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네덜란드 동인도회사의 기록을 통해 본 明末의 貿易構造― 1620년대 月港 무역의 변화와 澎湖事件 ―
한지선 명청사학회 2013 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.40
In the early 17th century, The Ming Dynasty had two gates for commerce, but one was only for the Chinese while the other was controled by Portugal. The rule that no trade was allowed in any Chinese area without permission was equated with taboo to the Dutch. However, the fact that the Dutch withdrew from Penghu did not mean that the Ming Dynasty can control over costal area. Behind the conflict between VOC and government officials, there was negotiation on commerce. However, negotiations with the officials did not have constant binding power and might change according to the situation as they were temporary. Xunfu(巡撫) Nan, Ju-yi(南居益) negated what had been negotiated and prohibited trade with the Dutch. Nam Geo-Ik insisted on exclusive rights over the territory, besides he intended to secure a sea route to Manila and protect trading rights in Yue-xiang(月港) to maintain overseas trade. Although administrative or military officers stuck to the principles in political or military terms, they tried to find peaceful measures rather than military solutions. This direction was decided on through adjusting to interests in overseas trade. Meanwhile, merchants who were engaged in overseas trade had serious losses due to the Hai-jin(海禁) and the violent rambles of VOC. So they sought peace between them. In particular, Li, Dan(李旦) was charged with finding a way for diplomacy and commerce between VOC and Chinese officials, and mediated conflicts between them. Also Xu, Xin-Su (許心素) gained a position as an official in Taiwan trade, served as a mediator for non-tribute countries and secured trade space through creating a new trade custom.
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17세기 초 中國 東南 沿海 지역의 해상 패권 추이 ― 武裝商人 李魁奇의 활동 ―
서원익 명청사학회 2023 명청사연구 Vol.- No.59
In the 17th century, China's southeast coastal region was a location with diverse and complicated power, including Ming government troops, merchant-pirate and foreign merchants. The Zheng family, represented by Zheng Zhilong (鄭芝龍), has always reigned as the ruler of this place. Li Kuiqi (李魁奇), who became a pirate from a fisherman, has grown into a force that can stand against Zheng Zhilong and VOC. He also cooperated with other pirates. He used to work with Zheng and was independent on his own afterwards. However, his independent leadership did not last as long as he expected. However, Li still made a historical significance is that he put Zheng Zhilong in danger. He also tried to establish a new order in the Fujian coastal region by helping VOC trade and negotiate with Ming Dynasty. Li Kuiqi tried to compete with Zheng Zhilong by actively utilizing the VOC forces. However, the Fujian Government never allowed VOC to land and trade in China. Negotiations between Li Kuiqi and VOC had difficulties, and bilateral relations also faced a crisis. This made Zheng Zhilong regain the initiative in negotiations with VOC and alliance with VOC to attack Li Kuiqi. In the end, Li Kuiqi failed to fight with the combined fleet and his forces collapsed. This paper examines the formation process of Li Kuiqi’s merchant-pirate, which presents those important events occurred at the coastal area of Fujian in the early 17th century. This study demonstrates how the power shifted in the Fujian coastal region, how Zheng Zhilong became a major power, and why VOC could not trade directly with China.
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