복잡성 이론(Complexity Theory)과 특수교육

권정민 이화여자대학교 특수교육연구소 2009 특수교육 Vol.8 No.2

복잡성 이론은 교육을 포함한 사회과학 분야에서 새롭게 소개되는 이론이다. 이 연구의 주요 목적은 복잡성 이론을 특수교육 전문가들에게 소개하고 특수교육을 재조명하기 위함이다. 복잡성 이론은 현대 물리학에서 시작된 이론으로 퀀텀의 세계에서 입자들은 이전의 모든 논리성을 무시하고 모든 자연과학적 법칙을 벗어나 행동한다는 관찰에서 비롯되었다. 복잡성 이론은 시스템 이론과 카오스 이론으로 설명될 수 있는데, 시스템 이론은 시스템의 복잡함에 초점을 맞추고 카오스 이론은 그 복잡한 시스템의 예측 불가능한 관계와 영향에 대하여 논한다. 이를 특수교육에 적용하면, 우리는 결함보다는 가능성에 초점을 맞추고, 학생이 속한 모든 환경이 학생의 학습에 주는 영향을 인식하고, 학생을 다양한 각도에서 이해하며, 공유하는 비전을 가져야 한다. 학생과 학생이 속한 환경의 복잡성을 이해할 때, 교사는 새롭고 창의적인 방법을 찾아낼 수 있을 것이고, 이를 이용하여 학생이 진정으로 의미있는 학습을 할 수 있도록 도울 수 있을 것이다. Complexity theory is an emerging new idea in the fields of social science. The purpose of this research is to introduce complexity theory to special education professionals and refocus on the practices of special education. Complexity theory has its roots in contemporary physics. In quantum physics, the scientists have found that the elements moved outside traditional rationality and expectations. Complexity theory can be explained in systems theory and chaos theory. Systems theory focuses on the complexity of the systems whereas chaos theory focuses on the unexpectable-ness of the systems. When the theories are applied to special education, we can focus on the possibilities of the students rather than deformity, understand the student in the context of the surrounding environment, and acquire shared visions of the classroom and society. Through complexity science, we may be able to find new and creative ways to help students learn in meaningful ways.

교육에서 복잡성 이론의 함의

배재학 ( Jae Hak Bae ) 한국교육철학회 2015 교육철학 Vol.55 No.-

The purpose of this paper explores the complexity theory as a philosophy of education is to look at the possibility of applying sought. In this paper I show how complexity theory has challenged the idea of representation and we explore possibilities for an alternative understanding of knowledge in its relationship to reality. The start of modern science in Europe, has been developed on the basis of mechanistic thinking. According to the Descartes, the operation of bodies, ranging from the grass that grows all the phenomena of the Universe can be expressed in exact formulas, and mathematics to indicate that a given phenomenon to check the analytical methodology is needed. The knowledge gained from the mechanistic view of the world predictions were possible for the unknown. Its core is determinism and reductionism. What is determinism, all that happens in the world can be changed from the beginning so determined and selected according to the laws of dynamics, so undoubtedly goes inevitably evolves. I considers questions of continuity and change in education from the perspective of complexity theory, introducing the field to educationists who might not be familiar with it. Given a significant degree of complexity in a particular environment (or dynamical system````), new properties and behaviours, which are not necessarily contained in the essence of the constituent elements or able to be predicted from a knowledge of initial conditions, will emerge. This turn derives from developments over the past two decades or so within physics, biology, mathematics, ecology, chemistry and economics, from the revival of neo-vitalism in social thought et a1.and from the emergence of a more general ````complex structure of feeling that challenges some everyday notions of social order. Within these scientific disciplines, an array of transformations took place, loosely known as chaos, complexity, non-linearity and dynamical systems analysis. There is a shift from reductionist analyses to those that involve the study of complex adaptive matter that shows ordering but which remains on the edge of chaos. Developed principally in the fields of physics, biology, chemistry and economics, complexity theory arises in some senses out of chaos theory, and before that, catastrophe theory, in that it shares chaos theory`s focus on the sensitivity of phenomena to initial conditions that may result in unexpected and apparently random subsequent properties and behaviours. Jones points out that the term <``complexity is frequently used in a manner which suggests that it is a unified concept, which may contribute to a neglect of tl1e range of different theories that deal with the implications of complexity. The concepts of complex systems include multi-scale hierarchical organisation, emergent patterning, agent-based modelling, dynamical tractors and repellors, information flows and constraints, system-environment interaction, developmental trajectories, selectional ratchets, fitness landscapes, interaction across timescales, and varieties of self-organisation. I suggests that the language, concepts and principles of complexity are central to the development of a new science of qualities to complement the science of quantities that has shaped our understanding of the physical and social worlds. Complexity offers a theoretical framework for acknowledging and helping to sustain the self-organising capacity of fully embodied systems that are realised through the intra- and inter-actions of agents within the boundary that those activities help to generate and sustain. For educators, complexity thinking points to structural conditions that one can implement to help students become aware of how self-consciousness does not precede or follow pedagogical encounters.

행정학연구에서 복잡계의 연구동향과 과제

강성남 한국거버넌스학회 2011 한국거버넌스학회보 Vol.18 No.2

최근에 행정학의 연구대상에서 초점이 되는 관료제 현상을 ‘하나의 복잡계(a complex system)’로 인식하고 이에 대한 이론적 자원으로서 복잡계 이론 및 방법론의 지원을 받은 연구 성과들이 나오고 있다. 여기에는 행정현상의 동학이 복잡해지면서 이를 분석할 필요성이 자리하고 있기 때문이다. 이 논문은 한국행정연구의 적실성과 과학성에 대한 평가 작업의 토대를 마련한다는 관점에서 복잡계 연구동향을 분석하고 향후 연구패러다임을 모색하는 것이 필요하다는 인식에 기초하고 있다. 복잡계 이론은 인식론, 분석대상, 개념의 포괄범위, 분석방법, 분석결과의 해석에서 특징을 지니고 있다. 이 논문에서는 한국 행정학 연구에서 복잡계 이론에 관한 연구동향을 크게 연구지향성, 연구 분야(대상) 및 연구방법에 따라 정리하고 있다. 이러한 동향분석과 정리를 토대로 새로운 연구패러다임을 위한 과제를 제시하고 있다. 주제와 관련한 과제 및 방향은 체제의 비선형성, 자기조직화, 공진화, 창발성의 개념 적용을 통한 연구주제가 좀 더 다루어져야 한다는 것이다. 이 밖에도 복잡계 이론의 핵심적인 개념들에 대한 조작화 문제를 비롯하여 복잡계 연구방법의 활용과 관련된 문제를 제시했다. 결론에서는 복잡계 연구의 전망과 함께 최근에 나타나는 행정체제 변동에 관한 분석 ‘틀’로서의 유용성을 강조하고 그것의 한계를 언급하고 있다. Recent administrative studies have recognized bureaucracy as a complex system and many of studies have been produced that are supported by the theory of complex system and its methodology. As administrative dynamics has become complex, there are increasing needs of analysis of it. This thesis analyzes a trend of the theory of complex system to prepare a foundation of relevancy and scientific aspects of Korean studies of public administration. Moreover, this thesis is based on a realization of a necessity of future research paradigm. The theory of complex system has features in the aspects of epistemology, the object of analysis, range of concept, analytic methods, and interpretation of results of research. This thesis characterizes the trend of Korean administrative studies of the complex theory according to research orientation, and the object of studies. This thesis suggests tasks for future research paradigm based on analysis of research trends. This thesis also suggests that more research themes be dealt by applying the concept of nonlinearity, self-organization, co-evolution, and emergence phenomenon. This thesis proposes an advanced application of the complex theory and manipulation of core concepts of the complex theory. In conclusion, this thesis comments the prospect of the study on the complex system, the usefulness of the theory of complex system as an analytic framework related to administrative system changes and also mentions its limitations.

렘 쿨하스 공간에 나타난 복잡성 이론의 조형특성에 관한 연구

윤재은,유미연 한국기초조형학회 2008 기초조형학연구 Vol.9 No.2

This study is about spatial shaping characteristics by Rem Koolhas space and complexity theory which tells us modern times. Today, the division among each region is getting to become meaningless and to be mixed due to digital technology and scientific development, which is also shown at the space. First, the characteristics of complexity theory is indicated as 'the plural meanings', 'application of organic body', 'magnetic productivity', 'the cosmology of language and science', 'non-dual conception', and 'asymmetry of shaking'. Second, the properties of Rem Koolhas space can be arranged as 'multi-layered structure of the meaning', 'complexity geometric structure', 'circulating system of space', 'the space of dynamic world view', 'de-conceptualized space', and 'structure of oblique line'. These have various meanings similar with emergence, self-organizing, and non-linearity which are the characteristics of complexity theory, and Rem koolhas spaces are related to complexity theory. Third, Rem koolhas space can be divided types as emergence space, self-organization space, and non-linearity space, through these elements, modern spatial modeling language are indicated : overlapping, scaling, annexation, transition, contortion, folding, distortion, stretching, wave. It is possibly known that this forms dynamic and unique space by being expressed as spatial elements including ramp, promenade of building, vertical pillar, slab, and glass wall. Because the researching range of complexity theory is infinite and is wide in applying range at space according to it, it is thought that it can show new theory and modeling.

『연경재전집 』의 史論과 韓中 고대 인물 비교 분석

김희만 서강대학교 인문과학연구소 2025 서강인문논총 Vol.- No.72

In this article, I analyzed the contents of 「Historical theory」(「史論」) in Seong Hae-eung’s The Complex Works of Yeongyeongjae(硏經齋全 集) and ‘Theory says(‘論曰’)’ in SamgukSagi(三國史記) . And I compared the Ancient Chinese characters and content that intersect in these two records. In particular, in the 「Historical theory」 of the The Complex Works of Yeongyeongjae , Seong Hae-eung shows much interest in past history, especially figures from Ancient China, rather than in the facts of the era in which he was working. To inform this, there are 87 articles in the 「Historical theory」 section of the The Complex Works of Yeongyeongjae and 65 articles in the 「Historical theory」 section below. There are only 16 articles from that period. The fact that so many articles were written centered around Ancient Chinese figures is probably related to the lack of information about these figures among materials related to Ancient Korean history. I also think that Seong Hae-eung thought of Ancient Chinese society as an exemplary country. To verify this, we analyzed the ‘Theory says’ of the SamgukSagi and confirmed that not only do not many ancient Chinese figures appear, but the content is also very limited and simple. Through these points, we were able to grasp the different historical cognition of Ancient Chinese figures in 「Historical theory」 written by Seong Hae- eung in the late Joseon Dynasty and ‘Theory says’ written by Kim Bu-sik in the early Korea Dynasty. In addition, by comparing and analyzing the content describing and evaluating each person, we were able to examine the similarities and differences revealed in the 「Historical theory」 of the The Complex Works of Yeongyeongjae and the ‘Theory says’ of the SamgukSagi .

복잡계이론 관점에서 본 축구재능발달 단계

강지훈 ( Ji-hun Kang ),윤영길 ( Young-kil Yun ) 한국스포츠과학원 2021 체육과학연구 Vol.32 No.1

[Purpose] This study was aimed at interpreting the football talent development stages based on complexity theory. [Methods] The data for this study was gathered through literature review and in-depth interviews that were analyzed by thematic analysis. Literature review of the studies regarding complexity theory revealed the features of complexity theory and five football players participating in the K-league were interviewed. Gathered materials were analyzed by the thematic analysis. Initial codes and potential themes of football talent development stages, the conception and potential themes of the complexity theory were interpreted by metaphorical analysis. [Results] Results of literature review were as follows: analysis frame of complexity theory were organized environment of complexity, feedback structure, self-organization, critical condition and emergent phenomenon. The football talent development stages, interpreted as a result of literature review, were divided into Potential Talents, Excellence based Talents Development, Footballizational Talents, Football to Takeoff and Personalization of Football Talents. The stages were specifically materialized as follows: Potential Talents was materialized into physical condition, physical activity preference and change of environment. Excellence based Talent Development was materialized into skill mastery, thoughts about football and relationship with significant others. Footballizational Talents was materilized into skill fractionation, football flow and growth experience. Football to Takeoff was materialized into overcoming crisis experience, performance scaffolding and performance takeoff. Personalization of Football Talents was materialized into manifestation of performance personalization, performance evolution, condition maintenance. [Conclusions] Football talent development stages, interpreted by means of complexity theory, were divided into Potential Talents stage, Excellence based Talent Development stage, Footballizational Talents stage, Football to Takeoff stage and Personalization of Football Talents stage. Utilization of this study as a fundamental resource of football talents development programs and as a means to understanding football talents development is looked forward to.

태권도와 복잡계 이론에 관한 관계성 연구

최경석 ( Kyung Seok Choi ) 대한무도학회 2008 대한무도학회지 Vol.10 No.2

This study was conducted to understand the characteristics of Taekwondo with Complexity System Theory. A number of similarities have been found between Taekwondo and Complexity System Theory. The relationship was not from a analysis tool but intuitive knowledges. Therefore, the purpose of this was to investigate how practical ideas of Taekwondo are similar to the cores of Complexity System Theory, Chaos Theory and Self Organization Theory. Taekwondo fluctuates through self organization and makes a new system. That is, a small fluctuation leads a huge change in Chaos and causes a new order in the pandemonium. As a result, Taekwondo trainees should not avoid the phenomenon of Complexity System Theory but accept the core value of Taekwondo as a step toward a new order. In other words, the participants need to have a new attitude that sees Taekwondo as a view of the world for mind and body and spontaneous generation. If so, they can also overcome the fluctuation in Taekwondo.

하버마스와 루만의 이론논쟁과 새로운 사회이론에의 도전

노진철(Rho, Jin-Chul) 한국이론사회학회 2018 사회와 이론 Vol.33 No.-

하버마스와 루만은 체계이론이 사회이론이냐 사회공학이냐는 주제를 놓고 이론논쟁을 벌였다. 현대사회에 대한 체계이론의 설명력이 가지는 과학적 타당성 문제를 두고 다툰 이 이론논쟁은 사회학은 물론 인문·사회과학 일반에서 유례없는 공명을 일으켰다. 이 논쟁에서 두 학자는 기존의 사회학과 달리 사회이론은 전체 사회를 연구 대상으로 하는 사회학연구를 주장했다. 사회학이 사회공학이어야 한다는 데 동의한 학자는 없었다. 이 논쟁으로부터 하버마스는 소통적 행위이론을 발전시켰고, 루만은 자기준거적 체계이론을 발전시켰다. 후기의 발전된 사회이론들에 견주어 두 학자의 초기 이론논쟁을 탐구하는 것은, 비서구사회의 학자인 우리들이 자기 사회를 관찰하고 기술하는 새로운 사회이론을 구축하는 데 자극을 받기 위함이다. 사회이론의 기본개념이 언어인지 의미인지? 사회이론의 대상이 합리성 문제인지 복잡성 증가 문제인지? 문제의 해결 방식이 담론인지 자기준거적 생산인지? 사회의 구조변동이 해방인지 진화인지? 이런 문제제기들은 사회이론에 대한 하버마스와 루만의 견해 차이를 규명하는 데 도움을 준다. 이 연구 작업의 이론적 함의는 비서구 사회에서 새로운 사회이론에 도전하는 데 있다. Habermas and Luhmann argued about the subject of system theory as society theory or social technology. The debate over the question of the scientific validity of the explanatory power of system theory on modern society has raised unprecedented resonance in sociology as well as general humanities and social sciences. In this debate, the two scholars, unlike the contemporary sociology, advocated sociological research in which the society theory was the subject of the whole society. None of the scholars agreed that sociology should be social technology. From this debate, Habermas developed the theory of communicative action, and Luhmann developed the theory of selfreferential systems. Exploring the early theoretical debate of two scholars in contrast to the later developed society theories is for the scholars of the non-western societies to be stimulated to build a new society theory that observes and describes their societies. Does the basic concept of society theory mean language or meaning? Is the subject of social theory a matter of rationalization or increased complexity? Is the solution of the problem a discourse or a discussion system? Whether social change is liberation or evolution? These questions help us to differentiate Habermas’s and Luhmann’s view of society theory. The theoretical implications of this work are in challenging new society theories in non-western societies.

Complexity and Early Childhood Education

( Jung Hye-young ),( Kim Byung-man ),( Kim Mi-jin ),( Seo Bo-soon ),( Son You-jin ) 한국유아교육학회 2017 한국유아교육학회 학술대회자료집 Vol.2017 No.1

The purpose of this study is to examine the implications of complexity system theory for early childhood education. Increasing complexity and strengthening dynamics are evident in early childhood education, and this study was carried out because of limitations in describing early childhood education as a system of modern education. Human activities have a very complex context. Human learning and knowledge formation processes such as culture, knowledge, and language presuppose actual complexity within the network of life. However, even learning experiences and learning processes in early childhood classrooms are placed in a simple and very clear form. For infants, learning and knowledge are contextual, tacit, practical, and complex. In this study, we proposed the main contents of complex system theory, collective intelligence, network system, normality, feedback loop recursive elaboration, power function and emergence. Introducing complex theories to early childhood education is an attempt to pursue the essence of early childhood learning and knowledge formation beyond the effort to clarify, simplify and individualize the theory.

Gitt’s Information Theory and Linguist Chomsky’s Fallacies

Sungkyun Shin 한국중원언어학회 2015 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.34

According to Gitt (1996; 2007), new information cannot originate through mutations, but mutations can only cause changes in existing information with no increase in information, and with injurious results. On the observation of this fact, Chomsky’s assumption that UG has happened to human beings through mutation(s) shows a fallacy. I rather support, with reference to Gitt’s information theory, Behe‘s (1996: 39) irreducible complexity, and Dembski’s (1999: 47) specified complexity based on intelligent design. Language is just a good example of irreducible complexity and specified complexity, showing the working together of speech anatomy, intelligence, and Chomsky’s internal system, which together consist of language use ( the internal system, intelligence, the sensory motor system, and externalization). Humans have a built-in brain capable of learning and conveying abstract ideas, faculty of language (Gitt’s information), and the physical anatomy (mouth, throat, flexible tongue, descended larynx, etc.) to produce a wide range of sounds. Language shows irreducible complexity and specified complexity based on intelligent design conforming to Gitt’s information theory.