러시아에서의 한국 문화 수용 현황 연구

이지연 배재대학교 한국-시베리아센터 2009 한국시베리아연구 Vol.13 No.2

This report investigates how Korean culture was embraced in Russia after the establishment of diplomatic relations in the context of cultural differentiation of Post-Soviet Russia. Especially, this report analyzes what made possible the wide spread of Korean home appliance, automobile, and IT industry goods, which were the most influencing in the formation of national brand image of Korea in Russia, based on Russian people's propensity to consume and economic condition and furthermore, traces the following infiltration process of cultural products including Korean movies into the Russian popular culture. Korean culture accepted in Russia after the establishment of diplomatic relations is dominated by economic factors rather than exchange of cultural products itself, so it was visible mainly in the field of life culture or pop culture rather than high culture. In this period the process of recognition of Korea by Russians was not other than the process of acceptance of Korean products such as home electronics goods, computer, cellular phone and automobile. Korean cultural products could take root in Russia in the result of enhancement of Korea's national image in the economic and industrial aspects. This report investigates such specificities in the acceptance of Korean culture by Russians, focusing on three cultural fields - electronic goods, "digital Korean wave" and Korean movies and also diagnoses the perspectives and strategies for promoting the acceptance of Korean culture in Russia in the cultural and psychological context of Russians. 이 논문에서는 수교 이후 러시아에서 한국문화가 수용되는 방식을 포스트소비에트 러시아 사회의 문화적 특수성을 바탕으로 고찰한다. 특히 이 글에서는 러시아에서 한국이라는 국가 브랜드 이미지 형성에 있어 가장 영향력 있는 분야라 할 수 있는 가전제품 및 자동차, IT산업의 상품 파급의 과정을 러시아인들의 소비성향과 경제 상황을 바탕으로 분석하며, 더 나아가 러시아 대중문화의 새로운 흐름 속에서 한국 영화를 비롯한 문화상품들이 문화 층위 속으로 침투해 가는 과정을 추적한다. 러시아의 경우 수교 이전 한국과의 문화교류는 전적으로 북한문화로 한정되어 있었다. 철의 장막을 통과할 정도의 남한 문화란 러시아에 존재하지 않았다. 한편 수교 이후 러시아에 수용된 한국문화는 문화 자체의 교류라기보다 경제적 교류의 결과 수반된 현상이 주를 이루며, 따라서 고급예술문화보다는 생활문화, 또는 일부 대중문화의 영역에서 보다 가시적으로 나타난다. 수교 이후 러시아가 한국이라는 나라를 인식하는 과정은 한국의 상품이 인정받는 과정에 다름 아니었다. 실제로 TV나 냉장고 등의 가전제품, 컴퓨터, 핸드폰, 자동차 관련 한국 제품이 러시아 시장에서 얻은 인기는 ‘경제ㆍ산업적 측면에서의 한류’로 비유될 만하다. 오히려 한국의 문화상품은 이러한 경제적 산업적 측면을 통한 한국의 국가 이미지 개선을 바탕으로 러시아에서 뿌리내릴 수 있었다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 러시아 내 한국문화 수용 과정의 특수성을 러시아에서의 전자제품, 자동차 및 디지털 한류, 영화를 비롯한 문화산업 등의 분야를 중심으로 고찰하고, 러시아 내에서의 한국문화 수용 촉진을 위한 정책적 방향과 발전전략을 러시아인들의 문화적, 심리적 콘텍스트 속에서 진단한다.

일본 대중문화 개방과 한국 언론의 수용 태도 변화: 보도태도, 프레임, 정보원을 중심으로

오대영 ( Day Young Oh ),이완수 ( Wan Soo Lee ) 한국지역언론학회 2015 언론과학연구 Vol.15 No.1

This study analyzed the acceptance attitude of Korean media about the opening of Japanese pop culture. This study conducted time series contents analysis of 1367 news, which 16 Korean media reported during 20 years 8 months. Analysis time was classified into pre-opening time (1993.10.25.~1998.10.19.), opening time (1998.10.20.~2003.12.30.) and post-opening time (2003.12.31.~2013.10.20.) News frames were classified into cultural interest, cultural industry, culture acceptance, culture rejection and prescription. Negative news attitudes were more than positive in pre-opening and opening time, but positive attitude became more in post-opening. Numbers of culture acceptance frame were the most among five frames and those of culture rejection frame were the least. Numbers of culture acceptance framewere more than those of culture rejection frame in all three times. Korean media showed the acceptance attitude from pre-opening time. Among various sources, the portion of Korean officials responsible for the open-door policy were the most. But Acceptance attitudes were different according to times. Critical attitude was very strong in pre-opening time, but diminished in opening and was changed into positive attitude in pre-opening. Korean media showed positive attitude that opening could be the chance of development of Korean pop culture industry. Time passing, the acceptance attitudes of four cultural genres were changed positively. Positive attitudes were stronger in order of music, movie and broadcasting, cartoon. It was explained that positive acceptance attitude of Korean media contributed to the development of Korean Wave, and Japanese pop culture was accepted following by three steps of adjustment, adaptation and acculturation without the first step of cultural shock or rejection, which generally appeared in the opening process of foreign culture.

다문화 중학생의 자기평가 계승어 수준과 학교생활적응 인식의 관계에서 두 문화수용태도의 간접효과

이은희 국제인문사회연구학회 2026 Studies on Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSC) Vol.8 No.4

다문화 중학생의 자기평가 계승어 수준과 학교생활적응 인식의 관계에서 두 문화수용태도의 간접효과 이 은 희 연구 목적: 본 연구는 국내 출생 국제결혼가정 중학생을 대상으로 자기평가 계승어 수준과 학교생활적응 인식의 관계에서 두 문화수용태도의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 연구 방법: 다문화청소년패널조사(MAPS) 2기 패널 4차년도(2022년) 자료 중 한국인 아버지와 외국인 어머니를 둔 중학생 1,432명을 대상으로 상관분석과 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하고 병렬다중매개모형으로 간접효과를 검증하였다. 연구 내용: 한국문화 수용태도(β=.292)와 부모출신국문화 수용태도(β=.197)는 배경변수와 계승어 수준을 통제한 후에도 학교생활적응 인식과 각각 유의한 정적 관련을 보였다. 계승어 수준은 총효과와 직접효과가 모두 유의하지 않았으나 부모출신국문화 수용태도를 경유하는 간접효과는 유의하였다(B=.021, 95% CI[.014, .030]). 한국문화 수용태도를 경유하는 간접효과는 유의하지 않았다. 결론 및 제언: 자기평가 계승어 수준은 부모출신국문화 수용태도를 통해 학교생활적응 인식과 간접적인 관련을 보였다. 한국문화 수용태도와 부모출신국문화 수용태도는 서로 정적인 관련성을 보였지만 학교생활적응 인식과는 각각 별개의 관련성을 보였다. 이는 계승어 교육과 부모출신국문화를 연계할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. 핵심어: 다문화 중학생, 계승어, 한국문화 수용태도, 부모출신국문화 수용태도, 학교생활적응 Heritage Language Self-ratings and Perceived School Adjustment Among Multicultural Middle School Students: Indirect Effects Through Two Types of Cultural Acceptance* DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.62783/SHSS.8.4.83 Eunhee Lee** Abstract: This study examined whether acceptance of Korean culture and parental heritage culture mediated the association between self-rated heritage language proficiency and perceived school adjustment. Data were drawn from Wave 4 (2022) of the second Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study (MAPS). The sample comprised 1,432 middle school students born in Korea to Korean fathers and foreign-born mothers. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlations were computed, and hierarchical regression and parallel multiple mediation analyses with bootstrap confidence intervals were conducted. Both types of cultural acceptance were positively associated with perceived school adjustment after controlling for sex, household income, and self-rated heritage language proficiency. Self-rated heritage language proficiency was not significantly associated with perceived school adjustment, but its indirect effect through parental heritage culture acceptance was significant. In contrast, the indirect effect through Korean culture acceptance was not significant. These findings suggest that self-rated heritage language proficiency is indirectly related to perceived school adjustment through acceptance of the parental heritage culture. Although the two types of cultural acceptance were positively correlated, each was independently associated with perceived school adjustment. Key Words: Multicultural Middle School Students, Heritage Language, Korean Culture Acceptance, Parental Heritage Culture Acceptance, School Adjustment □ 접수일: 2026년 8월 20일, 수정일: 2026년 8월 27일, 게재확정일: 2026년 8월 28일* 이 논문은 2024년도 경희사이버대학교 연구년 지원에 의한 결과임. ** 경희사이버대학교 교양학부 교수(Professor, Kyunghee Cyber Univ., Email: ehlee1@khcu.ac.kr)

日本における韓流コンテンツ受容が文化変容および原産地効果に 与える影響

배일현(IL-Hyun Bae),요시모토 코지(Yoshimoto Koji),홍정화(Jung-Hwa Hong) 한일경상학회 2025 한일경상논집 Vol.106 No.-

Purpose: This study examines whether the Korean Wave plays an important role in generating positive perceptions and purchasing desires for Korean products in Japan. In addition, this study aims to analyze how multicultural acceptance affects cultural appropriation and the country-of-origin effect. Research design, data, and methodology: This study collected data from local consumers in Japan from January to March 2024. The questionnaire used for the analysis was 203 people. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to test the hypothesized model. Results: It was confirmed that multicultural acceptability has a positive effect on cultural appropriation, which contributes to the formation of positive attitudes toward Korean companies and products by Japanese consumers. Specifically, Japanese consumers with higher multicultural acceptability have higher levels of cultural appropriation, which in turn showed positive attitudes toward Korean companies and products. Positive attitudes toward Korean products increased purchase intentions, but positive images of Korean companies did not lead to purchase intentions. Implications: This study suggests that, from a marketing perspective, Korean companies can expect more positive economic effects if they consider strategies that promote multicultural acceptability when promoting their products in the global market. In particular, it would be important for Korean companies to deeply understand and grasp the popularity and interest of Japanese consumers in the Korean Wave, and to develop strategies that encourage cultural transformation by providing various cultural exchange programs or campaigns and making efforts to increase their multicultural acceptance. This will ultimately influence Japanese consumers to form positive attitudes toward Korean culture, which in turn can lead them to purchase more diverse Korean products.

중국 지식인층의 문화한류 해석과 수용관점 추이 연구

박영환(Park Young Hwan) 동아인문학회 2016 동아인문학 Vol.37 No.-

When the fever of Korean wave is mentioned in China, something important is often ignored. Broadcasting stations in Japan and Taiwan almost only considered the commercial parts and made decisions by the incomes from Korean wave dramas. However, in China, State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television of The P.R.C managed by government holds all the permissions and the importation is decided significantly by political factors much more than commercial factors. From the fever of Korean drama What On Earth is Love in 1997 to Daejanggeum(A Female Chef in Korean Palace) in 2005, most of Chinese scholars have defined the cause of Korean fever as the cultural proximity based on similar traditions and Confucian culture, and also draw the controversial issue that whether the fever of Korean wave was effected by Confucianism’s Regurgitation-feeding. However, the background of producing Korean dramas in Korea is quite different. It is the formality of ‘pursuing anti-tradition from tradition’. Since IMF National bankruptcy in 1997, Korean wave dramas were born in the self-reflection on the inordinate developmentalism along with the flow of anti-tradition, anti-Confucianism and anti-Male in Korean society. Such cultural phenomenon is very interesting. It seems that the desire of Revival fever in China, to establish traditional ethical viewpoint through the restoration of Confucian culture and regional cultural discrepancies between Korea and China, influenced the viewpoint of culture acceptance. Of course, there are not a few opinions that excluded Korean wave dramas blisteringly from the cultural nationalism viewpoint. Since the arguments of the Dano Festival between Korea and China got deepened at the end of 2005, the phenomenon of disliking Korean wave became one catalyst. Around 2008 Beijing Olympic, the nationalism peaked in China. Hence Chinese preferences of Korean wave went into different ways. Since 2010, especially the great success of the Heirs and A Man from Another Star in 2013, China’s academia has been more focusing on the analysis of reasons and causes that made Korean wave fever last for 20 years in China through the somewhat objective, rational and logical ways instead of emphasizing homogeneity with Confucianism culture emotionally like before. It is very persuasive for the opinion by Pro. Jang Ieewoo, Beijing University, that Korean wave drama fever made the culture be shared together through traditional heritage. At least, superficially it was because of that.

탈북자에 대한 한국인의 태도 연구: 국가정체성과 다문화수용성을 중심으로

손애리,이내영 경희대학교(국제캠퍼스) 국제지역연구원 2012 아태연구 Vol.19 No.3

This paper analyzes the factors influencing the South Korean view of North Korean defectors based on the 2010 Survey on National Identity in South Korea. National identity, multi-cultural acceptability, and economic interests were identified as independent variables affecting attitudes toward North Korean defectors. Regression analysis results are summarized as follows. National identity: The attitude of South Koreans toward North Korean defectors with regard to conditions of nationhood was not significantly affected by ethnic factors which is concerned with birthplace, long-term residence, and descent but was positively influenced by civil factors which place an emphasis on nationality, the Korean language, law abidance and historical understanding. On the other hand, South Koreans’ attitude toward North Korean defectors was negatively influenced by a sense of national belonging and national pride, but positively influenced by a sense of ethnic belonging and ethnic pride. Multi-cultural acceptability: A deeper connection was shown when there was greater advocacy for the political and social rights of migrants who have gained the Korean citizenship. This implies that the protection of human rights, a factor unrelated to ethnicity, is more relevant in shaping South Koreans’ attitude toward North Korean defectors. 본고는 2010년 사회조사 자료를 통해 한국인이 탈북자를 어떻게 인식하고 있으며, 그런 인식 태도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 무엇인지를 분석하였다. 우선 탈북자에 대한 한국인의 태도를 탈북자에 대한 친근감과 탈북자에 대한 수용 태도라는 두 가지 차원으로 나누었다. 탈북자에 대한 태도를 결정하는 요인을 살펴보기 위해 국가 정체성․다문화 수용성․경제적 이해관계라는 3 가지 이론적 시각을 중심으로 독립변수들을 제시하고 변수들의 영향력을 분석했다. 분석의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 인구․사회학적 변인의 영향력은 전반적으로 작았다. 남성은 탈북자에 대한 친근감과 탈북자 수용태도 모두에서 긍정적인 태도를 보였고, 교육수준이 높을수록 탈북자 수용에 부정적이었다. 둘째, 국가정체성은 두 가지 차원에서 흥미로운 결과를 보여주었다. 먼저, 국민됨의 자격조건과 관련해 민족적 요인은 탈북자 태도에 영향을 미치지 않았고, 시민적 요인은 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다. 국가 소속감과 자긍심은 부정적인 방향으로 민족 소속감과 자긍심은 긍정적인 방향으로 탈북자에 대한 친근감에 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 다문화수용성 변인 중에서 이주자에 대한 권리는 탈북자 태도에 가장 강한 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타났다. 넷째, 경제적 이해관계 변인은 국가경제에 대한 전망이 친근감에 영향을 미치는 것을 제외하고는 전반적으로 영향력이 미미하게 나타났다.

일본에서의 한국문학의 수용과 현황

이희제(Lee, Hee Je) 한국일본학회 2015 日本學報 Vol.105 No.-

본 연구는 일본에서의 한국문학작품의 수용과 현황을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 나아가서는 한국문학 작품이 어떻게 하면 일본에 보다 수용될 수 있는 가를 고찰한다. 특히 대중문화가 소비되는 현장에서 나타나는 ‘한류’와 한국문학과의 관계, 거기서 나타나는 문제점과 문학작품의 번역과의 관련성에 대해 살펴보고, 대중문화로서 한국문학작품이 일본에 수용될 수 있는 가능성을 모색하고자 한다. The study aims to analyze acceptance of Korean literature and its status in Japan. It also examines the possible ways for the Korean literary works to be widely accepted in Japan. This study especially observes the relations between the Korean wave and Korean literature at the place where popular culture is consumed and connection between problems arising from it and translated literary works before looking for possibility of the Korean literary works to be accepted in Japan as part of the popular culture.

1970년대 전반기 한⋅일 대중음악의 록 음악 수용양상과 그 의미에 관한 고찰

이주원 글로벌 문화콘텐츠학회 2020 글로벌문화콘텐츠 Vol.0 No.45

Beginning in the 1950’s, rock music grew in the 60’s and set its roots as the main genre of music in the global pop music industry in the 70’s. Such cultural influences have continued to affect the music cultures in Korea and Japan, which can be further seen through both countries’ songs from the time. Partial, short termed and sound focused exchanges have been constant between the two countries in their sharing of cultures. This study looks to observe and analyze the cultural differences between Korea and Japan through a comparison of their music specifically in the rock genre. Korean and Japanese rock music largely showed notable differences in two musical aspects. First, both countries’ music had differences in the modes used in that Japanese rock used a wider variety of modes than Korean equivalents. Second, there were notable differences in the arrangement of songs between the two countries’ songs, which can be attributed to the overdrive guitar sound a new technique for the era and its usage. The results showed completely opposite data in that Korean songs used the overdrive guitar sound seldomly, while nearly all Japanese songs made use of the effect. Based on the characteristics of the guitar and the amount of importance the guitar has to the rock sound, such differences represent the musical differences between both countries very well. Such differences in the acceptance of rock music in Korea and Japan can best represent how musicians in both countries made peace with ‘conservatism’ when it came to deviating from the present popular music and establishing the new genre of ‘rock’. Japanese rock readily accepted rock music as exported by western countries, recreating their style in composition and arrangement perfectly. Such a phenomenon can be seen as attributable to the general populace in Japan at the time, which was ready to accept the new genre of music introduced by the west. On the other hand, Korea was conservative in its acceptance of new music such as rock. This can be seen as the result of the conservatism within Korean popular music at the time, further attributable to political and economic circumstances. 록 음악은 1950년대에 로큰롤 음악으로 시작되어 1960년대를 거치며 성장하다가 1970년대에 들어서 세계 대중음악 시장에서 주류 장르중 하나로 자리매김했다. 이러한 문화적 영향은 한국과 일본의 음악문화에도 영향을 지속적으로 주고 있었으며, 양국의 당시 음악들을 통해 그 영향을 확인할 수 있다. 한국과 일본은 1945년 해방을 기점으로 1998년 일본문화개방이 있기까지 문화적으로 단절되어 있었다. 하지만 부분적, 단기적, 음성적 교류는 끊임없이 있어왔으며 양국은 서로 문화적 영향을 주고 받아왔다. 이 연구는 단기적, 부분적 교류가 상대적으로 적었던 시기인 1970년대의 한·일 음악, 그중에서도 록 음악의 비교·고찰을 통해 당시 양국의 문화적 차이를 조망해 보고자 하였다. 한국과 일본의 록 음악은 음악적으로 두가지면에서 큰 차이를 보이고 있었다. 1) 선법의 사용에서 양국의 음악이 차이를 보였는데 한국에 비해 일본의 록 음악이 보다 다양한 선법을 사용하는 경향이 있었다. 2) 기타 음향상에서 나타난 한국과 일본의 록 음악의 확연한 차이가 발견되었는데, 이는 당시로서는 새로운 기법이었던 오버드라이브 기타 사운드의 사용 빈도였다. 양국의 분석대상 곡들은 정반대의 결과를 보여주었다. 한국의 경우 오버드라이브 기타 사운드가 거의 사용되지 않았고 일본의 경우 사용되지 않은 경우를 찾기 힘들었다. 기타가 주요 사운드로 역할을 하는 록 음악의 특성상 이러한 차이는 양국의 음악적 차이를 가장 잘 보여주는 사례이다. 이러한 한·일 양국의 록 음악 수용양상의 차이는 양국의 음악인들이 기존 대중음악에서 벗어나 ‘록’이라는 신장르를 개척함에 있어 ‘보수성’과 어떻게 타협하였는가를 보여주고 있다고 정리될 수 있다. 일본의 록 음악은 동시대 영미권의 록 음악을 적극 수용하였고, 작,편곡적인 면에 있어서도 영미권의 록 음악을 충실히 재현하는 방향으로 전개되었다. 이런 현상은 영미권의 록 음악을 받아들이려 하는 당시 대중의 요구가 전제되어 있었기 때문이었다고 볼 수 있다. 반면 한국의 록 음악은 새로운 음악을 받아들이는 것에 있어 보수적이었다. 이는 당시 한국 대중음악계의 보수적 성향이 투영된 결과로 볼 수 있으며, 정치적, 경제적인 요인의 영향에도 그 원인을 찾을 수 있을 것이다.

문화기호학적 측면에서 한식명 중국어 번역의 문제점 고찰 : 독자 수용성을 중심으로

김진아,김지은 한국외국어대학교 통번역연구소 2018 통번역학연구 Vol.22 No.2

Kim, Jin-AhㆍKim, Ji-Eun. (2018). Cultural-Semiotic Examination of Problematic Chinese Translation of Korean Food Names: Focus on Reader Acceptability. Interpreting and Translation Studies 22(2), 51-75 Public translation is an integral part of effective national branding strategy. As a type of public translation, translation of Korean food names specifically requires a culturally informed approach along with linguistic analysis given the inextricable relationship between a country's culture and food names. In this light, this study applies cultural semiotics to the analysis of Chinese translation of Korean food names with particular regard to their cultural significance. Semiotics, pioneered by F. Saussure and subsequently branched out into various areas of research, provides analytical framework to various research fields including language, arts, and media. Cultural semiotics, a subdiscipline of semiotics most notably presented in the theories of C. S. Peirce and Y. M. Lotman, treats culture as the most overarching unit of “text” created by signs and studies everything incorporated within this text. Food embodies the cultural, historical, and social characteristics of its country of origin; translators of food names must share a collective memory to identify the signifieds (signifié) behind them. Therefore, translation of Korean food names calls for analysis beyond linguistic aspects of translation – cultural analysis is instrumental to this endeavor. This study examines native Chinese speakers' reception of 480 Chinese translations of Korean food names proposed by the National Institute of the Korean Language. I selected the proposed translations that have low reader acceptability among native Chinese speakers in a survey conducted by Hankuk University of Foreign Studies and discussed their problems from a cultural-semiotic perspective.

국어국문학 연구의 확장과 연계성 탐색

김현자 국어국문학회 2004 국어국문학 Vol.- No.137

In face of the 21centry, scholars in Korean literature are forced to stand the influence of the capital and the constantly changing conditions. I believe that we are at the point of seeking for a new paradigm and adopting new methodolgies that fit it, and no one deny the need for interdisciplinary approaches with other academic fields. First and foremost, we are trying to find out the linkings between the studies of classics and modern literary works, focusing on their structural continuity and alternation in the fundamental elements, such as the sense of beauty, the consensus of genre, or national identity, not merely adopting the techniques or the texts of classics. Secondly, it cannot be too much to emphasize on the communication between Korean literature and Korean linguistics, for we have several reasons to gain an access to them interdisciplinarily: they share the same object to study, i.e., the Korean language, and the literature studies are inevitably based on the linguistic interpretation. For systematic cooperation between the two fields of academia, firstly the professors as well as the researchers majoring in the Korean literature and linguistics gather in regular basis, and in addition, it is important to select students who are familiar with both of the fields. Thirdly, to put the studies regarding women's literature in the right place in the history of Korean literature should be carried out, and this means to recover the wholeness of the history of Korean literature by means of adding the missing part of it to. It must encourage the exploration on the women's literature, which have made ample discussion, but borne relatively little amount of results. Lastly, the studies of Korean literature should go beyond its boundary, 'literary works', and willingly extend its interests to the culture. Specifically, it is desirable for us to be concerned with interaction between the literature and the cultural recepients, and also interested in popularity, and day-to-day lives. Besides we should positively correspond to the cultural changes as well as those in the environment and the media in this era. In my opinion these kinds of researches will lead us to re-identify the theories of modern literature as ones with cultural reality, and further to make creative expressions of themselves. To conclude, the literature cannot live isolated without any interaction with other fields in the world. To actively deal with the changes today, and to reveal the creative forces it has, the literature should be a major motivation to develop a new concept of culture. For this purpose, we explore the way to overcome the disruption among a variety of areas, and endeavor to interact with those fields. Therefore, the scholars in Korean literature should not only do the communicative research in the spheres of literature, but also do the integrative, interdisciplinary works with other people in other realms. The ultimate aim of literary studies will be to converge into the studies as answers to what our life is, and to how to respond to it, in short, what 'culture' is. And we should pursue this until it can play an important role as social capital.