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김종박 고려대학교 역사연구소 2012 사총 Vol.77 No.-
中國, 於1949年成立中華人民共和國. 同時根據社會主義民族觀宣布其是多民族國家. 倂開始苦慮證樣去統一多民族的中國倂建設成一個統一的多民族國家. 於是,他們通過憲法宣布實施重視民族問題的民族平等權, 民族區域自治制度. 各民族之間是平等的,消除民族間的對立關系, 相互融合, 融洽努力構成一個統一的民族. 所謂的統一民族中華民族就此誕生. 因爲是統一的, 所以卽使實施民族自治制度也不會影響統治體系. 就是所謂的一國內以一個民族形成民族大家庭. 但是, 通過他們的少數民族政策可以得知, 在統一的多民族國家內也無法取得獨立的自治運營權. 換言之就是不許和國家統治權分離, 必須接受國家的統治與命令. 可以看出是與社會主義民族觀是一脈相承的. 無可避免的民族大家庭這一槪念非常據邏輯性. 徹徹底底的輸進了中國的國家觀裏. 但是, 問題出現在民族大家庭是自古以來就存在的, 還是, 中華人民共和國成立之後才出現的. 也不斷地成爲了論點. 這也不得不說是一個與歷史無關的政治問題. 結果, 中國宣布以現在的中國國土領域爲標准, 在此範圍內發生過的所有曆史現象都屬於中國曆史. 從此, 中國果敢的開始了整治編造與曆史歪曲. 可以看出中國在根據社會主義民族觀建立民族大家庭倂要建設一個完美的統一的多民族國家,這就是多磨的苦心積慮的. 處處可以趙出統一的民族國家論在邏輯上的矛盾。不僅, 給他們自己的歷史, 而且, 給其他國家歷史也帶來需要編造, 歪曲的慘劇. 擧一個例子. 蒙古族侵略中國, 打敗宋朝, 在中國領土上建立起元朝. 因此, 蒙古族建立的元朝也可以是蒙古的歷史. 但是, 按照中國現在的邏輯來看此事發生在中國領土上, 所以就是中國歷史。提到成吉思汗, 他從來沒有踏過中國領土. 但是, 就因爲他是蒙古族的祖先, 就可以把他視爲中華民族的祖先瑪?就會有人提出成吉思汗的曆史也是中國歷史的笑話. 如此看來, 中華人民共和國成立當初爲了圓滿的統治而推出的統一多民族國家論這存在著諸多矛盾. 矛盾的中心就是爲社會主義民族觀的民族平等和民族自治制度。而且, 據此爲理論依據, 存在著凡是現國土範疇內發生過的歷史都是中國歷史的詭辯和所謂民族大家庭的詭辯. 而且, 現實就是他們以中華民族多元一體論爲依據支持統一的多民族國家論。東北工程歸根結底也就是統一的多民族國家論指使下的一個歷史詭辯. 純粹的歷史硏究與政治性歷史硏究有著天壤之別. 歷史與政治需要區分開來. 曆史淪落成政治的奴禮是不可取的。還有, 東北工程中所提到的地方政權這一用語, 在歷史當中是聞所未聞過的. 不正好是在强調, 現在所實施的中國少數民族民族自治制度實際上是民族統一名義下的中央集權統治當中的一環磨?難道, 過去皇權統治時期地方政權有著更大的立足之地?朝貢、冊封制度原來自國家與國家之間的外交政策. 所以, 根據朝貢設立地方政權只能說明是邏輯上有錯誤.
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‘反디아스포라’와 ‘中華民族大家庭’― 소설 <여진(餘震)>과 영화 《대지진(唐山大地震)》 서사 비교
조영현 한국중국소설학회 2019 中國小說論叢 Vol.57 No.-
Canadian nationalist Zhang Liang’s Novella, “The Aftershock”, tells that the main character who had suffered a earthquake in Tangshan migrated to Canada and lived a new life, but still suffered from the trauma of the past. It can be said that this novel attempted to explore human nature with an eye that can not be found in Chinese society. However, Feng Xiaogang’s film After shock(Tangshan Earthquake) is linking the original work to the mainstream ideology of Chinese society. In other words, the “After shock(Tangshan Earthquake)” shows the impatience caused by the desire to move to culture China in the magnetic field of mainstream ideology because of strategic errors. Especially, the interpretation of the image and the meaning of the film shows the desire of the discourses that mention the universality or globality of the film without any critical consciousness seems to be somewhat hasty. 캐나다 국적의 화교작가 장링(张翎)의 중편소설 <여진(餘塵)>은 탕산대지진을 겪은 주인공이 캐나다로 이주해 새로운 생활을 하지만, 과거의 트라우마로부터 여전히 고통 받는다는 이야기이다. 소설은 중국 사회 내부에서 찾아볼 수 없는 시선으로 인간 본질에 대한 탐색을 시도했다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 펑샤오강(馮小剛) 감독의 《대지진(唐山大地震)》은 제작과정에서, 원작을 중국 사회의 주류 이데올로기에 접목시키고 있다. 즉, 《대지진》은 문화중국으로 나아가고 싶은 욕망이 전술적 오류로 말미암아 주류 이데올로기의 자장 속에서 야기한 조바심을 보여준다. 특히, 영화가 전시하는 이미지와 그 의미를 해석하면서, 비판적인 의식 없이 영화의 보편성 혹은 세계성을 운운하는 담론들이 내포하는 욕망은 다소 성급해 보인다.
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中國共産黨의 中華民族 수용 — 계승과 단절, 그리고 마르크스-레닌주의 요소 —
손장훈 중국근현대사학회 2024 중국근현대사연구 Vol.101 No.-
Chinese Communist Party(hereafter CCP) has changed its attitude to ‘Chinese Nation’ in its own history. Early CCP suggest ‘Federal China’ based on independent relationship between Han and other ethnic minors. However, since war against Japan, CCP changed its attitude to ethnic minors and ‘Chinese nation’. ‘Chinese Nation’ was newly approved under the name of ‘The Big family of Chinese Nation’. On the other hand, ‘Federal China’ and ‘independence of ethnic minority’ was throughly denied. The change had its own logical bases. First, anti-imperialism was important and inherited logic in composing “The Big family of the Chinese Nation”. Rhetoric that ‘Chinese Nation’ must defeat imperialist and recover its supremacy over stolen territory successfully justified Chinese annexation of ethnic minors’ before and after the Communist revolution. Second, CCP diffrentiated their ‘amalgamation(ronghe)’ from prior ‘assimilation(tonghua)’. According to CCP, as being ‘Chinese nation’. assimilation in Qing dynasty and Nationalist could not be as complete as amalgamation. Unlike assimilation, ‘amalgamation’ acknowledged the difference between ethnics in china because it regard current ‘Chinese nation’ as something ongoing. Third, socialism also played its role for legitimacy of ‘The Big family of Chinese nation’. CCP asserted that self-determination doctrine of Marxism–Leninism was denied by Marxism–Leninism itself as it gives higher priority to revolution than self-determination. On the condition that imperialist who want frustration of revolution in China, seduced ethnic minorities to give up Chinese revolution by being apart from China and getting self determination, their independence should be abandoned for the greater good of communist revolution. When confronted with the fact that Soviet Union had the federal system with nominal self determination of ethnic groups, CCP emphasized the historical, cultural, and economical difference between China and Soviet Union. The three logical base of CCP’s ‘The Big family of Chinese Nation’, anti-imperialism, amalgamation(ronghe), and Marxism–Leninism, has continuity and discontinuity from ‘Chinese nation’ of modern China, which means naturalization of Marxist–Leninist party of China.
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