전(前) 산업화(Proto-Industrie) 시기 독일 작센(Sachsen)지역의 특성과 의식 : 작센 광산업과 수공업의 특성을 중심으로

박상욱 부산경남사학회 2024 역사와 경계 Vol.128 No.-

The background to Saxony's differentiation as a leading religious/industrial region in Germany is the development of a mining industry with abundant reserves and the relatively free status of farmers in manors. Here, the relatively free nature of the peasants' status does not mean that they were free from the coercion of the manor. This means that the development of the mining industry gave Saxony farmers relatively more opportunities to escape feudal coercion. A representative example was mining rights. The meaning of mining rights was not limited to granting privileges to feudal lords. This was because local farmers could be given the opportunity to engage in jobs in a new industrial environment earlier by inheriting land or working in the mining industry in addition to manor farming. This preemptive opportunity in Saxony, through various channels, ultimately resulted in the development of a ancestral system and manufacture that could escape the oppression of guilds, which was another shackle in the Middle Ages. The important point is that in this way, the foundation was formed to move beyond the guild's mandatory union regulations and develop to an entire industrial level. In the end, various environmental factors unique to Saxony stimulated the emergence of the ancestral system and manufacture in Saxony at an earlier period than in other regions of Germany, and ultimately, the development process of the entire industrialization of the Saxony region was not only the industrialization of Saxony, but also the entire Germany. It played a leading role in industrialization. These factors were an important background for leading the technological impact of British industrialization in Saxony and Germany, especially the import and application of spinning technology.

청대 강남의 면방직 생산구조 - 방,직분업과 관련하여 -

민경준 ( Kyong Joon Min ) 중국사학회 2003 중국사연구 Vol.23 No.-

以上我們考察了淸代江南棉紡織業的紡絲、 織布分工成立的可能性, 幷以此爲前提. 考察了織布農家和商人之間的關係如何等問題, 現將考察結果整理爲如下; 淸代方志所載的以紗易棉記錄幷不是作者的誤記, 而可能反映淸代棉手工業當時的現狀. 使用脚車地區的放紗、 織布分工的一日勞動酬價各爲50文和100文以下從而放紗可以充分成爲專業化. 與此相反, 在使用手車地區的一日勞動酬價則只爲16-20文 所以放紗的分離較難. 盡管如此, 在淸代方志中乾隆至道光時期仍見有紡紗換花等記載, 這是因爲利用家族共同體(5口之家)的老幼等補助勞動, 克服了落后的紡絲技術, 提高了與脚車水平相等的放紗效率之結果. 紡絲和織布的分離現象反而在非棉産地區更爲明顯. 朱家角鎭的不紡而織者爲兌紗, 不織而紡者爲賣紗風俗則描寫了織布專業者和紡絲專業者相分離的現實狀況. 紡紗和織布的分離導致了棉紗流通的發達. 松江金山衛和嘉善魏塘鎭還有太倉州等地淪爲了松江府織布業棉紗供給産地; 周莊鎭的棉紗販賣到杭州??石鎭; 而且常熟地區的祿溪、 安定鎭以紡紗進行了專業化幷販賣到江陰、 武進等地. 特別是開設了要求質量且以刷線布生産爲基礎的嘉定縣城和羅店鎭的布經市場, 在上海和寶山等地開設了所謂布經團的經紗用極細棉紗等市場. 淸代商人資本支配棉手工業的方法, 除了商人以棉易布、 以紗易布外. 還有可視爲包買等多種形式. 朱家角鎭有花布紗莊介入棉紗棉布生産, 給生産原料--棉花, 收買産品的所謂收布折花風俗: 無錫縣的放長布之名則源于: 給原料一棉貨或者棉紗, 收買棉布的所謂放棉(紗)收布方法; 王店鎭的定布機是先給資金或者原料進行定購的生産方式.

사양 산업의 구조 : 산업혁명기 영국 양말산업의 조업공간 구성과 편물공의 상태

박찬영 ( Chan Young Park ) 한국서양사학회 2014 서양사론 Vol.0 No.123

This article examines the condition of the framework knitters in the British hosiery industry through the Industrial Revolution to illuminate the interrelations between the industrial structure and its spatial organization. First it poses a question about the distinctive pattern of the location of hosiery manufacturing within the East Midlands between the mid-eighteenth century and the mid-nineteenth century. The main factors affecting this formation of the hosiery manufacturing area and its relation to the industry`s structure among the three Midland counties of Nottingham, Leicester and Derby, are analyzed, with emphasis on the condition of framework knitters. The background and outcome of the dispersal of framework knitting, and the organization of the industry centered on the main county towns as distribution centers are examined to a considerable extent. The features of domestic production and putting-out system, are also addressed along with hosiery`s tripartite system composed of hosiers, middlemen and framework knitters. The paper then provides a series of cases illustrating hardships and the deprivation of village framework knitters in those three counties since the early nineteenth century. Topics discussed are the high dependence of the village population on hosiery as a source of livelihood; problems such as the frame rent and independent frames; the issue of the safety of employment and stints; effects of middlemen`s charges and various deduction ranging from taking-in, standing to seaming and winding in addition to the truck system. The paper attempts to illustrate the relationship between industry and its spatial organization during the Industrial Revolution in the East Midlands, the way in which they influenced one another, and the extent to which they depicted the structure of a declining industry of the pre-factory hosiery and the struggling framework knitters.

개항기 부산항의 조선인과 일본인의 관계 형성

차철욱 ( Cha Chul-wook ),양흥숙 ( Yang Heung-sook ) 인하대학교 한국학연구소 2012 한국학연구 Vol.0 No.26

This study began with trying to understand during the opening of the Port of Busan as a ‘Space of Entanglement' that diverse cultures clash and compromise. The open port was a space where the logical structures of dominant-dominated class and exploiting-exploited class, which were organized in the existing studies, as well as the entanglement between the imperialist power and indigenous power existed. First of all, we focused on the spatial variance of the open port, Busan, in order to analyze this. Before the opening, there was the isolated and exclusive pre-modern facility named Choryang Waegwan(草梁倭館) at the Port of Busan. However, the exclusive concession was established when the Port of Busan opened. The fences and gate, the symbol of control, were removed. The Port of Busan changed from the exclusive space just for Japanese to the Space of Entanglement where Korean had free access to. The entanglement between Korean and Japanese at the open port was confirmed by the method of business transactions. The transaction method during the opening was the putting-out system of credit transaction to hand over money or commercial products first and to receive the counter performance later. This method was based on mutual credit transactions, and the traditional element that had been preserved from the days when Waegwan existed. The entanglement inside the open port can be confirmed in cultural aspects. Korean language was taught in the Japanese school on the concession. At the school, Korean teacher was employed and the Korean classic novel was used as the teaching material. On the other hand, Korean students were also admitted to the Japanese school. The entanglement in cultural aspects can be confirmed in the awareness of Korean by Japanese who lived in Busan. Hazama Husataro[迫間房太郞], a representative Japanese capitalist of Busan, pursued an exploitation just as other Japanese colonists. However, he emphasized trust with the Korean who lived together in Busan.

근로감시의 한계에 대한 법적 규율에 관한 연구

전윤구(Chun, Yun-Ku) 한국노동법학회 2014 노동법학 Vol.0 No.49

In recent years, with an environment of affordable technology and a lack of adequate regulation, there has been an explosion in the use of electronic monitoring and surveillance in the workplace. As a result, there has been growing conflict of interests between an employer and an employee regarding job monitoring. This paper takes up the challenge from an employees privacy and personal information as the right of personality in workplace. In this paper, the topic can be divided into three parts. First this papers explores the origin of job monitoring to decide if it should be taken as working condition. Secondly, the study reveals that the legality of electronic monitoring and surveillance depends on a balance of an employers reasonable interest and an employees right of privacy in workplace. In conclusion, the study suggests the improvement of the Acts in relations to electronic surveillance including the Personal Information Protection.

한국(韓國)과 중국(中國)의 자본주의맹아론(資本主義盟芽論)

박기수 ( Kee Soo Park ) 수선사학회 2007 사림 Vol.0 No.28