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淸 康熙 연간 黑龍江將軍 관할구 駐防 건설 ― 솔론・다구르 등 원주 집단 재편을 중심으로 ―
고석현 명청사학회 2023 명청사연구 Vol.- No.59
The conclusion of the Nerchinsk treaty in 1689 meant the Amur River basin was publicly recognized as a part of Qing territory. But it did not mean the area had been a part of Manchu territory since Nurhaci and Hongtaiji. There were Qing dynasty’s expeditions to the Amur River basin before the 1680s. But these expeditions were aimed at capturing the population rather than territorial expansion. Moreover, most of the expeditions were aimed at middle and lower Amur River basin, and the expedition to the upper and middle Amur River basin was only conducted around 1639. The vast Amur-Nun River basin, the northern area of Mukden-Jilin-Ninguta, was still regarded as one of ‘the outer feudatories(waifan)’, which was not under the direct control of Qing. In the 1680s, when Russians built a fortress in Albazin, the indegenous groups in the upper and middle Amur River basins, such as Solon and Dagūr pled for military aid to Qing court. Kangxi emperor proceeded the expeditions to drive the Russians out of the Amur River basin. To secure troops for the Albazin Expeditions, parts of Solon and Dagūr was incorporated into the Eight Banners. Even after the Albazin Expeditions, Qing court continued to organize Solon, Dagūr and neighboring Sibe and Barhu to become the bannermen under Heilongjiang general and to be stationed at the banner garrisons such as Mergen and Cicigar. At the same time, Solon and Dagūr of Butha Niru, which was one of the outer feudatories and under the jurisdiction of Court of Colonial Dependencies(lifanyuan), became jurisdiction of the military district of Heilongjiang general. As a result, people living in the Amur-Nun River basin came under the jurisdiction of the military district of Heilongjiang general. The Amur-Nun River basin changed from one of the outer feudatories, which had only a loose relationship with Qing court, to ‘the military district of Heilongjiang general’, a ‘direct territory’ governed by a Garrison General of Qing.
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조병학 한국몽골학회 2008 몽골학 Vol.0 No.25
18世纪中叶,由于持续的战争,新疆面临着人口减少,土地荒废,经济麻痹,内乱,俄罗斯对西北边境的入侵等困境。为了打破这种局面,清朝实行的政策中的一个就是派遣军队来防禦新疆,作为当时永久驻防兵被派往伊犁地区的集团是1千名的察哈爾蒙古兵。 本论文主要旨在论述的是为什么被派遣的对象偏偏是察哈而蒙古兵的问题。各种资料的调查结果表明,察哈爾蒙古兵和东北的索伦一起参与了当时新疆地区的战乱,具有丰富的经验,而且察哈爾部内的移住支援者很多,可以看出,除了清朝的西北边境防禦政策中的察哈爾蒙古兵以外,也动员了东北地方的少数民族。结果"察哈爾蒙古的西遷",清朝不仅仅只为了分化瓦解察哈爾部,更是为了守护由于18世纪中叶准葛尔的崩溃而被新扩展的疆域,在所谓的西北边境防御政策的大框架里,应该认识到是由察哈爾蒙古兵的新疆移住所决定的,这就是本人的拙见。 另外,本人认为,在清朝内将勇猛强大的这些势力从中心部远远隔离开,分散力量,是为了更轻易地对东北诸少数民族进行统治的清朝对少数民族政策的一部分。这些也是为了解决新疆驻屯军的食粮问题,为了新疆地域的农地开垦和清朝对西北边境地域的安定,而被推进的重要政策。
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박련옥 한국알타이학회 2003 알타이학보 Vol.0 No.13
The Daur people are known as the earliest agricultural people among the Northern China Altaic minorities. Although there has been many competitive disciplines of the origin, the Daur people are thought to be the descendants of the Khitan not only by many scholars, but also by themselves. The Daur language is a member of Altaic Mongol linguistic group, and they have no written language of their own. Qiqihaer, Buteha, and Xinjiang are three dialects of Daur language, which are mutually intelligible. With a population of 42300 in Heilongjiang province, they mostly developed the habitual form of small communities. In this paper I classify into Daur and Non-Daur national community, specifically only Qiqihaer Daur community is focused here. The Daur community has a population of 31,566, which takes up to 74.62% of the whole population of heilongjiang Province. Moreover, in this community, Meilise Daur community is placed and includes communicative language community and supplementary language community. The pattern of Daur language use shows that roughly the age over 70 is most prominent user, the second age group 50-69 is the next one, followed by 30-49 group, and age 20 group of young Daur goes to the bottom. This survey also reveals that the higher the population density is, the lower the age group is represented, and vice versa. Finally this paper deals with how the Daur language is used and how they are recognized.
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