From cultural preservation to the strategy of creative transformation and innovative development : a study on the development of China's intangible cultural heritage (2004-2024)

Sun, Shuangmei Kangwon National University 2025 국내박사

China is a multi-ethnic nation with a profound historical heritage. Following its accession to the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, and grounded in traditional humanistic thought and theories of literary and artistic work, China rapidly accomplished the establishment and integrated development of academic concepts of intangible cultural heritage. This led to the formation of an intangible cultural heritage system centered on an overall cultural development strategy, the construction of institutional mechanisms for intangible cultural heritage protection and research, and the gradual emergence of theoretical and practical models that are innovative and distinctive, founded on civilizational exchange, and aligned with cultural development strategies. From a cultural ecological perspective, this model takes cultural protection as both prerequisite and practical foundation. After establishing basic social consensus and cognition regarding intangible cultural heritage, it employs creative transformation and innovative development as pathways to transform the attributes of intangible cultural heritage from cultural resources to national strategic resources. The intangible cultural heritage system is incorporated into the development and adjustment of economic and industrial structures and comprehensively integrated into national development strategies. While promoting and maintaining the living protection of intangible cultural heritage and enhancing cultural influence, it continuously deepens the levels of international humanistic exchange and cooperation. Within the macro perspective of world civilizational integration and development, China has achieved fruitful results in the field of intangible cultural heritage protection over the past two decades. The theoretical and practical models that have emerged possess uniqueness while offering significant reference value and implications for learning. This dissertation defines the temporal scope of research on China's intangible cultural heritage development as spanning from 2004 to 2024. The year 2004 marked the inaugural year of China's intangible cultural heritage protection, when China was in a critical period of optimizing industrial structure, deepening opening-up, transforming government functions, undergoing social structural transformation, and continuously advancing economic system and educational reforms. Intangible cultural heritage protection became an important component of national cultural strategy. After twenty years of development, China's intangible cultural heritage has achieved evolution from cultural protection to cultural creative transformation and innovation, forming a comprehensive intangible cultural heritage system that has gradually integrated into national development strategies. Within the context of globalization, it has become an important component in areas such as national sovereignty maintenance, industrial structural adjustment, and socioeconomic development, possessing considerable uniqueness and representativeness on a global scale. The main content of the dissertation is divided into four parts, respectively exploring, analyzing, and summarizing: the conditions and factors influencing the formation and development of national cultural strategy; the historical traditions and disciplinary development of China's intangible cultural heritage research and protection; the development process of China's intangible cultural heritage over the past twenty years; and the theoretical and practical models that have formed China's intangible cultural heritage system. The first part focuses on the historical formation of China's national cultural strategy, primarily exploring the formation process of national cultural strategy centered on ideology, providing historical evidence for this research, and establishing the rationality of research logic through theoretical models such as cultural contact theory and civilizational integration theory. This chapter begins by exploring the core values of China's traditional cultural identity system, summarizing the cultural landscape perspective and prerequisites for cultural strategy formation in a multi-ethnic unified nation. Subsequently, through historical cases such as "Western Learning Spreading East" and "Debates on Substance and Function" in modern China, it conducts in-depth analysis of China's exploration of cultural modernization, examining the relationships between national cultural strategy, epochal development, and world civilizational exchange. The chapter then proceeds to its focal content, discussing the formation of cultural strategy theoretical core based on Marxist literary and artistic theory after the founding of New China, and the development trajectory of national cultural strategy across different historical periods and epochal contexts. The second part focuses on the construction and development of China's intangible cultural heritage discipline, examining from the macro perspective of Chinese historical inheritance and the continuity of Chinese civilization the process from ancient China to modern times, from material cultural heritage research and protection to intangible cultural heritage disciplinary development, attempting to analyze the normal logic of intangible cultural heritage research in national academic development. This chapter first clarifies the conceptual definitions of "material cultural heritage" and "intangible cultural heritage" in China's academic field throughout history, discussing China's intangible cultural heritage academic system through cases including classical literature collections, antiques and miscellaneous items, and literary arts. Subsequently, continuing from this system and using chronology as a guide, it explores the general situation of intangible cultural heritage research and protection across different historical stages beginning with the New Culture Movement period, summarizing the disciplinary systematization development process led by folk literature, folklore, and folk arts studies. Based on the preceding two foundations, it emphasizes the construction mechanisms and working models in China's intangible cultural heritage disciplinary system construction and disciplinary concept popularization following the proposal of the UNESCO intangible cultural heritage concept, forming the research framework, academic foundation, and macro system for the third chapter of the dissertation. The third part, which analyzes and synthesizes the development process of China's intangible cultural heritage, constitutes the key discussion chapter of this dissertation. Spanning the timeframe from 2004 to 2024, it discusses China's intangible cultural heritage development process from cultural protection work to becoming an important component of national development strategy, with particular emphasis on its theoretical core as an important national cultural strategy. The chapter content divides China's twenty-year intangible cultural heritage development process into four stages using five-year intervals, systematically discussing the system establishment and development trajectory of China's intangible cultural heritage from multiple perspectives including academic concept definition and development, institutional mechanism establishment and improvement, society-wide integration and strategic transformation of cultural resources, and the formation of civilizational relations theory under globalization contexts, providing solid evidence for theoretical and model research in the fourth chapter. The fourth part synthesizes the theoretical and practical models of China's intangible cultural heritage system based on the entire dissertation, constituting the viewpoint formation chapter of this dissertation. Based on the historical traditions and system construction of China's intangible cultural heritage described in preceding sections, it summarizes the system establishment and practical models of intangible cultural heritage from the perspective of national cultural strategy within the context of the globalization era. This chapter first discusses the prerequisite of national cultural sovereignty and cultural strategy theory with intangible cultural heritage as the vehicle, analyzes the construction mechanism of national cultural strategy systems with intangible cultural heritage as the link, summarizes the practical experiences and models of intangible cultural heritage integration into national development strategies from social ecological, economic ecological, and cultural ecological perspectives, proposes open co-construction strategies for humanistic exchange and mutual learning among civilizations with intangible cultural heritage as the bridge, and synthesizes the referential Chinese model of intangible cultural heritage system establishment. This dissertation adopts a macro research perspective to conduct in-depth analysis of the development and formation process of China's intangible cultural heritage system, examining its historical, institutional, systemic, social, economic, cultural, educational, and other multiple dimensions, exploring the relationships between intangible cultural heritage and national cultural strategy, investigating innovative pathways for cultural strategy to provide impetus for national development, attempting to synthesize its theoretical and practical models, and establishing a referential experiential system. Keywords National Cultural Strategy,National Strategy,Cultural Preservation,Intangible Cultural Heritage,Cultural Theory, Economic and Industrial Structural,Civilizational Community,Models of China's ICH System

Epidemiological survey and clinicopathological diagnosis of diarrhea in Korean native calves

이성환 Kangwon National University 2018 국내박사

Epidemiological survey and clinicopathological diagnosis of diarrhea in Korean native calves Sung-Hwan Lee Department of Veterinary Medicine Graduate School, Kangwon National University ABSTRACT The clinical symptoms of calf diarrhea are very similar even if the causative agents are different. Therefore, identification of the causative agents and examination of blood values of diarrheal claves are essential for proper treatment of the patient and appropriate preventive measures. However, there are only a few small–scale studies of causative agents and no report on the blood gas analysis of diarrhea in Korean native calves (KNC). In addition, the reference range of blood variables for KNC is basically not reported. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to examine arterial and venous blood gas, electrolytes, and biochemical and hematological values in healthy KNC, to investigate causative agents and epidemiology of diarrhea in KNC, to determine blood values in KNC with diarrhea, and to investigate the relationship between blood values and clinical symptoms in KNC with diarrhea. The arterial and venous blood samples from 62 healthy KNC within 3 weeks old were analyzed using a portable blood gas analyzer. Glucose (r=0.927) had the strongest correlations between arterial and venous values. The correlation between the values of the arterial and the venous blood was strong in creatinine (r=0.925), lactate (r=0.815), Ca2+ (r=0.806), Hct (r=0.799), Na+ (r=0.790), Hb (r=0.786), BE (r 0.749), pH (r=0.710), HCO3- (r=0.710), and tCO2 (r=0.663). The mean concentrations of glucose and lactate within 3 weeks old of KNC were higher than those of healthy adult cattle. The blood values according to age within 3 weeks old of arterial and venous blood variables were not significantly different (P>0.05). In this study, we could obtain the reference range of blood variables in KNC that can be used in clinical practice. In particular, pH, HCO3-, BE, Na+, Hct, Hb, glucose, lactate, and creatinine have diagnostic worth of venous blood, which is commonly used in the treatment of diarrheal calves. The 14 causative agents were detected from 164 out of 207 diarrheal calves. Rotavirus was the most common causative agent (34.8%), followed by Eimeria spp (31.7%), E coli (22.0%), Giardia spp (14.0%), C difficile (9.8%), BVDV (8.5%,) coronavirus (7.9%), Cryptosporidium spp (7.3%), torovirus (6.7%), parvovirus (5.5%), norovirus (4.9%), kobuvirus (1.8%), adenovirus (1.2%), and Salmonella spp (0.6%). 95 (57.9%) out of 164 calves were infected by single causative agent and 69 (42.1%) calves were infected by multiple causative agents. Diarrhea caused by viral and bacterial agents was mainly a problem within 3 weeks old, but causative agents were detected up to 8 weeks old. Protozoal pathogen was mainly detected between 3 weeks and 10 weeks old. The prevalence of diarrhea was the highest in spring (46.3%), followed by winter (32.3%), summer (13.4%), and autumn (7.9%). The mortality rate caused by diarrhea was 7.9% in spring, 6.7% in winter, 3% in summer, and 0.6% in autumn, respectively (p<0.05). Most of the rotavirus and E coli induced severe watery diarrhea in KNC. Hemorrhagic diarrhea was observed in the cases of rotavirus, coronavirus, parvovirus, torovirus, E coli, C difficile, and Eimera spp infection. As calves were infected with multiple causative agents, the prevalence of hemorrhagic diarrhea was increased. However, there was no significant difference in mortality between single and mixed infected calves (p>0.05). The most of diarrheal calves showed metabolic acidosis caused by loss of bicarbonate, hyponatremia, azotemia, and low level of pCO2. And the mean values of K+, Cl-, Hct, and Hb of diarrheal calves were in the upper limit of reference range. More than 50% of calves had higher BUN values. BUN was the most sensitive indicator of change of physical activity status and dehydration(p≤0.001). The values of pH, BE, and AnGap were also highly related to physical deterioration and dehydration (p≤0.001). In conclusion, this study provided reference ranges on arterial and venous blood gas, electrolytes, and biochemical and hematological variables in healthy KNC which can be used for diagnosis of calf diseases. And this study elucidated the causative agents and their epidemiology of diarrhea in KNC. This study also confirmed the relationship between blood values and clinical symptoms in KNC with diarrhea. Comprehensive recent information on diarrhea of KNC obtained in this study will be helpful for clinical practitioners to treat and control of diarrhea of KNC. Key words: Korean native calves, blood gas analysis, reference range, diarrhea, causative agents, epidemiology, physical activity, dehydration. 한우 송아지 설사에 대한 역학 조사와 임상병리학적 진단 이 성 환 강원대학교 대학원 수의학과 감염성 송아지 설사는 원인체가 다양하지만 원인체가 다른 경우에도 임상증상은 매우 유사하다. 그러므로 환자의 적절한 치료와 예방 조치를 위해서는 설사 원인체의 정확한 진단과 혈액학적, 전해질, 산-염기 및 혈액화학적 검사가 필수적이다. 그러나 한우 송아지의 설사 원인체와 임상병리학적 연구는 희소한 실정이며 정상 한우 송아지의 혈액학적, 혈액화학적, 전해질 및 산-염기에 대한 기준 범위(reference range)도 보고되지 않은 실정이다. 본 연구는 건강한 한우 송아지의 동맥 및 정맥혈액의 혈액가스, 전해질, 생화학적 및 혈액학적 측정치를 조사하고, 한우 송아지의 설사 원인체와 발생역학을 조사하며, 설사를 하는 한우 송아지 혈액의 임상병리학적 측정치를 조사하고 임상증상과 혈액학적 측정치 간의 관련성을 조사하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 3 주령 이내의 건강한 한우 송아지 62두의 동맥 및 정맥 혈액 샘플을 휴대용 혈액가스분석기를 사용하여 즉시 분석하였다. 포도당 (r=0.927)은 동맥과 정맥의 값 사이에 가장 강한 상관관계를 보였으며 동맥혈과 정맥혈의 creatinine(r=0.925), 젖산 (r=0.815), Ca2+ (r=0.806), Hct (r=0.799), Na+ (r=0.790), BE (r=0.749), pH (r=0.710), HCO3- (r=0.710) 및 tCO2 (r=0.663)에서도 강한 상관관계를 나타냈다. 송아지의 포도당과 젖산의 평균 농도는 성우의 측정치보다 높았다. 3 주령 이내 송아지의 동맥 및 정맥혈액의 각 측정치는 주령에 따라 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다 (P>0.05). 본 연구에서는 임상에서 참고치가 될 한우 송아지 혈액의 기준 범위(reference range)를 구할 수 있었다. 특히, 정맥혈액의 pH, HCO3-, BE, Na+, Hct, Hb, glucose, creatinine 및 젖산의 측정치는 동맥혈액 대신에 임상에서 송아지 설사 치료에 이용할 수 있는 유용한 측정치로 판단되었다. 총 207 마리의 설사하는 송아지 중 164 마리에서 14 종류의 설사원인체가 검출되었으며 그 중에 Rotavirus가 가장 흔한 원인체 (34.8 %)이었고, Eimeria spp (31.7 %), E coli (22.0%), Giardia spp (14.0%), C difficile (9.8%), BVDV (8.5%), coronavirus (7.9%), Cryptosporidium spp (7.3%), torovirus (6.7%), parvovirus (5.5%), norovirus (4.9%), kobuvirus (1.8%), adenovirus (1.2%) 및Salmonella spp (0.6%) 순으로 검출되었다. 164 마리의 송아지 중 95 마리 (57.9%)가 단일 원인체에 감염되었으며 69 마리 (42.1%)는 여러 원인체에 혼합감염 되었다. 바이러스 및 세균에 의한 설사는 주로 생후3 주 이내에 발생하였지만 원인체는 8 주까지 검출되었으며 원충은 주로 3 주에서 10 주 사이에 검출되었다. 설사의 발생률은 봄 (46.3 %)이 가장 높았고 겨울 (32.3%), 여름 (13.4%) 및 가을 (7.9%) 순이었으며 설사로 인한 사망률도 봄 (7.9%), 겨울 (6.7%), 여름 (3%) 및 가을 (0.6%) 순이었다 (p<0.01). 대부분의 rotavirus와 대장균은 심한 수양성 설사를 일으켰으며 출혈성 설사는 rotavirus, coronavirus, parvovirus, torovirus, 대장균, C difficile 및 Eimeria spp 감염의 경우에 관찰되었다. 송아지가 여러 원인체에 혼합감염 될 경우 출혈성 설사의 발생이 증가하였으나 단일 및 혼합 감염된 송아지 사이의 사망률에는 유의한 차이가 없었다 (p>0.05). 설사하는 송아지는 주로 대사성 산증, 저나트륨혈증, 고질소혈증을 나타내었으며, K+, Cl-, Hct와 Hb의 평균값은 기준 범위의 상한선에 있었다. 또한 설사하는 송아지의 70 % 이상이 중탄산염의 소실로 인한 대사성 산증을 나타내었다. BUN은 신체 활성 변화와 탈수에 가장 민감한 지표였으며 pH, BE 및 AnGap도 신체활성 및 탈수와 관련이 높았다 (p≤0.001). HCO3-, BE, AnGap, K+, Cl-, Hct 및 Hb 측정치는 설사하는 송아지의 신체 상태와 탈수와 관련하여 임상 증상을 평가하는데 유용한 지표가 될 뿐만 아니라 탈수, 전해질 및 산-염기 불균형의 교정을 위한 수액 치료에 유용하게 이용될 수 있었다. 이 연구에서 얻어진 정상 한우 송아지의 혈액학적, 혈액화학적, 전해질 및 산-염기와 관련된 기준 범위는 송아지 질병진단에 유용한 정보를 제공하였다. 그리고 본 연구에서 얻은 송아지 설사 원인체와 역학 조사의 결과들은 최근 국내에서 발생하는 송아지 설사에 대한 이해력을 높이는데 기여한 것으로 판단된다. 설사하는 한우 송아지의 혈액학적, 혈액화학적, 전해질 및 산-염기와 관련된 측정치들은 임상가들이 송아지 설사를 진단할 때 중요한 판단 기준으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 또한 이들 측정치와 신체 활성도 및 탈수 정도와의 상관성은 임상가들이 실험실적 진단 없이 임상증상에 근거하여 수액 처치를 실시하는데 도움을 줄 것으로 판단된다 주요어; 한우 송아지, 설사, 혈액가스분석, 기준범위, 원인체, 역학, 신체활성도, 탈수.

A study on UV-curable organic-inorganic hybrid coating and their application as a gate dielectric

LEHONGNHUNG Kangwon National University 2021 국내석사

UV 경화형 유-무 기 하이브리드 코팅 및 게이트 유전체로 서의 응용에 관한 연구 Hong Nhung Le 강원대학교 대학원 기능소재공학과 다양한 유-무기 (O-I) 하이브리드 코팅 소재 중에서 UV 경화형 유-무기 하이브리드 코팅 소재는 상대적으로 짧은 시간에 저온 경화가 가능하기 때문에 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 그러나 안정적인 UV 경화형 O-I 하이브리드 코팅 소재 제조에 대한 보고는 거의 없는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 양친성 우레탄 아크릴레이트를 사용한 UV 경화형 유-무기 하이브리드 코팅 소재 제조를 제시하였다. UV- 경화성 O-I 하이브리드 용액은 졸-겔 공정에서 무기 성분 공급원으로 다양한 양친성 우레탄 아크릴 레이트 및 TEOS 조성물을 사용하여서 제조되었다. 제조된UV 경화형 O-I 하이브리드 용액으로 형성된 UV 경화 코팅 필름의 연필 경도, 투명도, 경화 및 건조 속도와 같은 물리적 특성을 조사했다. 또한 낮은 표면 조도, 높은 유전 상수 k 및 낮은 누설 전류와 같은 물성을 가지고 있는 UV 경화형 하이브리드 게이트 유전체로서의 적용 가능성을 조사하였다.  핵심주제어 유-무기 하이브리드, 나노 입자, UV 경화, 졸-젤, 게이트 절연체, 유기 박막 트랜지스터 A study on UV-curable organic-inorganic hybrid coating and their application as a gate dielectric Le Hong-Nhung Department of Materials Science and Engineering Graduate School, Kangwon National University ABSTRACT Among various organic-inorganic (O-I) hybrid coating materials, UV-curable organic-inorganic hybrid coating has received much attention because it can be cured at low temperature in a relatively short time. However, there have been very few reports on the preparation of stable UV-curable O-I hybrid solutions. In this study, the preparation of UV-curable organic-inorganic hybrid coating using various amphiphilic urethane acrylates was presented. UV-curable O-I hybrid solutions were prepared at the various amphiphilic urethane acrylate and TEOS compositions as an inorganic source in the sol-gel process. Physical properties, such as pencil hardness, transparency, curing, and drying speed of UV-cured coating films formed by prepared UV-curable O-I hybrid solutions, were tested. Furthermore, this research revealed several significant benefits of UV-curable hybrid material in preparing UV-curing hybrid gate dielectrics, such as low rough surface, high dielectric constant k, and low leakage current.  Keywords: O-I hybrid nanoparticles, UV curing, sol-gel, gate dielectric, OTFT

Study on an Efficient Implementation Strategy for University e-Learning in Cambodia

Mak, Sayphearoth Kangwon National University 2018 국내석사

Along with the development of information and communications technology, e-Learning has been proposed as an efficient approach to enhance the quality of teaching and learning in higher education sector by using technology. However, the implementation of e-Learning system doesn’t come with success only, but a number of challenges also come along. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate the challenges in Cambodian e-Learning projects. This study developed survey questionnaires based on the literature review which divided into four categories: student, lecturer, technical personnel, and administrator. Data was collected from 75 respondents in a well-known higher institution in Phnom Penh. Based on the result of literature survey, some factors such as inadequate internet connection, inadequate ICT and e-Learning infrastructure, lack of technical support, unreliable power supply, instructor and student attitude toward e-Learning, lack of motivation, lack of experts in instructional design, lack of experience and skills of faculty, inadequate operational e-Learning policies, financial constraints, lack of government’s support, and language barrier had been proposed to be the challenges affecting the benefits of e-Learning in Cambodian higher institutions. However, the findings showed that only unreliable power supply has no influence on the implementation of e-Learning Cambodian universities. In response to the challenges, this study gave some suggestion on strategies to the success of the e-Learning implementation in Cambodian higher education institutions. Furthermore, an e-Learning platform called C-MOOC NET had been proposed based on the requirements of Cambodia. 정보 통신 기술의 발달과 함께 이러닝은 기술을 사용하여 고등 교육 분야의 교수 및 학습의 질을 향상시키는 효율적인 접근 방식으로 제안되었다. 그러나 이러닝 시스템의 구현은 성공 만이 아니지만 여러 가지 문제도 발생한다. 따라서 이 연구는 캄보디아 이러닝 프로젝트의 문제점을 조사하기위한 것이다. 본 연구는 학생, 강사, 기술 인원, 관리자의 4 가지 범주로 나뉘어 진 문헌 검토를 바탕으로 설문지 설문지를 개발했다. 프놈펜 (Phnom Penh)의 유명한 고등 교육 기관의 75 명의 응답자로부터 데이터를 수집했다. 문헌 조사 결과에 따르면 부적절한 인터넷 연결, 부적절한 ICT 및 전자 학습 인프라, 기술 지원 부족, 신뢰할 수없는 전원 공급 장치, 전자 학습에 대한 강사 및 학생의 태도, 동기 부족, 전문가 부족 교수 설계 경험 부족, 부적절한 운영 전자 학습 정책, 재정적 제약, 정부 지원 부족, 언어 장벽 등이 캄보디아 고등 교육 기관의 이러닝의 이점에 영향을 미치는 도전 과제였다. 그러나 이 연구 결과는 신뢰할 수없는 전원 공급 장치 만이 캄보디아 이러닝 대학의 구현에 영향을 미치지 않는다는 것을 보여 주었다. 과제에 대응하여 본 연구는 캄보디아 고등 교육 기관의 이러닝 구현 성공 전략에 대한 제안을했다. 또한 C-MOOC NET이라는 이러닝 플랫폼이 캄보디아의 요구 사항을 기반으로 제안되었다.

Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of bioactive ligands with heterocyclic scaffolds

Duy-Viet Vo Kangwon National University 2020 국내석사

Design, Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Bioactive Ligands with Heterocyclic Scaffolds Duy-Viet Vo Department of Pharmacy Graduate School, Kangwon National University Abstract SECTION 1 Drug Development with Flavonol Scaffold as Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN) Modulators Currently, no sufficient treatment options are available for treatment CIPN; hence it is essential to find other safe and effective treatments. Natural products such as plant secondary metabolites are still important molecules of interest in the treatment of various pain conditions. The known in vitro and in vivo studies of CIPN therapeutics have shown flavonoids as the promising agents for the treatment of CIPN. The present research will focus on investigating the flavonoids, mainly flavonols, flavonol analogues and their derivatives with effects on CIPN. We succeeded to design, synthesize a series of galangin analogues and their derivatives and evaluate their bioactivity against CIPN. We effectively developed a new method to synthesize the flavonol analogues via the nucleophilic substitution of the α-bromide compound and the Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement as key reactions with overall 6-8 steps and effective with high yield (~ 10%) from commercially available chemicals. In our efforts to discover pharmacologically superior analgesic effects for the treatment of CIPN, we operated an approach to design the structure requirements for activity on CIPN. From the present SAR studies that we have the preliminary conclusions for the analgesic effect of flavonol’s for treatment CIPN. The result of this study will be helpful to amplify and comprehend the development of flavonols analgesic effects on CIPN. Keywords: flavonol, galangin analogues, galangin derivaties, thioketones, nucleophilic substitution of α-ketone, Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement, analgesic effect, CIPN, SAR study, drug design. SECTION 2 Drug Development with 1,3,5-Triazine Scaffolds as GPR119 Agonists GPR119 is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) expressed both in pancreatic β cells and enteroendocrine L cells. In vitro and in vivo studies show that GPR119 agonists can improve glucose homeostasis, proving GPR119 is a promising target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. For the drug development study on GPR119, compound AR-231453 was chosen as the hit structure. The replacement of the 5-nitropyrimidine with less hepatotoxicity 1,3,5-triazine in parent rings was performed and assessed for their biological activity. Then two anilinos substituted by electron-withdrawing groups (EWG) were provided as tail moiety linked to the novel scaffold. Finally, replacement of the piperidine ring with conformationally controlled azabicyclic rings constructed a new series of 1,3,5-triazine analogues 2a-2l. We assessed the introduction of inflexible fragments like azabicyclic moieties to the ligands that decreased the conformational suppleness to create an ideal conformation and best recognized by the receptor. We have also investigated synthetic pathway as a novel and stereoselective method of a series of key intermediate azabicyclic alcohols or amines 3a-3f in the good to excellent yields. In the synthetic strategy, dechlorination reaction with H2 and TEA, using 10% Pd/C as a catalyst in Et2O:THF to afford the target compounds 2a-2l was also studied as the key reaction. Nevertheless, the yield of the dechlorination reaction was not agreeable. Hence, the optimal conditions will be researched in subsequent studies to support the discovery of the lead compounds on 1,3,5-triazine scaffold for GPR119 agonist activity. Keywords: GPR119 agonist, type 2 diabetes, 1,3,5-triazine, stereoselective of azabicyclic alcohols and amines, dechlorination, drug design.

Do patients with anaphylaxis in the emergency department need routine blood tests?

이준석 Kangwon National University 2019 국내석사

응급실을 방문한 과민성 알레르기 반응 환자들에게 일상적인 혈액검사가 필요한가? 이 준 석 강원대학교 대학원 의학과 서론: 과민성 알레르기 반응(이하, 아나필락시스) 환자에서 횡문근융해증, 혹은 허혈성 간염과 같은 합병증들이 보고되고 있다. 이러한 합병증 들은 피검사를 통하여 확진할 수 있다. 그러나, 응급실 내에서는 아나필락시스 환자군에 있어 피검사를 일정하게 수행하지는 않는다. 아나필락시스의 증상의 중증도와 피검사 결과 간의 상관성이 있는지 확인하고자 이 연구를 수행하였다. 방법: 응급실을 방문하여 아나필락시스를 진단받은 환자군 중, 18세 이상의 환자를 선별하였다. 실험 결과는 나이, 성별, 항원에 따라 비교하였다. 임상 양상과 피검사 값의 상관관계를 평가하기 위하여 환자가 호소하는 임상증상과, 치료의 방법 등에 따라 환자군을 두 군으로 나누었다. 결과: 최종적으로 154명의 환자가 본 연구에 포함되었다. AST, ALT, CK의 값과 임상양상, 혹은 치료방법 등과의 상관관계는 존재하지 않았다. 그룹 간의 젖산 수치는 에피네프린 투여횟수에 따라 1회 받은 군과 1회 이상 받은 군에서 유의한 정도의 다름을 확인하였다. 결론: 젖산 수치가 높을수록, 더 많은 에피네프린 투여가 필요했다. 임상 증상 중증도와 투여된 에피네프린 용량을 통한 허혈성 간염이나, 횡문근융해증 등의 합병증 발생 정도를 예측하는 것은 어려웠다. 따라서 모든 응급실 내원 아나필락시스 환자들에 있어서 일상적인 피검사를 시행할 필요가 있을 것으로 생각된다. Do Patients with Anaphylaxis in the Emergency Department Need Routine Blood Tests? Joon-Seok Lee Department of Medicine Graduate School, Kangwon National University Abstract Introduction: Cases with complications such as rhabdomyolysis, or ischemic hepatitis have been reported in patients with anaphylaxis. These complications can be confirmed with blood tests. However, in the emergency department (ED), blood tests are not routinely performed in patients with anaphylaxis. We performed this study to confirm whether there was an association between the severity of the clinical features of anaphylaxis and their blood test results. Methods: We chose patients aged 18 and above who presented to the ED and were diagnosed with anaphylaxis. We compared the laboratory data according to age, gender, and allergens. In order to assess for any correlation between the clinical features and laboratory data we divided the patients into two groups according their clinical features and methods of treatment. Results: A final number of 154 patients were included in the study. There was no association between aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), potassium levels, or creatine phosphokinase (CK) levels and clinical features, or type of treatment given to the patient in this study. There was a significant difference in lactate levels between the group which received only on dose of epinephrine, and the group which received more than one dose of epinephrine. Also serum magnesium had seen negative correlation with severe symptoms. Conclusion: The higher the lactate level, the more epinephrine administration was needed. And The lower the magnesium level, the more severe symptoms presented. It is difficult to predict the occurrence of complications such as ischemic hepatitis and rhabdomyolysis based on clinical features or type of treatment such as epinephrine dose. So routine blood tests are needed to detect the occurrence of complications in anaphylaxis patients, visiting the emergency department.

Diagnosis of Canine Chronic Mitral Valve Insufficiency by Evaluating Growth Differentiation Factor 11 and Interventricular Septal Wall Excursion

Ahn, Sung Taek Kangwon National University 2018 국내박사

국문초록 GDF 11과 ISWE의 평가를 통한 개의 CMVI에 대한 진단 안 성 택 강원대학교 대학원 수의학과 CMVI(Chronic mitral valve insufficiency)는 일반적으로 개, 특히 소형견에서 가장 흔한 심장병의 하나이며, 만성적인 이첨판의 점액변성으로 이첨판 폐쇄부전을 유발하여 울혈성 심부전(congestive heart failure, CHF)을 초래한다. GDF 11(Growth differentiation factor 11)은 BMP(bone morphogenetic protein) 계열의 일종이며, 배아 및 성인 조직 모두에서 세포 성장과 분화를 조절하는 인자이다. 또한, GDF 11이 SERCA-2 의 발현 증가를 통해 심근 확장 기능을 향상시키는 연구보고가 있으며, 마우스 연구에 있어 GDF 11 혈청농도는 나이들수록 낮아지고 심장질환을 가진 개체에서도 낮은 농도를 나타냈다. CMVI도 노화와 연관된 심장질환으로 GDF 11의 농도가 낮을 수 있다는 것을 유추할 수 있다. 본 연구의 가설은 CMVI를 가진 개에서 혈청 GDF 11농도가 낮아지며, 심장병의 진행이 더 빠르게 진행될 수 있다는 것이다. 이는 GDF 11의 혈청 농도는 CMVI를 가진 개를 진단할 수 있는 좋은 지표가 될 수 있다는 근거가 된다. 본 실험을 위해 11마리의 건강한 개와 CMVI가 있는 69마리의 개가 선발되었으며 연령,체중등의 신체검사 및 혈액검사,심장초음파검사등의 임상검사를 통해서 CMVI그룹은 ISACHC기준에 따라 심부전을 분류했다. 연령과 심부전에 따른 혈청 GDF 11농도를 평가하고 분석한 결과,혈청 GDF 11농도는 심장질환을 나타내는 여러 indices 및 연령과 상관관계가 없게 나타났다. 따라서 마우스실험에서 확인된 심장병이 있는 나이든 마우스의 혈청 GDF 11농도가 감소한다는 이론은 CMVI를 가진 개의 실험에서는 확인되지 않았다. 좌심실과 우심실사이에 있는 중격벽의 움직임인 ISWE는 이전의 사람 및 동물 실험을 통에서 좌심실의 부하가 증가할 때나 심박수가 급격하게 증가할 때 과잉움직을 보이는 것을 알아냈다.이러한 과잉움직임은 만성심장병을 가진 개에 있어 대상부전을 의미하기도한다.개의 CMVI는 만성적으로 좌심실의 부하가 증가하는 심장병이다.이는 CMVI를 가진 개에 있어 ISWE가 증가하며 심부전이 진행될수록 증가할 수 있다는 것을 유추할 수 있다.본 실험은 CMVI를 가진 개에 있어 ISWE가 증가하며 심부전이 심해질수록 증가한다는 가설을 세워 진행했다.이는 ISWE가 CMVI의 진단을 위한 좋은 지표가 될 수 있다는 근거가 된다.본 실험을 위해 18마리의 건강한 개와 CMVI를 가진 51마리의 개가 선발되었으며 연령.체중등의 신체검사 및 임상검사를 통해서 CMVI그룹은 ISACHC기준에 따라 심부전을 분류했다.심장초음파 검사를 통해서 ISWE를 평가하고 분석한 결과 심장질환을 나타내는 심장초음파지표 및 바이오마커와 상관성이 높은 것으로 밝혀졌다.따라서 ISWE는 CMVI진단 및 중증도를 평가하는 데 있어 우수한 지표가 될 수 있다. □ 핵심주제어 바이오마커, 성장분화인자 11(GDF 11), 개, 만성이첨판폐쇄부전, 심실간 중격 벽 유출 Diagnosis of Canine Chronic Mitral Valve Insufficiency by Evaluating Growth Differentiation Factor 11 and Interventricular Septal Wall Excursion Sung-Taek Ahn Department of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School, Kangwon National University ABSTRACT In general, chronic mitral valve insufficiency (CMVI) as a cardiac disease is commonly found in dogs, in particular, small breed. CMVI takes place because of chronic myxomatous mitral valvular degeneration. It triggers mitral regurgitation, which consequently leads to the congestive heart failure (CHF). Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF 11) is one of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP). It is a regulator of cell growth and differentiation in both embryonic and adult tissues. In addition, other studies report that GDF 11 improved myocardial diastolic function through the increase in the manifestation of SERCA-2. In case of a study using mice, it was indicated that the serum level of GDF 11 became lower as the age of mice was higher. In this sense, since CMVI as a cardiac disease is related to aging, it infers that the serum level of GDF 11 might be lower. This study hypothesizes that dogs with CMVI would have the low serum level of GDF 11 and the progression of heart disease might be more quickly accelerated. Therefore, it is the evidence that the serum level of GDF can be a good marker to diagnose dogs with CMVI. 11 healthy dogs and 69 dogs with CMVI were examined for this study. All selected dogs' age and body weight were investigated. Physical examination, blood test and echocardiography for CMVI dogs were conducted. The degree of cardiac insufficiency in CMVI dogs was sorted out by the criteria of ISACHC. The result from evaluating and analyzing the serum level of GDF 11 depending on age and heart failure showed that there was no correlation between the serum level of GDF 11, age, and various indices representing heart disease. Thus, the hypothesis that the serum level of GDF in an old mouse with heart disease decreases was not identified in dogs with CMVI. Previous studies with clinical tests and animal experiments found that interventricular septal wall excursion (ISWE) located in the gap between the left ventricle and the right ventricle excessively moved when the load of the left ventricle increased or heart rate dramatically increased. These excess movement of ISWE in dogs with CMVI represents a decompensatory response. Dogs' CMVI refers to heart disease that the load of the left ventricle chronically increases. It infers that dogs with CMVI have an increase in ISWE, and ISWE can rise as cardiac insufficiency deteriorates. The experiment for this study was conducted with the hypothesis that ISWE in CMVI dogs increases and the increment in ISWE takes place when cardiac insufficiency deteriorates. It provides the evidence that ISWE could be a good index to diagnose CMVI dogs. 18 healthy dogs and 51 dogs with CMVI were investigated for this study. All dogs' age and body weight in this study were examined. Physical examination and a medical test were conducted. The degree of cardiac insufficiency in CMVI dogs was classified by the criteria of ISACHC. The result from evaluating and analyzing ISWE by echocardiography indicated that ISWE was closely correlated with echocardiographic indices representing heart disease and a cardiac biomarker. Accordingly, ISWE can be a good indicator to diagnose CMVI dogs and evaluate the severity level of CMVI. □ Key words biomarker, growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF 11), dog, chronic mitral valve insufficiency (CMVI), interventricular septal wall excursion (ISWE)

(A) comparative study on the patterns of Korean and Chinese bronze mirrors

Jing, Qian Kangwon National University 2025 국내박사

This study adopts the theoretical perspective of mutual learning among East Asian civilizations and, grounded in the frontiers of material culture and arts-and-crafts historiography, constructs a three-dimensional analytical framework of “function— aesthetics—culture” to systematically investigate the evolutionary processes and ethnic ideological origins underlying the cultural significance of Korean and Chinese bronze mirror patterns. Through cross-cultural comparative methods, it organizes, digitally extracts, and conducts typological lineage analysis on over 1,400 bronze mirror artifacts from both countries, deeply exploring similarities and differences in their functional uses, aesthetic expressions, and cultural contents, thereby revealing the dynamic identity of bronze mirrors as a medium of cultural transmission. At the theoretical level, this research proposes a three-stage developmental pattern of “bronze mirror dissemination—functional localization—pattern re-creation” for Korean and Chinese bronze mirrors, emphasizing that mirror patterns are not merely a result of unidirectional cultural inflow but rather a process of meaning reproduction shaped by complex interactions among power structures, religious dissemination, ethnic aesthetics, and national culture. Diachronically, it elucidates the coupling relationship between political transitions and the dissemination of craftsmanship by tracing the developmental trajectories of Korean and Chinese bronze mirrors. In terms of pattern analysis, through the establishment of a motif database and lineage model, it achieves, for the first time, a systematic and quantitative comparison of Korean and Chinese bronze mirror patterns, providing quantifiable comparative outcomes for this field. Functionally, integrating material cultural differences between the two countries, it examines functional disparities in religious rituals, funerary practices, and social life, constructing a “functional-pattern interactive model.” Aesthetically, comparing the “rugged yet unadorned natural aesthetics” of Korean mirrors with the “elaborate and intricate order-based aesthetics” of Chinese mirrors reveals underlying philosophical cognitive differences in the visual cultures of the two nations. Regarding cultural interactions, by decoding cultural semantics in inscriptions, mythical creatures, and religious patterns, it proposes the theoretical construct of “asymmetric dissemination,” which uncovers semantic shifts and structural reconstructions of patterns across cultural contexts. Methodologically, the study achieves three breakthroughs: first, integrating material cultural studies with digital methodologies to enable quantitative comparison of “pattern genes”; second, introducing a national cultural perspective to decipher cross-cultural translations of pattern semantics; and third, employing quantitative analysis to measure the agency and asymmetry in cultural transmission. The "three- stage theory of bronze mirror pattern dissemination" developed herein not only explains the interactive processes of Korean and Chinese bronze mirror patterns but also offers a transferable analytical tool for research on East Asian regional cultural exchanges. From an art-historical perspective, this work systematically analyzes and compares the diachronic evolution and cultural interactions of Korean and Chinese bronze mirror patterns, revealing differences and commonalities in religious concepts, aesthetic systems, and symbolic constructions between the two nations. It advances two core theories—"creative transformation” and “aesthetic misreading”—to elucidate the characteristics of “similar forms with distinct qualities” and “homologous origins with heterogeneous qualities” exhibited by bronze mirrors in East Asian civilizational exchanges. Its academic contributions are threefold: theoretically, it establishes, for the first time, a comparative research framework for Korean and Chinese bronze mirror patterns, filling a gap in cross-cultural studies of East Asian bronze mirrors; empirically, it reconstructs bronze mirror pattern lineages based on extensive material evidence, providing a concrete case of an East Asian artistic-cultural community; and methodologically, it proposes an interdisciplinary comparative research model, offering novel pathways for cultural heritage preservation along the Silk Road and “decentralized” research in global art history. The concept of “misreading-driven innovation” proposed herein holds significant theoretical insights for understanding cultural exchanges and artistic re-creation in postcolonial contexts. Keywords: Korean-Chinese bronze mirrors, pattern comparison, functional research, pattern aesthetics, image semantics 본 연구는 동아시아 문명 간 상호영향 및 문화전파의 이론적 관점을 바탕으로, 물질문화 및 공예사학 분야의 최신 연구 성과를 종합하여 ‘기능-미학-문화’ 삼차원 분석 모델을 구축한다. 이를 통해 한국과 중국 청동거울 문양 속에 내재된 문화적 의미의 진화 과정과 민족적 사유체계의 기원을 체계적으로 규명하고자 한다. 크로스컬처 비교 방법론을 적용하여 총 1,400여 점에 달하는 한·중 청동거울 유물을 체계적으로 정리하고, 디지털화 및 재현 작업을 수행하며, 형식학적 계통 분석을 실시한다. 나아가 해당 유물들의 기능적 활용 양상, 미적 표현 방식, 그리고 문화적 함의에서 나타나는 유사성과 차별성을 심층적으로 분석함으로써, 청동거울이 문화전파 매개체로서 지닌 역동적인 역할과 정체성을 구체적으로 밝히고자 한다. 본 연구는 이론적 차원에서 한·중 청동거울에 관해 “청동거울 전파 → 기능적 현지화 → 문양 재창조”라는 삼단계 발전 패턴을 제안한다. 여기서 청동거울 문양은 단순한 단방향 문화유입의 산물이 아니라, 권력구조·종교전파·민족미학·국가문화 간 복합적 상호작용을 통해 구축된 의미 재생산 과정임을 강조한다. 시간적 축을 따라 정치적 변환과 공예전파의 상관성을 규명하고, 문양 분석 측면에서는 모티프 데이터베이스 및 계통학적 모델을 구축함으로써 한·중 청동거울 문양에 대한 최초의 체계적·정량적 비교 연구를 수행하였다. 이를 통해 해당 분야에 정량적 비교 분석의 토대를 마련하였다. 기능적 차원에서는 양국 물질문화의 차별성을 종합적으로 고려하여 종교의례·장례풍습·사회생활 등에서의 기능적 변이를 검증하고, “기능-문양 상호작용 모델”을 정립한다. 미학적 차원에서는 한국 거울의 “험준하고 꾸밈없는 자연미학(素樸 自然美學)” 과 중국 거울의 “정밀하며 복잡한 질서미학(精緻 秩序美學)”을 대비시킴으로써, 양국 시각문화에 내재된 철학적 사유의 차별성을 도출한다. 문화적 상호작용 차원에서는 명문(銘文)·신화생물(神話生物)·종교문양(宗教紋樣)의 문화적 함의(含意)를 해독하여, 문화적 맥락을 초월한 문양의 의미 변용(意味 變容)과 구조적 재구성 메커니즘을 규명하는 “비대칭 전파(非對稱 傳播)” 이론 프레임워크를 제시한다. 방법론적 관점에서 본 연구는 세 가지 주요 혁신을 달성하였다: 첫째, 물질문화 연구와 디지털 인문학 방법론을 융합하여 “문양 유전자(紋樣 遺傳子)” 에 대한 정량적 비교 분석 체계를 구축하였다. 둘째, 국가문화적 시각을 도입함으로써 문양의 문화적 함의(含意)가 지닌 크로스컬처 번역(超文化 飜譯) 메커니즘을 해석하였다. 셋째, 계량적 분석 기법을 적용하여 문화전파 과정에서의 주체성(主體性)과 비대칭성(非對稱性)을 계측(計測)하였다. 이 과정에서 정립된 “청동거울 문양 전파 삼단계 이론” 은 한·중 청동거울 문양의 상호작용 동학(相互作用 動學)을 설명하는 데 그치지 않고, 동아시아 지역문화교류 연구를 위한 전이 가능한(轉移 可能) 분석 패러다임을 제시한다. 미술사학적 접근을 통해 본 연구는 한·중 청동거울 문양의 시계열적(時間系的) 진화 및 문화적 상호작용을 체계적으로 분석·대비하며, 양국의 종교적 관념(宗敎的 觀念)·미학체계(美學體系)·상징구성(象徵構成)에서 나타나는 차별성(差別性)과 공통성(共通性)을 규명한다. “창의적 변용(創意的 變容)” 과 “미학적 오독(美學的 誤讀)” 이라는 두 핵심 이론을 정립함으로써, 동아시아 문명교류 속 청동거울이 보여준 “형태 유사성(形態 類似性)과 질적 차별성(質的 差別性)의 병존” 및 “기원의 동질성(起源 同質性)과 특성의 이질성(特性 異質性)의 공유” 현상을 해석한다. 학술적 공헌은 세 차원에서 이루어졌다:① 이론적 차원: 한·중 청동거울 문양에 대한 최초의 비교연구 프레임워크를 수립하여 동아시아 청동거울 크로스컬처 연구의 공백을 해소하였다.② 실증적 차원: 방대한 유물 증거를 기반으로 청동거울 문양의 계통학적 재구성(系統學的 再構成)을 수행함으로써, 동아시아 예술문화 공동체의 실질적 사례를 제시하였다.③ 방법론적 차원: 학제간(學際間) 비교연구 모델을 제안하여, 실크로드 문화유산 보존 및 글로벌 미술사 “탈중심적(脫中心的) 연구”를 위한 새로운 방법론적 경로를 개척하였다.본고에서 도출한 “오독을 통한 혁신(誤讀 革新)” 개념은 포스트콜로니얼(Postcolonial) 맥락에서의 문화교류 및 예술 재창조 현상을 이해하는 데 중요한 이론적 통찰(理論的 洞察)을 제공한다. 키워드: 한중 청동거울(韓中 靑銅鏡), 문양 비교(文樣 比較), 기능 연구(機能 硏究), 문양 미학(文樣 美學), 이미지 의미론(이미지 語義論)

Optimal placement of region-of-interest for triggering in computed tomography brain angiography using bolus tracking in healthy beagle dogs

박시은 Kangwon National University 2019 국내석사

건강한 비글견에서 조영제 추적기법을 이용한 전산화 단층 촬영 뇌혈관 조영술에서의 관심영역의 최적 배치 박시은 강원대학교 대학원 수의학과 목적. 이 연구의 목적은 정상적인 비글견에서 조영제 추적기법을 이용한 뇌혈관 조영술을 시행할 때, 폐동맥 (PA), 폐정맥 (PV), 대동맥궁 (AA) 및 경동맥 (CA)의 네 가지 해부학적 부위 중에서 최적의 관심영역의 배치를 확인하기 위함이다. 재료 및 방법. 6 마리의 비글견이 실험에 사용되었으며, 전산화 단층 촬영은 개마다 ROI를 달리하여 4 번씩 수행하였다. 촬영 조건, 조영제의 양 및 주입 속도는 동일하게 설정하였다. 주요 뇌동맥, 즉, Caudal cerebellar artery (CcA), basilar artery (BA), rostral cerebellar artery (RcA), caudal cerebral artery (CCA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), rostral cerebral artery (RCA)를 정량적 및 정성적 평가를 위해 선택하였다. 결과. 정량적 평가 결과로써, ROI가 PA인 군에서 RcA, CCA, MCA의 평균 감쇠도와 ROI가 PV인 군에서 RcA, MCA의 평균 감쇠도는 ROI가 CA인 군의 평균 감쇠도보다 유의하게 높았다. 정성적 분석 결과로써, ROI가 PA인 군과 PV인 군에서 BA, CCA, MCA의 점수는 ROI가 CA인 군보다 유의하게 높았다. 정맥 오염 점수는 ROI 군 간에 유의미한 차이가 없었으나, AA 및 CA 그룹에서 정맥 오염의 점수가 높아지는 경향이 있었다. 결론. 정상 비글견을 대상으로 조영제 추적기법을 이용하는 CT 뇌혈관 조영술에서 BA, RcA, CCA, MCA의 강한 조영 증강과 최소한의 정맥 오염이 된 최적의 이미지는 CA가 아닌 PA 또는 PV에 관심영역을 배치함으로써 획득할 수 있었다. Optimal Placement of Region-of-Interest for Triggering in Computed Tomography Brain Angiography using Bolus Tracking in Healthy Beagle Dogs Sieun Park Department of Veterinary Medicine Graduate School, Kangwon National University ABSTRACT Purpose. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal placement of the region-of-interest (ROI) among four different anatomical sites of pulmonary artery (PA), pulmonary vein (PV), aortic arch (AA), and carotid artery (CA) in computed tomography (CT) brain angiography using automatic bolus tracking technique in normal beagle dogs. Materials and Methods. Six beagle dogs were included and CT brain angiography was performed four times in each dog, covering each ROI. Scan parameters, amount and rate of contrast medium injection were set identically. The major intracranial arteries were selected for quantitative and qualitative evaluation: caudal cerebellar artery (CcA), basilar artery (BA), rostral cerebellar artery (RcA), caudal cerebral artery (CCA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), and rostral cerebral artery (RCA). Results. Results of quantitative evaluation revealed significantly higher CT attenuation values of RcA, CCA, and MCA in PA group and RcA and MCA in PV group than in CA group. Qualitative analysis revealed significantly higher scores of BA, CCA, and MCA in PA and PV groups than in CA group. The scores of the venous contamination were not significantly different among the ROIs; however, there was a trend towards increasing scores in AA and CA groups. Conclusion. In CT brain angiography using bolus tracking technique for beagle dogs, ROI should be placed at the PA or PV rather than CA to obtain optimal images which are especially strong contrast enhancement of BA, RcA, CCA, and MCA and minimized venous contamination.

(The) assessment of climate change effect on Liberia coastal zones

Flamma, Jartu Kangwon National University 2019 국내석사

지구 온난화는 일반적으로 온실가스 배출의 영향에 기인한다. 이산화탄소, 클로로플루오르카본과 같은 온실가스(GHGs)와 다른 오염물질들의 증가가 세계적으로 주요한 문제가 되었다. UNFCC는 1990년 유엔 총회에서 출범했으며 1997년에는 일본 내 당사국총회에서 교토 의정서가 채택된 바 있다. 파리 협정은 2016년 11월에 발효되어 모든 국가가 지구 온난화 방출을 1.5~2°C 줄일 수 있도록 하였다. 국제기후변화협약에 따르면 메탄(CH4), 질소산화물(N2O), 이산화탄소(CO2)가 온실가스 배출에 주로 영향을 미친다. 인간 활동이 증가함에 따라 지구의 온도와 생태학적 변화에 영향을 미치는 기후 변화가 있었다. 정부간 기후변화 IPCC 패널(2007)은 2030년 온실 가스 배출량이 25~90%에 도달하여 세계를 위협할 것이라고 전망했다. 기온 상승으로 2020년까지 아프리카의 2억 5천만 명의 사람들이 물 부족으로 인해 고통받을 것으로 예상된다. IPCC는 해저 700~2000m 사이의 해양 온난화가 1957~2009년 사이의 전 세계 해수 온도 증가의 약 30%에 영향을 미쳤다고 보고했다. 명백히, 이산화탄소 및 기타 온실 가스 배출의 증가가 기후 변화에 영향을 미쳤다고 볼 수 있다. 기후 변화의 결과로서 평균 기온이 상승할 것이라는 IPCC의 예측은 해양, 날씨, 농업, 사람 모두가 기후 변화에 취약한 상태로 노출된다고 본다. 수많은 연구들을 통해, 기온의 상승은 사회적, 경제적, 환경적 측면 모두에 부정적 영향을 미치는 침식, 사막화, 가뭄, 홍수, 강수 패턴을 악화시킨다는 것이 밝혀졌다. IPCC 보고서는 또한 과도한 온도 상승이 생태계, 토양의 영양소, 식량 직물 피해에 영향을 미칠 것이라고 했으며 식물과 동물의 종의 성장을 더디게 할 것이라고 했다. 기후 변화 위협으로 인해 라이베리아에는 환경 및 사회적 취약성이 증가하고 있다. 세계는 기후 변화가 지속 가능한 경제 성장에 심각한 걸림돌이 될 것이라는 점을 인식하고 있으며 USAID(2017년)는 저개발, 저개발, 저경제 등의 이유로 인해 아프리카의 사하라 사막 이남 지역이 가장 취약하다고 보고했다. 라이베리아의 기후 변화는 농업 생산, 수자원, 해안 지역, 어업, 그리고 인간의 건강에 영향을 미치고 있다. USAID (2017). 기후 변화 효과는 국가의 성장과 발전에 심각한 장애물이다. 세계의 많은 나라들이 이에 대한 영향을 줄이고 대응하기 위해 다양한 전략과 모델들을 도입하고 적용해 왔다. 그럼에도 불구하고 라이베리아를 포함한 대부분의 개발도상국들은 여전히 기후 변화 적응이라는 도전에 직면해 있다. 라이베리아의 경우 현재 오프라인 데이터를 기반으로 개발된 모델이 부재하며, 또한 이러한 모델 개발을 위해 라이베리아의 온도 데이터를 기반으로 연구가 시행된 바도 없다. 지구 온난화를 완화하기 위한 조치가 취해지지 않으면 그 부작용으로 위험해질 수도 있으며 심지어 생명을 위협하는 일이 발생할 수도 있다. 이 연구는 로버트 국제 공항 라이베리아 기상부에서 수집한 온도 데이터를 이용하여 검토되었다. 이 데이터를 기초로 하여 MATLAB 수학 분석을 수행하였고 이후 상세 분석을 위해 미래 온도 데이터 예측 모델이 개발되었다. 그 결과, 평가된 기후 변화 영향에 대한 기온 상승 및 하강 분석을 시각적으로 보여주기 위해 플롯과 그래픽을 사용하였다. 본 연구를 통해 기후 변화 영향을 평가하고 모델을 개발하여 지속 가능한 조치를 권고하고자 한다. 기후 변화의 영향은 엄청난 사회적, 경제적, 환경적 불확실성을 야기하였다. 따라서 자연 보존과 기후 변화에 영향을 미치는 인류 활동의 최소화 전략을 통해 안정적인 적응형 생태계와 지속가능한 발전 가능성을 확보할 수 있다. 이를 위한 역량 강화는 기후 변화에 맞서 대응하기 위한 지속 가능한 개발과 혁신을 촉진하게 될 것이다. Global warming generally attributed to the effect of greenhouse gas emissions. The increase in Greenhouse Gas (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants have become the world major problems. United Nation Fund on Climate Change (UNFCC) was launched in 1990 by the UN General Assembly and in 1997, Kyoto Protocol (KP) was adopted at the Conference of Parties (COP) in Japan. The Paris Agreement came into force in November 2016 and enable all countries to reduce global warming emissions to 1.5 °C- 2 °C. According to the International Convention on Climate Change (IPCC), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), and Carbon dioxide (CO2) contribute to the emissions of greenhouse gas. The increase of human activities contributed to climate change effects which influenced the earth's temperature and ecological changes. Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC (2007) predicted that Greenhouse Gas emissions by 25–90 percent in 2030 will threaten the world. The rise in temperature is expected to expose 250 million people in Africa to water stress by 2020. The IPCC (AR 5) reported that warming of the ocean between 700-2000m contributes about 30% of the total increase in global ocean heat between 1957-2009. Evidently, the increase of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions have influenced climate change effect. IPCC predictions of the rise in mean temperature as the result of climate change consequences, expose the ocean, weather, agriculture, and human to vulnerable climatic effects. Through numerous researches, the increase in temperature has been exacerbating erosion, desertification, drought, flood, precipitation pattern which have a negative impact on the social, economic and environmental impact. IPCC reports also recognized that excessive temperature rise will affect livelihood, nutrients in soil, damage food crops and even affect plant and animal species that should have grown faster. Liberia’ climate change threats are increasing environmental and social vulnerabilities. The world recognized that climate change challenged is a serious obstacle to sustainable economic growth. USAID (2017) reported that Sub-Saharan Africa risks are most vulnerable because of the growing population with low GDP, low development, and poor economy. Liberia’s climate change effect is affecting agriculture production, water resource, coastal zones, fisheries, and human health. USAID (2017). Climate change effect is a serious impediment to nation’s growth and development. Many countries in the world have implanted strategies and models to mitigate the effect of climate change. Nevertheless, most developing countries including Liberia are faced with challenges of climate change adaptation. Models have not yet been developed based on real-time or offline data and neither has any study been carried out based on Liberia’s temperature data to develop a model. If actions are not taken to mitigate global warming, the adverse inevitable effect would be precarious and possibly hazardous or even life-threatening. The research experiment considered temperature data collected from Liberia Meteorological Department of the Robert International Airport. Base on the data, mathematical analysis was carried out in MATLAB environment and a temperature model was developed to predict future temperature data for detail analysis. Consequently, plots or graphical representations was being used to carry out temperature rise and fall analysis to assessed climate change effects. The research assessed climate change effects, develop a model and seek to recommend sustainable measures. Climate change effects revealed huge social economic and environmental uncertainty. Therefore, strategies on preservation of nature and minimization of human induce activities will enable adaptive safe ecology and sustainable development. Capacity building will promote sustainable development and innovation to fight against climate change.