previous studies. This study accepted this problem consciousness and tried to read PARASITE from a different angle. So by expanding the perspective of diagnosing the problem of economic imbalance in Korean society, this study attempted to reconsider the problem in terms of food sharing among species, and attempted to solve the conflict of ecological species that solved the competitive structure that was derived as a problem of ecological status. In the end, PARASITE which has caused a lot of waves and shocks in terms of interest and authenticity, can be explained by pursuing the biological/cultural anthropological truth, not the truth that is only used in the limited dimension of human world.

포스트모던 인간론 이해를 향한 프롤레고메나

김성원 ( Sung Won Kim ) 한국조직신학회 2010 한국조직신학논총 Vol.28 No.-

A Prolegomena to the Postmodern understandings of Anthropology is an introductory survey on the various postmodern interpretations on human being. The aim of this essay is to find out a common ground of the interpretations for a possibility of continual existence of Hebrew-Judaic anthropology in postmodern epoch. First, this essay deals with the anthropologies of modernity: Descartes` mind-body dualistic anthropology and Heidegger`s existential anthropology as a prelude to the postmodern interpretations of human being. Some types of critique on anthropologies of modernity are attempted, that have affinities with what postmodern thinkers did. For the postmodern understandings of anthropology, it deals with the organic reflections on anthropocosmic theory in Whitehead`s metaphysics, socio-biological interpretation of human being, deconsturctive anthropology, and anthropology in the emergent theory within philosophy of science. Then, this essay deals with Hebrew-Judaic anthropology to search for the continuity and discontinuity among them. What this essay finds is that the common ground of these interpretations is to have a mode of bifurcation or binary feature; such as mental and physical prehensions in Whitehead`s metaphysics, understanding of mind which is different from physical body in emergent theory, meme and body in socio-biology, and interpretive mental activity within the grotesque body in deconstructionism. These have some types of affinity with modern mode of dualistic system, which reflects that podtmodernism has not completely escaped from the dualistic or bifurcation mode. This provides a relatively reliable clue for a continual existence of Hebrew-Judaic anthropology, which has a binary mode of soul and body in postmodern epoch.

생물인류학 자료로 본 한국인 기원문제에 대한 연구

방민규 ( Pang Min Kyu ) 인문사회 21 2018 인문사회 21 Vol.9 No.3

The issue of Korean people’s origin has been the main focus of attention in Korean academic society, and the answer regarding to that has been revealed little by little based on achievements of many studies. Therefore, this study examines research achievements related to Korea people’s origin so far and look into biological anthropology characteristics of Korean people. To that end, measuring values of skulls, non-measuring traits of skulls, molecular biology study, and research results of dental anthropology that have been published until now. When only the study results of biological anthropology made until now are considered, in the body of Korean people, since the Neolithic era genes of northern race (70∼60%) and southern race (40∼30%) are consistently mixed and stayed on the Korean peninsula. However, the study results of genome analogy found that the influence of southern genes would become greater. When it comes to Korean people’s origin, firm answers would be made only when fusion and combined researches of biological anthropology, archaeology, and folklore are conducted.

고고학 유적 출토 치아 자료를 통해 본 영남지역 주민들의 체질인류학적 특징

방민규 ( Pang Min-kyu ) 경북대학교 영남문화연구원 2017 영남학 Vol.0 No.61

The purpose of this study is to examine the anthropological characteristics of residents through a survey on metric and nonmetric items targeting teeth(齒牙) of ancient human skeleton excavated from archaeaological ruins in Yeongnam and do the anthropological characteristics of residents in antient Yeonganm by comparing them with modern Koreans. To arrange changing aspects of metric values by period, the height of crown has found that the metric values have generally tended to increase in modern times. However, the teeth length and width, the rest item, have tended to somewhat decrease in modern times repeating the increase and decrease in each period. The variable breadth of the length of denal neck by period has found to be no periodical differences because it is relatively more insignificant than other items. Among the changing aspects of nonmetric items by period, shovel-shaped incisor observed in front teeth, the typical nonmetric characteristics, has been known as Mongoloids` typical morphological features. In this study, the appearance frequency of shovel-shaped teeth of maxillary anterior teeth in ancient(old) and modern residents in Yeongnam was very high. On the contrary, the lower jaw can be found that the appearance rate of old persons was high. And the lower jaw of the modern persons can be found that the trace type is much more insignificant than the shovel type. The number of lingual eminence of maxillary lateral incisor was one in all the periods except the New Stone Age. However, the number of lingual eminence of mandibular lateral incisor was shown to be very various. The first mandibular lateral incisor mostly has one lingual eminence. The second mandibular lateral incisor has one or two lingual eminences. And the appearance rate of these two types has found to be similar. For the occlusal surface groove types of the second mandibular lateral incisor, the `Y` type was highest and has tended to somewhat decrease in modern times. The occlusal surface groove types of molars have found that the upper jaw is different from the lower jaw. The first molars of the upper jaw have found to be mostly 4 types that 4 eminences are clear. And the second molars have found that the aspects are somewhat different. The old and modern persons have found that `4-` type is highest and 4 types (4, 4-, 3+,3) are more evenly shown in old persons than modern ones. And modern persons have found that there are mostly `4-` type and `3+` type is scarcely shown. The molars of the low jaw can be found that groove types and the number of eminence are various, but there are no big differences in old and modern persons. The first molars of the low jaw have found that the number of eminence of old and modern persons is mostly 5. On the contrary, groove types can be found that`+`type of modern persons increased when compared to old persons. The second molars have found that the number of eminence is 4 or 5 and the groove type is mostly`+`type. So they showed the different aspects the first molars that`Y`is high. Carabelli`s tubercle in the molars of the upper jaw was not found in old persons. The result examined targeting archaeologically excavated human teeth can be found that residents in Yeongnam have Mongoloids` clear anthropological characteristics. These characteristics can be used to estimate the relation among people and their migratory routes because they are the intrinsic features shown in each one. And they can be utilized as the useful materials when examining the changing aspects of teeth according to eating habits and living environments in comparison of differences between old and modern persons. Differences in metric and nonmetric items due to hereditary or environmental factors cannot be clearly found until now. Understanding of these items will be possible when more studies and analyses will be done in the future. And more studies on regions, living environments, and genes as well as teeth should simultaneously be done.