19세기 전반기 귀주성 淸水江 下流 地域의 이주민 유입과 土ㆍ客 충돌

이승수 명청사학회 2025 명청사연구 Vol.- No.64

This study examines migrant inflows into the lower reaches of the Qingshui River in Guizhou during the first half of the nineteenth century and the conflicts that ensued with local residents, drawing on forestry tenancy contracts (林業租佃契約) and Board of Punishments routine memorials (刑科題本). Against the backdrop of land scarcity following the eighteenth-century population surge in inland China, the expansion of the timber trade in the lower Qingshui River became a key driver of nonlocal migration. Contract evidence on places of origin indicates that approximately 10–20 percent of forestry tenants came from outside the county; among these out-of-county tenants, around 90 percent originated from Tianzhu County (天柱縣) and southwestern Hunan (湘西南). Inflows peaked from the early Jiaqing through the early Daoguang reigns (ca. 1800s–1830s) and then declined as the state tightened migration controls and Miao uprisings persisted. The memorials show that clashes most often centered on the allocation of tenancy rights and the right to collect fuelwood. Although these were not ethnic confrontations between Han Chinese and the Miao or Dong peoples, they arose from intensified social closure associated with the expansion of lineage organizations within local society and from competing economic interests in resource use. In this way, facing multiple constraints on everyday rights compared with those of indigenous residents, migrants were compelled to seek survival through various means.

淸代 平略寨와 平秋寨의 界址 분쟁과 淸水江 중・상류 유역의 林業社會

정철웅 명청사학회 2022 명청사연구 Vol.- No.57

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of the forestry society in the Qingshui River basin during the Qing Period through the dispute between Pinglue hamlet and Pingqiu hamlet in Jingping district. To shed light on this problem, a judgment document(Documents of Linzingzhai, 5-1-4-088~091) on the lawsuit between the two hamlets in the 『Documents of the Qingshui River』 was used. The lawsuit lasted for about 200 years from the 10th year of Emperor Yongzheng to the 6th year of the Republican period, and the related document contains changes in sales and shares of tree-planter between litigants, as well as changes in society and the administrative authorities in charge of litigation. Private documents in the Qingshui River basin during the Qing period, where forestry was developed, are common in this type of document dealing with lawsuits by individuals or villages, but we can see the following from the document containing 200 years of border disputes. First, the period from ligation to its resolution has been prolonged, and the regions of origin of the people involved in the litigation have diversified, which means that the interests of minority regions and society, which were relatively simple during the rule of tusi(土司), have become more complex over time. Based on the changes in the stake of the litigants appearing in the judgment document, the time when such changes began was the reign of the Jiaqing~Daoguang period. The important reasons for this change are the influx of immigrants from outside and the increase in timber sales. Therefore, in order to cope with these social changes, the Qing government resolved this kind of lawsuit through the formal bureaucrats, instead of the chief’s office(長官司) which remained until the year of the Daoguang reign. Second, as in other parts of the Qingshui River basin, a specific clan represented by Peng family purchased most of the property in Pinglue hamlet. However, toward the latter part of the Qing dynasty, they invested a lot of money in purchas of woods and shares of arborists in addition to real estate such as paddy and mountains. Through the judgment document, we can confirm that the defendants actively purchased the shares of arbiters. Of course, this phenomenon did not result in the interests of the arbiter, but it ultimately means that the stake of the arbiter or arbiter itself became more important as it went down to the second half of the Qing Dynasty than the mountains in the southeastern part of the Guizhou province. Finally, a person like Long Zhaode, who virtually does not exist in the Linxingzhai Documents, accused Peng Renbin or Peng Renpan, who has great economic power, and the relevant ruling ends with a mention that there is no stake owned by Ou Rongben who is neither the defendant nor the plaintiff. The answer to this situation can explain not only the meaning of the dispute between the two hamlets, but also social changes in southeastern Guizhou province after the middles of the Qing dynasty. Due to such social changes, unknown people such as Long Zhaode were able to challenge the Peng family, who were the influential people of Pinglue hamlet, and fierce competition also occurred among the influential people. It was an extension of such competition that other people in Pinglue hamlet tried to illegally purchase Peng Renbin’s property, or Peng Renbin, a leading family member of Pinglue hamlet, appeared as a defendant in a lawsuit related the land boundary. The reason why Ou Rongben sued the economically influential people of Pinglue hamlet under the pretext of passing through Pingqiu hamlet after ignoring the logging was to secure wood or tp advantage the ownership of shares under the pretext of land boundary. This is evidence that tensions in the southeastern part of Guizhou province have risen over the sale of wood. And the existence of such competition, conversely, may be one of the important factors that kept the for...

淸代 錦屛縣 加池寨의 經濟的 有力層과 少數民族 社會 ― 『淸水江文書』의 加池寨 斷賣 文書를 중심으로 ―(2)

정철웅 명청사학회 2020 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.54

The existence of the Documents of the Qingshui River must have brought new attention to the minority community in the province. The study is aimed at examining the behavior of influential people following the first paper that unearthed influential people based on Jiachi village single-sale documents in the Documents of the Qingshui River. Thus, unlike the first paper, which intensively analyzed single-sale documents among the documents related to Jiachi village, the 1-2-5 series documents, which record only the contents of conflicts, lawsuits and crimes between individuals, was used as the main materials here. The social aspect of Jinping district, which appears in 1-2-5 series documents, was clearly a society where extreme conflict and competition existed, and it was clear that influential people were engaged in mudslinging for their own interests, and the main contents of this paper were as follows. First, we can first confirm that there were serious social crimes, such as murder and rape, as well as crimes such as theft and default on repayment of debts, which were no different from any other Han Chinese society. However, due to the nature of the Jiachi village society, which focuses on forestry, among these various crimes, the most notable were the so-called ‘yuejieqiangkan(越界强砍, cut down a tree by invading the border)’ acts, and most of the lawsuits between individuals, which account for about 80 percent of 132 documents affiliated with 1-2-5, were due to the acts mentioned just above. Second, this illegal lumber barber was more than just an antagonism between individuals, and lawsuits and conflicts developed among the villages. However, it is noteworthy that the main driver of the illegal logging was the gentlemen of Jiachi village, and the participants were the influential figures who had fallen economically in the Jiachi village. For example, documents from 1-2-5 affiliates show that Wang Zhihao(王治浩), originally belonged to a poor class but had been at odds with Jiang Zuoxing(姜佐興) since joining the ranks of the gentlemen, and that once rich Jiang Chaoying(姜朝英) and Jiang Chaobi(姜朝弼) sold almost all of their assets to Jiang Zuoxing. The stories of these characters provide important clues that society has undergone many changes between Daoguang and Xianfeng periods, while social mobility has been quite frequent. Third, illegal practices involving various crimes and timber have been frequent, but on the other hand, it is also confirmed that the powerful have devoted themselves to protecting their forestry, which is the basis of their economic activities. The specific aspects are well illustrated in the measures to prevent the bandits, which have occurred frequently since the Daoguang period. It is the fact that in the joint efforts of the influential people to prevent bandits, forestry must be protected uniformly in addition to routine measures such as cooperation for blocking bandits and blocking entry of suspicious individuals. This clearly means that the most basic purpose of defending against outside invasive forces, such as bandits, was to protect forestry, which is the basis of society, beyond simply maintaining local security. In this regard, it is also very significant that not only fines were imposed on those who violate forestry protection, but also that the fact of the crime was widely publicized to the community. Finally, most of the characters in the 1-2-5 series are obviously members of the Jiang clan, but it is also meaningful to note that they are descendants of Jiang Fuchen(姜輔臣), who are different from the Jiang clan of the Siheyuan(四合院), which was mentioned in the previous article. The reason for this is that the documents are tracking individual figures appearing in Documents of the Qingshui River, breaking away from case-by-case studies such as sale of the forestry fields, the peculiar customs of minority society, occurrence and settlement of disp...

청대 귀주성 청수강 유역 소수민족의 賣田과 裏面契約

박찬근 명청사학회 2024 명청사연구 Vol.- No.61

In the Qing dynasty, where taxes were imposed on landowners based on land units, it was necessary to ascertain the residency status of the owners and the state of land ownership. Therefore, transactions related to land and houses were mandated to be reported to the state. Consequently, Qing dynasty land contracts offer vital insights into the everyday strategies adopted within minority communities, between the state's principles and their modes of agreement. This study focuses on land sale contracts found in the Qingshuijiang Documents , a collection of documents excavated from minority residences in the Qingshuijiang River basin in Guizhou Province. The practices of private transaction contracts transcend the dimension of everyday economic activities and hold significant meanings as expressions of the relationship between the region and the state, and of mutual interaction and trust-building within local communities. This paper analyzes the land sale contracts recorded in the Qingshuijiang Documents to reveal that officially recognized contracts coexist with those based on mutual trust within the community, and sometimes, dual contracts—‘red contract’ and ‘white contract’—were drafted to simultaneously ensure the stability of ownership and maintain the economic value of the transaction items as recognized locally. Additionally, while drafting these dual contracts, the sale price listed in the ‘red contract’ was approximately half of that recorded in the ‘white contract’. This was understood as a measure to reduce the transfer tax payable to the authorities. However, this implies that relying on the sale prices listed in the ‘red contract’ to ascertain the actual land prices at the time may not fully reflect the reality. When creating any economic-related data based on both red and white contracts, the possibility of distortion must be considered. The reliability of the sale prices presented in the ‘red contract’, including the feasibility of compiling any statistics based on them, needs to be reconsidered.

淸代 錦屛縣 加池寨의 經濟的 有力層과 少數民族 社會 ― 『淸水江文書』의 加池寨 斷賣 文書를 중심으로 ―(1)

정철웅 명청사학회 2019 명청사연구 Vol.0 No.52

This study is based on an analysis of 1,000 sale documents from the Jiachi village contained in the Documents of Qingshui River(淸水江文書). Located in the Qingshui River basin, the Jiachi village of Jinping district is a relatively late participant in forestry management compared to the Wendou village. In the case of sale document of the Jiachi village analysed in this paper, the sale of a certain share of ownership and the use of ‘tael(兩)’ instead of ‘share of ownership(股)’ to indicate the more detailed ownership are the same in sale documents of other local areas in Jinping district. The main purpose of this paper is to clarify the question of whether certain groups had been monopolizing wealth in minority communities such as Jiachi village, and whether such wealth was continuously transferred. This is because the existence of economically powerful people can be the key to revealing the special nature of the minority society in Qing dynasty, which is different from the Ming dynasty that had governed ethnic minorities with the chieftaincy system. The analysis of the Jiachi village documents of the Qing period provides the following facts. First of all, there obviously existed wealthy people who had bought forestry fields(山場), woods and rice paddy over a long period of time in this village. Although the genealogy of the Jiang family(姜氏) is incomplete in identifying the faces of numerous buyers of property, at least the two families of Jiang Tingde(姜廷德) and Jiang Zuozhang(姜佐章) were an economic heavyweights in this region, each with a few hundred up to thousands of tael. Of course, also can we see some of the Jiang families went bankrupt, but the richness of the two branches of the Jiang’s family remained intact until the Republican era. Secondly, besides the member of the Jiang family of Siheyuan(四合院) or the Jiang Zuozhang family, also existed another rich Jiang family. That is, Jiang Xianyi(姜獻義), Jiang Kairang(姜開讓), and Jiang Zhihao(姜之豪) also concentrated on buying a large amount of property. This implies the possibility that even the same Jiangs had different interests within the same village, a concrete example of which is the list of donors in the text of the Stele of Siban Bridge(石板橋碑). While it is necessary to shed light on the relationship between Jiang's families more closely in the future, some documents indicate that conflict and rivalry existed between them. Finally, although most of the documents are related to forestry management, certain documents deal with purchases that are virtually rice paddy. Whether this feature is unique to the Jiachi village or whether it can be seen in other areas is naturally possible only through comparison with other villages. But the rice paddy purchase by the rich in Jiachi village is good evidence that they had invested the profits generated from the sale of timber to buy rice paddy, and simultaneously shows that the spread of their economic power has been very limited. In this regard, the fact that Jiang Zuozhang had been a Xiangyue(鄕約) and a landowner since early Qing Period has a special connotation. The Jiang family of the Siheyuan(四合院) grew into a major wealthy group after the emergence of Jiang Tingde, and while their targets were mainly concentrated on buying the forest trees, Jiang Zuozhang, which was earlier than Jiang Tingde, mainly purchased rice paddy. Furthermore, at least there are no examples of Jiang Tingde appearing as surety(憑中), whereas Jiang Zuozhang appears as surety. The two were descendants of Jiang Dingbao(姜丁保), but the situation strongly suggests that the methods of accumulation of property within the same Jiang family were different and that the landlord class existed early on inside the Jiachi village. The discussions mentioned above can be said to be the unique economic dynamism of ethnic minorities in the Jinping district, which was not seen in other min...