柳條邊 동쪽의 개발과 중국-조선 會哨 제도

이규호 동국대학교 동국역사문화연구소 2017 동국사학 Vol.62 No.-

“The patrol System(會哨)” is an information exchange system that was operated in the event of military mobilization during the Qing Dynasty period. Immigrants from the central plains of China began to flock to Liutiaobian(柳條邊) and the Qing(淸) government adopted the patrol System(會哨) jointly with Joseon following mutual consultations between the two countries and kept a rigorous surveillance on the trend of immigration in the east of Liutiaobian(柳條邊). The records as to the patrol System(會哨) established between China and Joseon are frequently mentioned in the Imperial Cabinet Archives(檔案) of China, and the main body of this article has sought to reproduce a complete set of operation process of the patrol System(會哨) jointly established and implemented between China and Joseon for over half a century through a re-analysis of the Imperial Cabinet Archives(檔案). At the same time, this study has identified which policies were actually implemented and which decisions were negligently handled following the precedents through the interpretation and analysis of the Imperial Cabinet Archives(檔案). “會哨”는 淸朝의 군대가 군사행동 시에 상용하던 정보교환 방식이다. 道光 연간(1821~1850) 中原의 이민자가 柳條邊 이동으로 몰려들기 시작하였는데, 전통적인 封禁 정책을 견지하기 위해 淸朝 정부는 朝鮮 정부와 협의·결정하여 양국이 “會哨” 제도를 채택하였고 柳條邊 동쪽의 이민 동향을 엄밀하게 감시하였다. 중국의 檔案 문헌 중에는 중국과 조선의 “會哨”와 관련된 기록이 비교적 자주 보이는데, 본문에서는 이러한 당안 문헌의 재분석을 통해 반세기가 넘는 시간 속 중국과 조선의 “會哨” 제도의 완전한 운영과정을 재현하려고 노력하였다. 동시에 檔案 문헌에 대한 해독과 분석을 통해 어떠한 정책이 실제로 추진되었고, 어떠한 결정이 전례에 따라 허투루 처리되었는지 확인하였다

柳条边东的开发与中朝会哨制度

张士尊 동국대학교 동국역사문화연구소 2017 동국사학 Vol.62 No.-

“The patrol System(會哨)” is an information exchange system that was operated in the event of military mobilization during the Qing Dynasty period. Immigrants from the central plains of China began to flock to Liutiaobian(柳條邊) and the Qing(淸) government adopted the patrol System(會哨) jointly with Joseon following mutual consultations between the two countries and kept a rigorous surveillance on the trend of immigration in the east of Liutiaobian(柳條邊). The records as to the patrol System(會哨) established between China and Joseon are frequently mentioned in the Imperial Cabinet Archives(檔 案) of China, and the main body of this article has sought to reproduce a complete set of operation process of the patrol System(會哨) jointly established and implemented between China and Joseon for over half a century through a re-analysis of the Imperial Cabinet Archives(檔案). At the same time, this study has identified which policies were actually implemented and which decisions were negligently handled following the precedents through the interpretation and analysis of the Imperial Cabinet Archives(檔案). “会哨”是清朝军队采取军事行动时惯用的信息交换方式。道光年间,中原移民开始涌入柳条边以东,为维护传统的封禁政策,清朝政府与朝鲜政府商定,双方采取“会哨”制度,密切监视柳条边以东的移民动向。在中国的档案文献中,有关中朝“会哨”的记载较为常见,本文通过重新梳理这些档案文献,努力再现在长达半个多世纪的时间里,中朝“会哨”制度的整个运作过程,同时通过对档案文献的解读和辨析,确认哪些政策得到实际推行,哪些决定是虚应故事。

17, 8世紀 滿學 檔案關聯 文獻 검토

조병학 한국몽골학회 2009 몽골학 Vol.0 No.27

To understand 'unificative multiracial nation' theory, which is recently discussed in Chinese academic world, first of all, it is necessary to inquiry from background about the foundation of Qing dynasty to historical materials of 17th and 18th century related to Manchuria and Mongolia. Add to it, to understand East Asia in 17th and 18th century fully, it is required to compare not only Chinese historical materials of 17th and 18th century but also Manchurian and Mongolian historial documents of that period. The purpose of this study is to introduce literatures related to Manchu Archives(Manwen Isou-chi: 滿文檔案), which should be studied prior to the comparative study of Mancurian and Mongolian historial documents, and major research subject is 『The Compendium of Manchurian historical documents in 20th century』, which was mainly edited by SungNyeon Yeom(閻崇年). Especially, this study attempted to summarize 27 volumes related to Manchu Archives(Manwen Isou-chi: 滿文檔案) in early Qing Period(入關前), which were published since 1980. This study will be useful for research beginners of Manchu and Mongolia study. To understand 'unificative multiracial nation' theory, which is recently discussed in Chinese academic world, first of all, it is necessary to inquiry from background about the foundation of Qing dynasty to historical materials of 17th and 18th century related to Manchuria and Mongolia. Add to it, to understand East Asia in 17th and 18th century fully, it is required to compare not only Chinese historical materials of 17th and 18th century but also Manchurian and Mongolian historial documents of that period. The purpose of this study is to introduce literatures related to Manchu Archives(Manwen Isou-chi: 滿文檔案), which should be studied prior to the comparative study of Mancurian and Mongolian historial documents, and major research subject is 『The Compendium of Manchurian historical documents in 20th century』, which was mainly edited by SungNyeon Yeom(閻崇年). Especially, this study attempted to summarize 27 volumes related to Manchu Archives(Manwen Isou-chi: 滿文檔案) in early Qing Period(入關前), which were published since 1980. This study will be useful for research beginners of Manchu and Mongolia study.

乾隆時期 宮廷畵家 徐揚의 長券山水畵에서 보이는 지리학적 서사 형성 연구

조민주(Minju Cho) 한국고지도연구학회 2023 한국고지도연구 Vol.15 No.1

이 글은 건륭 시기 제작된 쉬양의 「乾隆南巡圖」 제4권과 청대 水利圖와의 비교 분석을 통하여 쉬양이 시각화하려 했던 지리학의 내용을 파악하고 쉬양 작품에서의 지리학적 서사 형성 과정을 고찰한 논문이다. 「건륭남순도」 제4권에서는 건륭제가 江蘇省 淮安府 靑口 지역을 방문하여 자신의 치수 사업을 기념하는 장면을 묘사하고 있다. 「건륭남순도」보다 앞서 제작된 「南巡紀道圖」는 건륭제의 1차 남순을 전후하여 강남지역의 최신의 지리정보를 보여주고 있다. 두 그림에서의 회안부 청구지역의 지리 묘사는 건륭 1차 남순을 전후로 제작된 南下圖說 , 乾隆南巡紀程圖 등의 지도에서 보이는 최신의 지리정보를 충실하게 반영하고 있다. 두 작품은 일반 지도의 평면식 투영(mapping)에서 보여주기 힘든 城市와 水路 사이의 유기적 관계를 입체적으로 생생하게 보여주고 있다. 미술과 지리학의 경계를 넘나드는 쉬양의 장권산수화에 대한 연구는 중국 전근대시기 시각 지식 형성의 통섭적인 면모를 구명하는데 중요한 의의가 있다. The fourth scroll of The Qianlong Southern Inspection Tour which was painted by a court painter, Xu Yang, is based on a poem written by Emperor Qianlong. The scroll shows the achievements of flood control of the Qingkou region in Huianbu that Emperor Qianlong visited during his first southern inspection tour in 1751. This picture not only faithfully conveys the political narrative of the emperor, but also objectively represents topological information about the region. The achievements of the Qianlong Emperor, such as the extension of the East and West Dams and Gaojia dyke, are shown in the painting, which can be compared with the government documentary, as well as the river maps produced before and after the emperors first tour. This painting is very important in understanding the relationship between realistic representation and topological narrative in Qing Dynasty court painting. It shows how visualizing both the geological and historical information about the Huianfu region and the emperor's water management achievements became a political metaphor. In this paper, I will explore the method of constructing a cartographic narrative in the court painting by comparing the pictorial description shown in the fourth scroll of The Qianlong Southern Inspection Tour with the remaining Qing court documentaries and river maps. I will also examine the realistic manner in Xu yang’s paintings, which uses Western painting techniques to transmit geographic information.

南宋時代 六部架閣庫制의 運用과 그 性格

이근명 중앙대학교 중앙사학연구소 2015 중앙사론 Vol.0 No.41

. 在南宋時代以中央記錄管理機構設立有六部架閣庫。 六部架閣庫地處天水院橋。 有意思的是六部與三省和樞密院等一起位於偏重都城南部的皇宮和寧門附近了。 與此相反, 六部架閣庫就坐落於離六部很遠的都城北部一角了。 六部架閣庫不位置於六部官衙內部, 而設立於都城北邊小溪之間的原因是爲了保持檔案的保安。 南宋六部架閣庫設立在於高宗紹興三年(1133)。 當時在都城臨安不斷地發生過大大小小的火災。 因此, 當新設部署官衙的選擇地點時, 以防備火災作爲首要考慮因素。 尤其因爲六部架閣庫是保管六部檔案和文籍的部署, 所以防備火災更加重要。 六部架閣庫坐落於都城內幽深的邊防而且兩條小溪之間, 就是反映這種情況的結果了。 擔當爲北宋時機中央記錄管理機構的金耀門文書庫, 也位於城外金耀門鄰近幽靜的地方了。 六部架閣庫的選地, 對於文籍和檔案管理方面也很有利。 在南宋時代, 爲了檔案的管理擬定了頗爲周密的規定。在每個部門被做出來的文書, 規定爲每兩年一次評價之後, 該撕毀的文件得到上級的批准而撕毀 必要長留的文件移交給中央的檔案庫。 移交的文件在原來的列表上, 用紅色文字來表示了移交日期。 後來, 如果有使用要求時候, 派遣官員而對其使用過程進行監測, 出借時規定了期間, 而且對機密文件除了相關人員以外拒絕了一般官員的閱覽, 此外, 還有許多有關保安的規定了。 這些都是爲了防止檔案的滅失、僞造和變造以及負責人違反規定的措施。 機密檔案向金國泄漏的事例發生之後, 這些保安規定進一步加強了。 南宋六部架閣庫在南渡以後高宗紹興三年, 采納都官員外郞蘇良治的建議而復置了。 但是, 從北宋時期在六部各機構裏設置庫房的方式, 在於離六部很遠的都城北部一角, 設立了叫作六部架閣庫的單一機構。 這是架閣庫制度上發生了重大變化的。 因爲六部架閣庫保管朝廷的重要文件 所以嚴格地制定了對其管理規定。 宋廷在紹興十五年(1145)命令了增設架閣庫設施和規複主管架閣官制以及對六部架閣庫檔案嚴密的管理等。 備置叫作都籍的總目錄也從此開始的。 六部架閣庫的官員叫爲主管架閣官。 在六部裏, 首次部署架閣官是徽宗崇寧元年(1102)的事。 到那時候把中央機構的案籍保管在胥吏私家情況非常頻繁了。 因此一批胥吏以此爲基礎, 用盡各種手段搗鬼弄假而收取了賄賂。 在南宋初期設置六部架閣庫時也恢復了架閣官制。 依據『建炎以來繫年要錄』的記錄, 在紹興十五年, 設立六部架閣庫制的同時, 任命了吏部架閣官一人、戶部架閣官一人、禮部和兵部架閣官一人以及刑部和工部架閣官一人。 以後, 這些架閣官定員再說四個架閣官來擔當架閣庫管理的機構構成維持到南宋末期了。 六部每部不任用一人而構成歸總四人編制的原因, 可能是緊密相關了業務量和檔案的多少。 宋人普遍認識爲六部架閣庫乃至架閣官的工作環境非常幽閑的。 甚而至於對於六部架閣庫的驚慌也有稱作爲‘寂寞之濱’的記錄。 但是架閣官的業務幷不是無所事事地處理的。 如果工作疏忽的情況下, 檔案由於風雨或者鼠雀, 被破壞的擔心非常濃, 而且, 也給擔當文書行政的實務的胥吏, 提供一些搗鬼弄假的餘地。 從而, 針對架閣官爲了要求精密的工作的行, 具備了多方面的規定。 進而, 對於擔當那些任務, 立案了判別是否適當的人才的程序。

光緖朝三部中央官書之異同及基價直 -以淸日甲午戰爭初期一個月的記裁爲中心-

이춘복 한국중앙사학회 2003 중앙사론 Vol.17 No.-

청대 만주 사회의 족보 편찬 문화 확산과 족보 활용

金晙永 ( Kim Jun-young ) 명청사학회 2022 명청사연구 Vol.- No.58

On the surface, the spread of the genealogy compilation culture in Manchuria society can be seen as an example indicating that they have become Hanhua(漢化). However, even if the genealogy originated from the Han culture, the Manchurian genealogy of the Qing Dynasty also has its own specificity, like the genealogy of various ethnic groups in East Asia. Of course, based on the various characteristics of the Manchurian genealogy mentioned in the text, it is not intended to argue that the Manchurian was not become Hanhua. Because this is an individual problem, not a problem that can be concluded through any part. Therefore, instead of discriminating whether it is Hanhua through genealogy, we tried to find answers to more essential questions about how genealogy affected Manchuria society. Specifically, why genealogy was needed in Manchuria society? And how it spread to Manchuria society, what genealogy spread means in Manchuria society, etc. Unlike the Chinese of the same time, the national-led official genealogy was compiled in the Manchurian society. The official genealogy was formed and spread with mutual influence rather than unilateral propagation to Manchuria society. The reason why the Qing Dynasty ruler spread the genealogy, a foreign culture, to Manchurian society was that genealogy had a practical function necessary to maintain Manchurian society. Meanwhile, the appearance of the Manchurian genealogy is also different from the Chinese genealogy, such as mixed Manchu and Chinese language genealogies. This type of genealogy can represent the coexistence and cultural convergence of Manchu and Han.