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남상긍 만주학회 2007 만주연구 Vol.- No.6
In the year 1755, Qing Dynasty destroyed nomadic state ‘Jungar[準噶 爾]’ of Northern Xinjiang[北疆] which is located in the northern area of Tian Shan Mountains[天山山脈] of Xinjiang. In succession, Qing Dynasty conquered southern Xinjiang[新疆] completely and settled present Xinjiang. Eventually, Qing Dynasty built a great empire unprecedented in history. But northern Xinjiang region was a strategically important place which Russia had aimed at continuously. It was not only a fine pasture which nomadic tribes who has refused to yield to Qing Dynasty, such as Kazakh [哈薩克] and Kirghiz[黠戞斯, 布魯特], had watched an opportunity to occupy but also a trade road connected to central Eurasia by way of Steppe Route. Hence, it was a strategically important place which Qing Dynasty absolutely never gave up and wanted to keep preserving by all means. Qing Dynasty recruited many soldiers from the other places and immigrants who had to do the duty of cultivating a Garrison Farm[屯田], maintaining their fort[駐防], and executing rotation defence[換防] in order to defend northern Xinjiang looked like a vacant land. As the target of supplementaries, the tribes of Tungus descent and Mongolian lineage were chosen. The tribes of these Tungus descent are Evenki[鄂溫克], Orochon[鄂倫春], Dagbur[達斡爾], and Xibe[錫伯]. These Tribes are generally called as solon. Mongolian descendants include minor Mongolian tribes as well as Chakhar[察哈爾] and Oirad[額魯特].
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淸 康熙 연간 黑龍江將軍 관할구 駐防 건설 ― 솔론・다구르 등 원주 집단 재편을 중심으로 ―
고석현 명청사학회 2023 명청사연구 Vol.- No.59
The conclusion of the Nerchinsk treaty in 1689 meant the Amur River basin was publicly recognized as a part of Qing territory. But it did not mean the area had been a part of Manchu territory since Nurhaci and Hongtaiji. There were Qing dynasty’s expeditions to the Amur River basin before the 1680s. But these expeditions were aimed at capturing the population rather than territorial expansion. Moreover, most of the expeditions were aimed at middle and lower Amur River basin, and the expedition to the upper and middle Amur River basin was only conducted around 1639. The vast Amur-Nun River basin, the northern area of Mukden-Jilin-Ninguta, was still regarded as one of ‘the outer feudatories(waifan)’, which was not under the direct control of Qing. In the 1680s, when Russians built a fortress in Albazin, the indegenous groups in the upper and middle Amur River basins, such as Solon and Dagūr pled for military aid to Qing court. Kangxi emperor proceeded the expeditions to drive the Russians out of the Amur River basin. To secure troops for the Albazin Expeditions, parts of Solon and Dagūr was incorporated into the Eight Banners. Even after the Albazin Expeditions, Qing court continued to organize Solon, Dagūr and neighboring Sibe and Barhu to become the bannermen under Heilongjiang general and to be stationed at the banner garrisons such as Mergen and Cicigar. At the same time, Solon and Dagūr of Butha Niru, which was one of the outer feudatories and under the jurisdiction of Court of Colonial Dependencies(lifanyuan), became jurisdiction of the military district of Heilongjiang general. As a result, people living in the Amur-Nun River basin came under the jurisdiction of the military district of Heilongjiang general. The Amur-Nun River basin changed from one of the outer feudatories, which had only a loose relationship with Qing court, to ‘the military district of Heilongjiang general’, a ‘direct territory’ governed by a Garrison General of Qing.
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