솔론어, 한국어와 일본어간의 어휘비교

리즈코프안드리이 ( Ryzhkov Andrii ) 한국어문학국제학술포럼 2013 Journal of Korean Culture Vol.23 No.-

Korean language only hypothetically belongs to the Altaic language family. The Solon language is one of the Tunguso-Manchurian languages, which are viewed by majority of scholars as Altaic ones. Uncertainty referring to the issue of the origin and linkages of Korean language makes it important to start with thorough comparison of Korean and Japanese with the Tunguso-Manchurian language group in order to prove their relation. The comparison of Korean language with the Japanese one may undoubtedly reveal plenty of common traits. However, such common features can not be perfectly used as a convincing argument of two language’s interconnection. On the other hand, if data of some third language of doubtless Altaic origin appears to support coincidences between Korean and Japanese, we shall get more reasons to render such coincidences not only as contacts, but obviously as the lexical layer of common Altaic origin. Thus, in this paper Korean and Japanese lexemes are provided with Solon language parallels taken mainly from the manuscript of Aleksey Osypovich Ivanovskiy Specimens of the Solon and the Dagur languages in which the scholar describes Solon and Dagur languages, and furthermore attested by the Etymological dictionary of Altaic languages (EDAL). The investigation was also fortified by other dictionaries and research works. The Solon language was used in Northern Manchuria and some other regions of China. Solon language is considered to be isolated from the rest of Tunguso-Manchurian languages. It is the most southern among Tungusic languages.

淸 康熙 연간 黑龍江將軍 관할구 駐防 건설 ― 솔론・다구르 등 원주 집단 재편을 중심으로 ―

고석현 명청사학회 2023 명청사연구 Vol.- No.59

The conclusion of the Nerchinsk treaty in 1689 meant the Amur River basin was publicly recognized as a part of Qing territory. But it did not mean the area had been a part of Manchu territory since Nurhaci and Hongtaiji. There were Qing dynasty’s expeditions to the Amur River basin before the 1680s. But these expeditions were aimed at capturing the population rather than territorial expansion. Moreover, most of the expeditions were aimed at middle and lower Amur River basin, and the expedition to the upper and middle Amur River basin was only conducted around 1639. The vast Amur-Nun River basin, the northern area of Mukden-Jilin-Ninguta, was still regarded as one of ‘the outer feudatories(waifan)’, which was not under the direct control of Qing. In the 1680s, when Russians built a fortress in Albazin, the indegenous groups in the upper and middle Amur River basins, such as Solon and Dagūr pled for military aid to Qing court. Kangxi emperor proceeded the expeditions to drive the Russians out of the Amur River basin. To secure troops for the Albazin Expeditions, parts of Solon and Dagūr was incorporated into the Eight Banners. Even after the Albazin Expeditions, Qing court continued to organize Solon, Dagūr and neighboring Sibe and Barhu to become the bannermen under Heilongjiang general and to be stationed at the banner garrisons such as Mergen and Cicigar. At the same time, Solon and Dagūr of Butha Niru, which was one of the outer feudatories and under the jurisdiction of Court of Colonial Dependencies(lifanyuan), became jurisdiction of the military district of Heilongjiang general. As a result, people living in the Amur-Nun River basin came under the jurisdiction of the military district of Heilongjiang general. The Amur-Nun River basin changed from one of the outer feudatories, which had only a loose relationship with Qing court, to ‘the military district of Heilongjiang general’, a ‘direct territory’ governed by a Garrison General of Qing.

고대 아테네의 법원(法源)과 법 실현의 주체

최자영 ( Ja Young Che ) 대구사학회 2009 대구사학 Vol.94 No.-

In the ancient Greek polis, the function of state was not so complicated as that of the modern state, the administrative and judicial power distributed to various categories of social group such as villages, families, clans and tribes. In ancient society generally, the division of criminal and civil laws, as well as that of public crime and private wrong (tort), was not so definite, and the sovereignty defining and realizing laws was not standardized but multiple. The centrifugal propensity and multifarious phases of ancient society caused the customary or unwritten laws to have a greater gravity than the written or statute laws. To say that Dracon`s Law was the first written law in the ancient Greek society does not mean that the society was based on the written laws themselves. Solon`s Law, which was said to have discarded all the articles of Dracon`s Law except the clause relating to involuntary murder, was looked upon as an ancestral, and all the laws, being established in later periods for about 250 years, were assumed to be his. Sonlon`s Law referred not only to any specific items, but to some principles of legitimacy which made a room for public opinion and the customary or unwritten laws to operate. Here, we could say that, the real gist is not whether the law is customary, unwritten or written law, but who has the sovereignty to define and materialize laws in reality. Not to speak of a public or a private, prosecution was set up by private initiation, and the sentence as well as execution of laws was is in most part carried out by the public. The judicial institution, in which the public took the initiative, shows up that the structure of polis was not bureaucratic and that the judicial power was not an exclusive possession of some kind of limited politicians.

쥐의 척수 손상후 메틸프레드니솔론과 Riluzole의 투여가 축색 재생에 미치는 영향

홍창화(Chang-Hwa Hong),양준영(Jun-Young Yang),이준규(June-Kyu Lee),송호섭(Ho-Sup Song) 대한정형외과학회 2008 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.43 No.6

17세기 중엽 청-러시아의 충돌과 흑룡강 유역의 부족민

이훈 열상고전연구회 2018 열상고전연구 Vol.65 No.-

이 논문은 17세기에 청과 러시아가 충돌한 흑룡강 유역에 거주하던 부족민들에 대해 서술하고, 청이 1644년 입관한 후에 만주지역의 북부 변경인 흑룡강 유역의 부족민에 대한 지배를 강화하여 그들을 팔기의 일부로 조직하게 된 가장 큰 원인이 러시아의 침입에 있었음을 논한다. 청은 누르하치 통치기인 1616년에 최초로 흑룡강 유역으로 원정한 이래, 홍 타이지 시기에 계속된 원정을 통해 흑룡강 유역을 복속시켜갔다. 17세기 중엽 청은 흑룡강 유역의 부족민을 솔론, 흑룡강의 후르카, 동해의 후르카, 인다훈 타쿠라라 구룬 등으로 구분했다. 러시아는 이들을 다우르, 고굴리, 주체르, 골디, 길약 등으로 분류했다. 러시아는 1649년부터 하바로프의 지휘 하에 흑룡강 유역으로 진출하여 부족민을 약탈했다. 청은 1652년 우잘라 전투에서 러시아군에 대패한 후에 만주지역 변경에 대한 정책을 새로 수립했다. 청은 후르카 출신의 샤르후다를 닝구타 지휘관으로 임명하여 부족민과의 관계를 강화하고, 닝구타 지휘관의 지위를 기존의 머이런 장긴에서 암반 장긴으로 승격시켜서 독자적이고 효율적인 지휘를 가능하게 했다. 이후 닝구타는 성경과 동등한 지위로 승격되어 부족민의 영역을 관할하는 변경의 중심이 되었으며, 1676년 닝구타장군의 주재지가 길림으로 이동한 후에는 길림의 보조도시로서 對러시아 방어의 역할을 수행했다. 청은 우잘라 전투 이후에 러시아와의 전투를 점차 유리하게 진행해갔다. 그 원인은 청이 부족민과의 관계를 강화하거나, 부족민을 청의 관할을 받는 군대로 조직하거나, 부족민을 이동시켜서 러시아군이 식량과 모피를 약탈할 대상을 없애버리는 등의 다양한 정책이 효과를 낳은 데 있었다. 강희 초기부터 청은 흑룡강 유역의 부족민에 대한 쟁탈전에서 러시아를 누르고 확실한 승기를 잡기 시작했다. 부족민이 청에 복속되는 데 있어 이 지역에 대한 청의 지배력과 군사적 역량이 러시아보다 오래 되었고 강력했던 것이 큰 흡인력으로 작용했지만 경제적인 원인도 중요하게 작용했다. 약탈에 주력했던 러시아와 조공의 명목으로 이루어지는 교역을 통해 부족민의 이익을 보장했던 청 사이에서 부족민은 청을 선택했다. 부족민의 지지를 획득하고 우세한 전투력으로 러시아를 압박한 청은 마침내 1689년 네르친스크 조약을 체결함으로써 흑룡강 유역을 청의 지배영역으로 확보하게 되었다. This paper explains the movements of the local tribes living in the Amur River basin in the seventeenth century when Qing China and Romanov Russia clashed over the control of this region, and argues that it was the Russian invasion that the tribal people came to put under direct control of the Qing Dynasty. Nurhachi, the founder of the Qing, began to send his troops to the Amur River basin in 1616, and his successor Hong Taiji continued to attack the local tribes and expand his power in this region. The Qing government divided the tribes in the Amur River basin into several groups, such as the Solon, Hūrka of Amur river (Ma. Sahaliyan ula i hūrka), Hūrka of East sea (Ma. Dergi mederi hūrka), Dog Keepers (Ma. Indahūn takūrara golo) and Fiyaka. On the other hand, the Russians called them in different names, such as the Daur, Goguli, Jucher, Goldi and Gilyak. Since 1649, Russia had made its way into the Amur River basin under Khabarov's command and plundered the local tribes. After being defeated by the Russian army in the Battle of Ujala in 1652, the Qing developed a new policy to strengthen its power in Manchuria. It first appointed Šarhuda, a Manchu officer who originally came from the Hurka, as the commander of Ningguta and reinforced its control over the local people. The Qing also promoted the position of Ningguta commander by raising its rank from meiren janggin to amban janggin. By so doing, Ningguta came to have a strategic position, equal to the secondary capital Mukden, and became the military center in Qing Manchurian frontier. Later in 1676 when the headquarter of Ningguta general moved from Ningguta to Girin, Ningguta became a second important city next to Girin. After the Battle of Ujala, Qing troops continued to proceed into the region and eventually defeated the Russian soldiers. There were several reasons for the Qing success in the Amur River basin: the Qing government established relations with the local tribes, strengthened its power and control, and eventually succeeded in transforming local people into Qing banner soldiers or relocating them to different places, by which the Russian lost their target for plundering. From the early years in the Kangxi reign, the Qing political and military power became superior to the Russia’s in the Amur River basin. The economic relations with the local tribes also played a key role during the period when the Qing became dominant in this region. While the Russians largely focused on plundering the tribes and looting animal fur, the Qing provided the local people with trade opportunities in the name of tribute paying, which secured their economic interests. Eventually Qing succeeded in gaining support from the local tribes and pressured Russia with superior military power. The Nerchinsk Treaty in 1689 was an announcement that the Qing finally secured the Amur River basin as its territory.

에벤키족 씨족명 어근을 중심으로 시베리아 토착민족 씨족명 분석

엄순천 배재대학교 한국-시베리아센터 2015 한국시베리아연구 Vol.19 No.1

The subjects of analysis in the present study, the Clan name roots Edjan, Dol/Dul, Solon, Kur, Kili, while distributed commonly among the Altai, Enisej, and isolated language groups, are most widely distributed among the Evenki. As the results of Analysis of this study, the clan name root 'Edjan~' is believed to have originated in Jurchen, clan name 'Edjan~' is seen as a Russian transcription. Clan name 'Dol/Dul~' appeared consistently in the literature, including Chinese literature until the 19th century, after first appeared in the literature of Bulgaria Duke at 2 century. The clan name Solon widely spread across Siberia, including the Manchu-Tungus language group nations of the Altai language family, the Turk language family. Clan name 'Solon' has emerged from the clan Evenki of Zabajkal'e, and it can be assumed that the clan was a group belonging to the S- dialect. 'Kur~' clan seems to have been originated from the Turkic language group of Enisej River, and spread to the Evenki clan. The clan name root 'Kili~' is widely distributed among indigenous Siberian nations, but is most frequently found among the Manchu-Tungus, especially the Evenki. 본 논문에서는 에벤키족 사이에서 가장 많이 발견되지만 만주-퉁구스어파를 비롯한 알타이제어, 사모예드어파를 비롯한 우랄제어, 고아시아제어 등에 폭넓게 분포된 씨족명 어근 에댠, 돌/둘, 솔론, 쿠르, 킬리의 기원, 변이형 및 분포현황, 위 씨족명이 존재하는 시베리아 제 민족 사이의 친연관계를 규명하였다. 본 논문의 분석 결과 씨족명 ‘에댠~’은 예니세이 타이가 지역에서는 발견되지 않으며 12세기 오츠크해 연안에서 위 씨족명이 발견되는 점과 만주족와 나나이족 가운데 위 씨족명이 존재한다는 점으로 미루어 바이칼 서쪽이 아닌 바이칼 동쪽에서 오츠크 해에 이르는 지역, 즉 고대 에벤키어 S-방언 지역인 아무르강 연안에서 출현했다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 이 유형의 씨족은 고대 에벤키족에서 기원하여 만주-퉁구스어권 민족, 몽골어권과 투르크어권 민족 사이로 광범위하게 전파되었다고 유추할 수 있다. 씨족명 ‘돌/둘~’은 2세기 불가리아 공작의 기록에서 처음으로 문헌에 등장한 이후 19세기까지 중국문헌을 비롯한 여러 문헌에 꾸준히 등장한다. ‘돌/둘~’형 씨족의 기원에 관해 명확한 입장은 없지만 이 유형의 씨족이 자바이칼리예부터 프리아무리예, 야쿠티야 그리고 그보다 더 먼 곳까지 분포되어 있는 점, 기원전 이미 불가리아 지역에서 이 씨족명이 발견되는 점으로 미루어 이 씨족은 먼 과거 남쪽에서 자바이칼리예 퉁구스어권 민족에 편입한 뒤 북쪽 지역으로 퍼져 나갔다고 할 수 있다. ‘솔론~’ 씨족은 알타이제어권의 만주-퉁구족어권, 몽골어권, 투르크어권에도 두루 분포되어 있고 모두 에벤키족에서 기원하기 때문에 자바이칼리예 에벤키족에서 출현했으며 S-방언 그룹에 속하는 씨족이었을 것이라고 추정할 수 있다. ‘쿠르~’ 씨족은 바이칼 서쪽 방면 예니세이강 인근의 투르크어권에서 출현하여 바이칼 인근의 에벤키족에게 전파된 것으로 보이는데 이들은 에벤키족에 적극적으로 편입하지는 않았다. ‘킬리~’ 씨족은 만주-퉁구스어권 민족, 특히 에벤키족에게서 가장 많이 분포되어 있지만 나나이, 네기달, 오로치, 오로크, 울치, 에벤족 등 만주-퉁구스어권의 거의 모든 민족에게서 발견된다. ‘킬리~’ 씨족은 아무르강의 에벤키족에서 출현했으며 만주-퉁구스어권 여러 민족에 편입하여 ‘킬리~’ 씨족의 기원이 되었음을 알 수 있다. 결론적으로 에벤키족은 만주-퉁구스어권 여러 민족의 씨족 형성에 중요한 역할을 했으며 지금은 다른 민족으로 분류되지만 위 씨족명을 가진 집단(씨족)은 동일한 기원을 가진다고 할 수 있다.

고대 그리스의 법제

조은래 ( Eun Rae Cho ) 부산외국어대학교 비교법연구소 2010 比較法學 Vol.21 No.-

서구 정의 개념의 지성사적 연원에 관한 연구

김현수(Hyun Soo Kim) 한국기독교학회 2010 한국기독교신학논총 Vol.71 No.-

This paper is designed to explore the intellectual roots of the western concept of justice. Justice has been and is one of the central issues both in theology and in philosophy. Both in theology and in philosophy, basically, justice has been defined as "giving one" s due share to each person(suum cuique)."To understand this definition of justice, I maintain that we must turn our attention to ancient Greek thinkers such as Homer, Hesiod, Solon, Socrates, and Plato because they articulated the concept of justice for the first time in human history. In my opinion, Homer and Hesiod starts defining the meaning of justice as distributing "moira" among persons which is considered "due share." Finally, Plato gives us the perfect definition of justice as "the having and doing of one`s own and what belongs to oneself" which corresponds to "sum cuique." In exploring the intellectual backgrounds of this Plato`s concept of justice, I come to the following conclusions: (1) The ancient Greek thinkers were interested in the issue of justice because they regarded justice as a necessary condition for the world of cosmos and harmony. (2) The basic concept of justice, "suum cuique," includes the two forms of justice: distributive justice and retributive justice. In other words, justice can constitute the order world of in two ways. One is by distributing due share to each person in a community, and the other is by rectifying injustice which means encroaching on other`s due share. (3) With Plato this meaning of justice becomes something new in two senses. First, Homer and Hesiod regard justice as rising from the gods, but Plato considers it the humanmade order based on human rational power. Second, before Plato the order of justice is established and preserved by the external means, but in Plato it becomes intrinsic one. That is, the order of justice is primarily related to the king`s privilege in times of Homer and Hesiod and to national law after Solon, but with Plato it is connected with the intrinsic thing, the state of soul. According to this course of internalization, the concept of justice changes from themis (customary justice) to dike (legal justice) and finally to dikaiosyne (rational justice). In interdisciplinary sense, I think that this study can contribute to the theological and Christian ethical understanding(s) of justice.

대기업으로부터 분리 매각된 기업의 종업원인수(EBO) 성공전략: 빅솔론(Bixolon) 사례

박철한,박병진 한국경영학회 2024 Korea Business Review Vol.28 No.4

In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, many companies are being spun off from their parent companies. While most of the existing literature focuses on whether the spun-off company generates excess profits by analyzing the stock prices of the parent company and the spun-off company, there is a lack of research on how the spun-off companies can be successfully operated. This paper aims to identify the success factors by analyzing the performance indicators of the spun-off companies as well as the strategies and resources used by that the spun-off companies to succeed in independent management. Bixolon, a former POS printer team of Samsung Electro-Mechanics, was taken over by its employees in 2002 in the form of an employee shareholding system and has grown to become the world's second-largest global leader in the industrial mobile printer market. Bixolon's success can be attributed to three key factors. First, its leaders set a clear vision and shared with its employees. To achieve its vision of becoming a global leader in mini-printer solutions, the company took the lead in communicating with employees through transparent management such as one-day settlement, maximizing employee morale and aiming to be the best in the world in terms of quality. Second, it leveraged both the resources of its parent company and its own strengths as a startup. While bringing in the parent company's workforce, brand, customers, and management system, Bixolon, as a startup, established a flexible decision-making and rapid response system. Finally, Bixolon established and implemented strategies that were differentiated from its parent company, such as getting paid in advance, growing the market rather than competing, and executing strategies even if they seemed impossible.

소뇌교각에 발생한 카포시형 혈관내피종 1예

오승하,김형미,박민현,전윤경 대한이비인후과학회 2005 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.48 No.12

Hemangioendothelioma (HE) is an uncommon vascular neoplasm, and its intracranial occurrence is extremely rare, especially in the pediatric age group. The authors report a 7-month-old male patient with kaposiform HE who presented with left-sided facial paralysis and hearing loss. Initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a small lesion that filled the internal auditory meatus and exhibited the neuroimaging features of a vestibular schwannoma (VS). Six months later, follow-up MRI showed markedly enlarged mass. Biopsy disclosed kaposiform HE. After vascular embolization, partial resection was performed via transmastoid approach due to massive bleeding, followed by medical treatment with steroid and interferon-α. The tumor nearly disappeared 6 months after medical treatment. To our knowledge, it is a first reported case of kaposiform HE mimicking a VS in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) area. A proper diagnosis is important because its treatment differs dramatically from that of VS. So, we report this case with a literature review.