멜라민과의 초음파 분산을 통해 질소 도핑된 탄소나노튜브의 열전지 전극 특성 연구

김선연 전북대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

Thermocells are recognized as effective means of utilizing thermal energy by converting it into electrical energy through the Seebeck effect. To address low conversion efficiency and power density issues, research has focused on carbon nanomaterials with large surface areas and high electron transfer rates. In this study, our aim was to enhance the electrochemical properties of electrodes by nitrogen doping. Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were fabricated as thermal battery electrodes using melamine as the nitrogen source. Mechanical mixing of melamine and CNTs was followed by tip sonication and stirring, and doping was carried out through heat treatment at 800°C under N2 atmosphere for 2 hours. The prepared nitrogen-doped CNTs were characterized for surface eara and nitrogen content using XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM. Electrochemical tests, including voltage-current graphs, power density-current graphs, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and internal resistance measurements, were conducted. Results showed that research utilizing carbon nanomaterials with large surface areas and high electron transfer rates led to significant advancements in thermocell technology. Specifically, nitrogen-doped samples exhibited significantly lower resistance in electrochemical tests compared to undoped samples, with samples treated using the tip sonication method showing the lowest charge transfer resistance. This highlights the importance of nitrogen doping and oxygen content in enhancing the electrochemical performance of thermocells.

근로 환경 변화에 따른 딥러닝 클라우드 서비스를 활용한 캐릭터 애니메이션 리타겟팅

전효경 전북대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

The spread of ‘Telecommuting’ after COVID-19 is an inevitable phenomenon, and in countries like South Korea where commuting time is long and IT infrastructure is well developed, the transition of work methods is easier. While game companies quickly adopted telecommuting, challenges persist in the animation production industry. There is a need for an efficient workflow system suitable for the current environment, and utilizing ‘deep learning’ cloud services could be a viable alternative to address the problems in the animation production industry. The purpose of this study is to explore the most effective workflow process suitable for current technology and circumstances, in order to propose a new workflow system. The research method involves using comparative and analytical methods and validating hypotheses through production experiments. The first hypothesis suggests that there will be differences in animation production elements when utilizing ‘Deep Learning’ cloud services. Comparison and analysis of the average measured data revealed the largest difference in animation production methods, with Blender taking 39 minutes and 12 seconds, while Mixamo took 2 seconds, showing a difference of over 1000 times. The second hypothesis suggests differences in productivity and efficiency depending on the platform. Calculations of the ratio of the number of animation outputs to costs within a specified time frame showed that efficiency on the ‘Deep Learning’ platform was 40%, and productivity was 1.4%. Productivity was approximately 20 times higher, and efficiency was approximately 10 times higher on the ‘Deep Learning’ platform. The third hypothesis suggests that there will be pros and cons depending on the platform, and analysis through graphs revealed that each platform had pros and cons based on technology. Thus, utilizing ‘Deep Learning’ cloud services for animation retargeting reduces time and effort in animation production, resulting in increased productivity and efficiency. This technological advancement and dissemination streamline the animation production process, allowing workers to allocate more time to creative tasks. Furthermore, it lays the groundwork for human-machine collaboration in the future, establishing new professions by lowering the barrier to entry into animation production technology. This research is significant in forecasting the future of the character animation industry and proposing a new workflow system to address the shortcomings of existing work methods.

경골 평탄화 절골술용 범용톱날가이드의 평가 : 생체외 연구

정승훈 전북대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

Cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) is one of the most common orthopedic conditions in dogs. Various surgical techniques have been described for treating this condition, and Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) is one of the most widely performed procedures. TPLO involves a radial osteotomy of the proximal tibia to rotate the tibial plateau, neutralizing the cranial tibial thrust, and precise preoperative planning and execution are associated with maximizing outcomes. Inaccurate osteotomy and orientation of the osteotomy can lead to complications such as malalignment, inaccurate leveling, Therefore, precise osteotomy is crucial in increasing the success rate of TPLO and reducing the risk of complications. However, performing an accurate osteotomy can be challenging due to the morphological characteristics of the tibia. performing an accurate osteotomy can be challenging due to the morphological characteristics of the tibia. Therefore, this study was designed to address the limitations of existing assistive devices for osteotomy by creating a universal saw guide, and to compare its accuracy with that of traditional surgical methods when used. In this study, TPLO was performed on both 20 3D-printed bone models and 10 cadaver models, dividing the groups into those using a universal saw guide without a jig and those using traditional TPLO with a jig. In the bone models, evaluations were conducted on the inclination of the osteotomy, torsion of the osteotomy, iatrogenic medial cortical damage, and the comparison between intended and actual osteotomy centers. In the cadaver models, assessments included the inclination of the osteotomy, torsion of the osteotomy, postoperative tibial plateau angles, the comparison between intended and actual osteotomy centers, deviations in angular deformities, and the time taken for device applicating and osteotomy. In the bone models, the inclination of the osteotomy, torsion of the osteotomy, iatrogenic medial cortical damage, were more accurately performed in the universal saw guide group. In the cadaver studies, it was also confirmed that the inclination of the osteotomy, torsion of the osteotomy was more accurately performed in the universal saw guide group. In this study, using the universal saw guide during TPLO performed more anatomically accurate inclination of the osteotomy, torsion of the osteotomy, iatrogenic medial cortical damage compared to the traditional TPLO with a jig. Consequently, it was confirmed that using the universal saw guide results in more accurate osteotomy compared to traditional TPLO with a jig, thereby reducing various complications that can arise from inaccurate osteotomy.

중·후기 노인 당뇨병 환자의 연속혈당측정기 수용성과 사용성 경험

김한진 전북대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to understand the challenges and experiences encountered by in the middle-old and oldest-old adults with diabetes in utilizing Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems. This research aims to analyze these experiences through the lenses of acceptability and usability, providing a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the integration of CGM in their daily management of diabetes. Method : Employing a qualitative research approach, data was collected from 14 middle-old and oldest-old adults with diabetes through semi-structured interviews. The interviews were structured around the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA) and included elements from the System Usability Scale (SUS) to evaluate acceptability and usability. Transcripts were analyzed using a thematic qualitative analysis method to identify key statements related to CGM experiences. Result : The study identified four main themes: 'Technical Challenges and Acceptability,' 'Barriers to CGM Use in Older Adults', 'Duality of CGM Impact,' and 'Psychological and Emotional Responses,' along with 12 sub-themes. While CGM significantly enhanced glucose management awareness and promoted healthier lifestyle changes, it also induced psychological stress from constant monitoring. Participants noted several barriers such as the inconvenience of carrying and charging a mobile device, complex device operations, and difficulties using educational materials due to visual impairments. The high cost of CGM device was seen as a substantial economic barrier, underscoring the necessity for financial interventions like broader insurance coverage for type 2 diabetes. Conclusion : This study emphasizes the need for comprehensive technical, educational, and financial support to facilitate effective CGM usage in the middle-old and oldest-old adults with diabetes. Recommendations to improve usage include the adoption of wearable devices or dedicated receivers, extended battery life, user-friendly interfaces with larger fonts and clearer visual presentations, and enhanced insurance coverage for type 2 diabetes care. Implementing these measures could markedly improve diabetes management and the quality of life for this demographic.

노로바이러스 대체 모델인 쥐과 노로바이러스에 대한 마디풀 (Polygonum aviculare) 추출물의 항바이러스 활성 연구

한지혜 전북대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide with no approved vaccines or antiviral drugs. Polygonum aviculare is a medicinal plant with various physiological activities. In this study, we investigated the antiviral activity of Polygonum aviculare extract (PAE) and its single compounds against murine norovirus (MNV-1), a human norovirus surrogate. The pre-incubation of MNV-1 with PAE established the IC50 value of 78.4 μg/mL. TEM images demonstrated viral morphological changes after the PAE treatment, providing visual evidence of the PAE antiviral effect. Experiments at various temperature conditions indicated the highest viral stability at 4℃ and significant reduction at all temperature conditions upon a 1 h PAE treatment of 100 and 200 μg/mL. Time of addition assay results demonstrated PAE antiviral activity in cell pre-, co-, and post-treatments, with a slightly higher activity in the case of cell pre-treatment. The major compounds in PAE were identified using HPLC and LC-QTOF/MS analysis, and seven single compounds were selected to investigate antiviral activity. As a result, the antiviral efficacy of 100 μM myricetin was confirmed in co-treatment. To assess the efficacy of the application in food, the surface of cabbage was inoculated with MNV-1. The results confirmed that the antiviral activity of PAE is maintained on food surfaces. This study suggests that PAE effectively inactivates norovirus and indicates its potential as a natural antiviral agent.

시간 분해 X-선 결정학을 이용한 발색단 유입된 메타로돕신 II의 구조적 통찰

장기영 전북대학교 대학원 2024 국내박사

Rhodopsin, the receptor responsible for low-light vision in vertebrates, is predominantly found in the disc membrane of rod cells within the retina. It is composed of an apoprotein called opsin and chromophore that forms a covalent bond with 11-cis retinal and/or all-trans retinal. It is the first G protein-coupled receptor whose crystal structure has been reported. Its crystal structure has revealed that it consists of 348 amino acid residues, encompassing seven alpha helical transmembrane segments. Its structure is influenced by the isomerization of its chromophore, 11-cis retinal. Upon light absorption, 11-cis retinal photoisomerizes to all-trans retinal; consequently, the rhodopsin structure changes into photoproducts. The inactive rhodopsin structurally changes into the active metarhodopsin II state. Then, all-trans retinol dissociates from metarhodopsin II; thus, metarhodopsin II is converted to the apo-protein opsin. Opsin is regenerated into rhodopsin via recombination with 11-cis retinal. In this study, opsin crystals were soaked with the chromophore all-trans retinal at various time points and frozen; then, their X-ray data were collected and analyzed to investigate the dynamics of the chromophore within the channel and to examine the structural changes in the retinal binding site of opsin. Results revealed that after 24 h of soaking, retinal formed a Schiff’s base with Lys 296; around this time, n-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (β-OG), which was initially bound to the opsin channel, dissociated from the channel and bound near the entrance of the exit. Although the entire process of retinal binding and β-OG dissociation could not be tracked at different soaking time points, the remarkable findings obtained in this process suggested that they could be tracked using alternative research methods. such as retinal fluorescence labeling experiment.

일본어·중국어·한국어에 관한 음향음성학적 연구 : 일본어 파열음 발음 지도 입장에서

황소안 전북대학교 대학원 2025 국내박사

現代メディアの発展に伴い、国際的な交流と文化の伝播がますます密接になり、それに伴い外国語放送・司会者の人材需要が増加している。また、技術の進歩により、外国語教育の効率と効果は以前に比べ大幅に向上し、外国語の発音習得の目標を、基本的なコミュニケーションから、放送、司会、吹き替えなど音声関連の専門職へと拡大することが可能になった。「技術による外国語教育の強化」は現在の研究のホットなテーマの一つである。さらに、日中韓の三国は地理的に近接しており、文化的にも相通じる部分が多く、東アジアの研究も近年注目を集めている。対照言語学の分野では、中日、中韓、日韓の二国間比較研究は一般的であるが、三者を横断的に比較した研究は依然として限られている。このような背景を踏まえ、本研究では音響音声学と実験音声学の手法を用い、日中韓三ヵ国のアナウンサーの発音を研究対象とし、日本語・中国語・韓国語における特徴的な語頭破裂音を分析した。また、本研究では中国人学習者と韓国人学習者の日本語語頭破裂音の発音特徴も調査し、学習過程での傾向性と日本語の標準発音との違いについて探求した。研究の焦点は、語頭破裂音の VOT(有声開始時間)、後続母音のF0(基本周波数)、およびH1-H2(第一および第二高調波振幅差)であり、これを通じて、日中韓三ヵ国語の語頭破裂音における有声開始時間(VOT)、音高(Pitch)、子音音節の帯気性、声帯の緊張度などの類似点と相違点を考察した。本研究は、科学的な実験データと統計分析方法に基づき、以下の考察を実施した:①日中韓三ヵ国語における語頭破裂音の音響的特徴に影響を与える重要な要因を識別し、分析した;②日中韓三ヵ国語の異なる種類の語頭破裂音の音響的特徴を比較・検討した;③中国人学習者と韓国人学習者の日本語語頭破裂音の発音における傾向と、日本のアナウンサーの標準発音とのギャップを詳細に考察した。本研究の成果は、日中韓三ヵ国語の対照言語学における音声学的研究が相対的に不足している現状を補完し、この分野のさらなる発展に寄与できると思われる。また、今後、科学技術の進展を基にした外国語音声教育の最適化に向けた理論的基盤と実践的な示唆を提供するものである。

남성 뇌졸중환자와 배우자의 우울과 삶의 질 간의 관계에서 극복력의 자기-상대방 상호의존 매개효과

이은희 전북대학교 일반대학원 2021 국내박사

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the interdependent mediating effect of resilience in the impacts of depression on the quality of life of male stroke patients and their spouses, using the Actor–Partner Interdependence Mediation Model proposed by Ledermann Macho and Kenny (2011). Method: The subjects of this study included 136 pairs of male stroke patients who were admitted at two general hospitals and their spouses. Data were collected between January and October, 2020. The Korean versions of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression and Connor-Davidson Resilience scales and Short Form Health Survey version 2 were used as measurement tools. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0. Result: The APIMeM model met the goodness-of-fit criteria with χ2(df)=6.07(4), normed χ2=1.52, p=.19, GFI=.98, NFI=.97, CFI=.99, TLI=.92, RMSEA=.06, and SRMR=.02. Regarding the patient's actor effect, the effect of depression on mental quality of life (β=-.35, p<.001), the effect of depression on resilience (β=-.21, p=.020), and the effect of resilience on mental quality of life (β=.30, p<.001) were statistically significant. As the actor effect of the spouse, the effect of depression on mental quality of life (β=-.46, p<.001), the effect of depression on resilience (β=-.36, p<.001), and the effect of resilience on the physical quality of life (β=.31, p<.001) were significant. As the partner effect, the effect of spouse's depression on the patient's mental quality of life (β=-.18, p=.022) and the effect of the patient's depression on the resilience of the spouse (β=-.18, p=.024) were significant. The test of the mediating effect through bootstrapping showed that resilience of the patient mediated the effect of the patient's depression on their mental quality of life (B=-1.00, p=.030), and resilience of the spouse mediated the effect of spouse's depression on their physical quality of life (B=-1.81, p=.004). Partner effect showed that resilience of the spouse mediated the effect of the patient's depression on the spouse's physical quality of life (B=-.96, p=.025). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, we posit that it is possible to contribute to the improvement of resilience and mental quality of life by mediating depression in male stroke patients and their spouses. It can be seen from the results that it is necessary to systematically manage the patient's depression to increase their spouse's resilience. Resilience mediates the effects of depression on the quality of life in male stroke patients and their spouses. Therefore, it is necessary to explore various nursing interventions to enhance resilience. It will be helpful to improve the quality of life by providing nursing interventions to improve depression and resilience, considering the interactions between male stroke patients and their spouses.

뉴미디어상에서의 명예훼손에 대한 콘텐츠 제작자와 인터넷 서비스 제공자의 형사책임에 관한 연구

안근욱 전북대학교 2024 국내석사

Heutzutage findet die Rufbeschädigung hauptsächlich im Cyber-Raum, insbesondere in den sogenannten Neuen Medien, statt. Durch die Entwicklung der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie wurde der Großteil der Büroarbeit elektronisch. Darüber hinaus verfügt die Mehrheit der Haushalte über Computer oder Laptops, und die meisten Menschen kommen täglich mit dem Internet und den Neuen Medien in Kontakt, indem sie sogenannte Smartphones und andere Smart-Geräte wie das Internet der Dinge nutzen. Bisher haben sich die Neuen Medien nur dadurch identifiziert, neue Übertragungsmittel oder Datenspeichergeräte zu sein, die sich von herkömmlichen Medien unterscheiden. Mit der Entwicklung des Internets sind jedoch soziale Netzwerkdienste (SNS) wie Facebook, Instagram, YouTube und Multi-Channel-Netzwerke (MCN) wie Netflix aufgetaucht und haben einen Platz im Zentrum unseres Lebens eingenommen. Sie haben nicht nur positive Auswirkungen, sondern auch erhebliche Nebenwirkungen mit sich gebracht. Laut einer Studie des Korea Information Society Development Institute aus dem Jahr 2022 nutzen tatsächlich 55,1% der Bevölkerung SNS, und die tägliche Nutzungsdauer wurde auf 56,4 Minuten geschätzt. Die Abhängigkeit von Plattformen der Neuen Medien wie YouTube, Facebook und Instagram ist nicht nur bei jungen Menschen, sondern auch bei älteren Menschen zunehmend zu beobachten. Aufgrund dieses sozialen Phänomens hat die Meinungsäußerung im Cyber-Raum an Bedeutung gewonnen, und infolgedessen hat die Diffamierung im Cyber-Raum stark zugenommen. In jüngster Zeit wurden schwerwiegende Schäden verzeichnet, wie der Selbstmord eines berühmten Unterhaltungskünstlers aufgrund von bösartigen Kommentaren oder Posts. Wenn in Cyber-Räumen diffamierende Äußerungen gemacht werden, sollte die Person, die solche Äußerungen tätigt, natürlich die Verantwortung für die Diffamierung übernehmen. Es wird jedoch weiterhin darüber diskutiert, ob auch die Internetdienstanbieter, die den Raum für solche Äußerungen bereitstellen, für strafrechtliche Verantwortung für den Schaden durch Diffamierung haften sollten. Diskussionen zu diesem Thema finden nicht nur in Korea, sondern auch in vielen anderen Ländern statt. Einige Länder, wie die Vereinigten Staaten, regulieren die strafrechtliche Rufschädigung nicht direkt, sondern lösen das Problem weitgehend als zivilrechtliche Frage illegalen Verhaltens und die Internetdienstanbieter werden nicht wie Verlage oder Sprecher behandelt. Es gibt Fälle, in denen Verantwortlichkeiten für Hassausdrücke und diffamierende Beiträge gegen Internetdienstanbieter, die auf Gewinn abzielen, erlassen werden. Es gibt auch Länder, die dabei sind, solche Gesetzesvorlagen anzukündigen oder relevante Gesetze zu überarbeiten. Der Verfasser dieser Arbeit betrachtet die Beziehung zwischen Internetdienstanbietern und Inhaltserstellern als eine vertragliche Beziehung, in der wirtschaftliche Vorteile wie Werbeeinnahmen zwischen ihnen aufgeteilt werden. Technische und administrative Maßnahmen sollten nur dann ergriffen werden, um die Verbreitung von Inhalten zu stoppen, wenn bereits vorhersehbar ist, dass dies zu Diffamierung führen wird, unter Berücksichtigung von Merkmalen wie hoher Verbreitbarkeit. Eine Bestrafung sollte erfolgen, wenn trotz der Möglichkeit der Verhinderung von rechtlichen Verletzungen das Geschehen ignoriert oder die Ergebnisse toleriert werden. Dies steht im Einklang mit den Präzedenzfällen des Obersten Gerichtshofs, dass dies nicht nur für absichtliche Handlungen, sondern auch für solche, die auf Fahrlässigkeit beruhen, gilt, denn gemäß der bestehenden Strafgesetzgebung die Unterstützungshandlung bezieht sich auf alle Handlungen, sowohl direkt als auch indirekt, die die Ausführung eines strafbaren Verhaltens erleichtern. Es gibt jedoch Argumente, dass solche Überlegungen die grundlegenden Werte der Medien, insbesondere die Freiheit, übermäßig einschränken. Eine verstärkte Pflicht zum kontinuierlichen Monitoring und aktiven Filtern kann die unternehmerische Freiheit von Internetdienstanbietern übermäßig einschränken und das Risiko von Zensur und Beeinträchtigung der Pressefreiheit und individuellen Meinungsfreiheit mit sich bringen. Dennoch wird die Forderung nach einer verschärften strafrechtlichen Verantwortung von Internetdienstanbietern im Zusammenhang mit Verleumdung im neuen Medienumfeld durch die zunehmende Schwere der Probleme in unserer Gesellschaft motiviert. Als das Thema Verleumdung und der soziale Ruf einer Person als Forschungsgrundlage ausgewählt wurde, bestand die Sorge, dass obwohl die Kriminalität im Zusammenhang mit Verleumdung zunimmt, konzentriert sich unsere gegenwärtige Gesellschaft eher auf Besitz und Macht. Ungeachtet der kulturellen Unterschiede in Ost und West wird Ehre sowohl in der Vergangenheit als auch in der Gegenwart als eines der höchsten Lebenswerte betrachtet. Ehre ist ein Wertgefühl, das ein vernünftiger Mensch durch Respekt und Wertschätzung von sich selbst und anderen erlangt. Der Philosoph Mencius aus dem Osten sagte: "Ehre ist eine Art Gewissen. Eine Person, die Ehre respektiert, wird niemals etwas tun, wogegen ihr Gewissen Einwände hat”. Wer einfach spricht, der denke nicht an die Verantwortung für seine Worte. Solche Menschen verschieben wichtige Aufgaben und behandeln bedeutende Angelegenheiten leichtfertig. Er betonte die Wichtigkeit, Ehre als Gewissen zu betrachten, Gier zu begrenzen und ein Leben im Einklang mit den sozialen Normen zu suchen. Auch im Westen betonte der Philosoph Sokrates: “Das unerforschte Leben ist nicht lebenswert." Er warnt davor, gegen die Stimme des inneren Gewissens zu handeln, um die innere Selbstachtung nicht zu beeinträchtigen. Er opferte sogar sein Leben, um Ehre und geistige Werte zu schützen. ​ In der heutigen südkoreanischen Gesellschaft, wie sie durch die hohe Internetdurchdringung und die Abhängigkeit von sozialen Netzwerken (SNS) deutlich wird, scheinen äußere materielle Elemente alle anderen Werte zu überlagern. Die vorherrschenden Risiken und Probleme in unserer Gesellschaft sind vor allem auf das Fehlen eines Wertebewusstseins zurückzuführen, das notwendig ist, um das Selbst und die umgebende Welt richtig zu verstehen. Der Forscher betrachtet das Bewusstsein von Ehre und Würde als das Wichtigste in diesem Kontext. Seit der Befreiung und dem fortschreitenden Prozess der Modernisierung von Politik und Wirtschaft seit der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts hat Südkorea es versäumt, persönliche Selbstachtung zu respektieren und eine Grundlage für das koexistierende Nebeneinander von vielfältigen Werten und Menschen zu schaffen. Insbesondere in der südkoreanischen Gesellschaft wurde das Streben nach wirtschaftlichem Wachstum als vorrangiges Ziel betrachtet, und viele Mittel in diesem Zusammenhang wurden gerechtfertigt. In der öffentlichen Sphäre wie der Politik wurden Korruption und Unregelmäßigkeiten oft als eine Art notwendiges Übel betrachtet. Die meisten Mitglieder haben aktiv oder passiv zur Unterstützung sozialer Ungerechtigkeiten beigetragen. Die Abwesenheit eines ethischen Bewusstseins in unserer Gesellschaft führt zu Problemen, die nicht nur auf die Gleichgültigkeit gegenüber anderen zurückzuführen sind, sondern auch darauf, dass viele Aspekte des persönlichen Lebens, des Wohlstands, des persönlichen Erfolgs und des Familienerbes bis in die öffentliche Arena hineinreichen, was durch die Nebenwirkungen des wirtschaftlichen Wachstums bedingt ist. Der Verfasser dieses Artikels glaubt, dass jemand, der wirklich den Wert des Lebens sucht, jemand ist, der nach Ehre strebt. Eine ehrenhafte Person sollte in der Lage sein, eine richtige Persönlichkeit zu entwickeln und sich kontinuierlich um ein harmonisches Leben mit anderen zu bemühen, indem sie rationale Urteilsfähigkeiten einsetzt. Obwohl es im Laufe der Zeit zu einigen Veränderungen gekommen ist, spiegelt Ehre die gemeinsamen Werte und Ethik der Mitglieder einer Gesellschaft wider. Daher kann eine detaillierte Analyse der von einer bestimmten Ära oder Gesellschaft angestrebten Ehre als Schlüssel dienen, um die grundlegenden Werte dieser Gesellschaft am tiefsten zu verstehen. In unserer Gesellschaft gibt es viele normale Menschen, die tugendhaft sind, aber es gibt auch solche, die das Leiden anderer Menschen aufgrund des Niedergangs oder Schadens eines anderen genießen oder dies auf abnormal positive Weise erleben. Wir leben in einer Gesellschaft, in der selbst geringfügige Untersuchungen, die früher nur in unserem eigenen Arbeitsplatz oder in unserem eigenen Dorf verweilen sollten, sich zu einem weitreichenden Phänomen ausweiten. Die Verfassung der Republik Korea besagt, dass der Staat die unverletzlichen Grundrechte des Einzelnen anerkennen und sich verpflichten muss, diese zu gewährleisten. Besondere Betonung findet dabei die Notwendigkeit, dass die Presse keinerlei Rechte, Ehre oder öffentliche Moral sowie soziale Ethik verletzen darf. Insbesondere im Hinblick auf den Schutz von Einzelpersonen und die Sicherheit der Gesellschaft bedarf es einer differenzierten Berücksichtigung der Schäden, die durch die weitreichende Verbreitung und die hohe Geschwindigkeit neuer Medien entstehen können. Während bereits begangene Straftaten untersucht und bestraft werden, ist das Leid, das Opfer erleiden, währenddessen sehr groß, im Vergleich zu bei allgemeinen Ehrverletzungen in der Vergangenheit. Daher scheint es notwendig zu sein, neben den bestehenden rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen ein System zu etablieren, das darauf abzielt, die Verbreitung von Inhalten, insbesondere solcher, die die Persönlichkeitsrechte wie den Ruf verletzen, durch Internetdienstanbieter gesetzlich zu verhindern. In Fällen, in denen diese Maßnahmen nicht umgesetzt werden, sollte die Prüfung legislativer Maßnahmen in Erwägung gezogen werden, die strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeiten vorsehen, um präventive Ziele im Bereich der Verbrechensverhütung zu verfolgen. Today, the crime of defamation mainly occurs in cyberspace, especially in the context of new media. With the development of information and communication technology, most office work has been digitized. Not only that, but most families own computers or laptops, and as most citizens use smart devices such as smartphones, or the IOT, the whole nation has access to the Internet and new media every day. Conventionally, new media only called for new delivery methods or recording devices that distinguish them from existing media. However, as social networking services (SNS) and multi-channel networks (MCN) represented by YouTube and Netflix emerged and settled at the center of our lives, they have a positive effect but have also negative consequences. According to a study conducted by the Information and Communication Policy Institute in 2022, 55.1% of people use SNS, and the average daily usage time is estimated to be 56.4 minutes. The dependence on the use of new media platforms such as YouTube, Facebook, and Instagram is gradually increasing among the elderly as well as young people. Thanks to these social phenomena, the expression of opinions in cyberspace has taken up a large proportion, and accordingly, defamation in cyberspace is increasing rapidly. Recently, a famous celebrity commited suicide as a result of malicious comments or posts, and the degree of damage was very serious. If a defamatory act is perpetrated in cyberspace, the person who engaged in defamation will be liable. However, discussions are continuing over whether Internet service providers who created where someone could defame another should also be criminally liable for the damage of defamation. There are some discussions in Korea and other countries. For example in U.S. federal law, criminal defamation is not regulated, and civil tort liability issues are resolved, and such Internet service providers are not treated like publishers or presenters. There are also cases in which information and communication service providers for profit are responsible for hate speech and defamation posts, and there are also countries that are announcing legislation or revising related laws. The researcher of this paper believes that Internet service providers and content creators are in a relationship that distributes and shares economic benefits, such as advertising revenue with each other because of their contracts. In today’s digital age, where information spreads quickly, it is important to use technical and administrative measures to stop the spread of harmful content, especially when the harm from defamation is foreseeable. This aligns with the Supreme Court’s view that criminal liability should be based not just on action but also on omission. There is an argument against this idea in that it excessively restricts freedom, which is the value that the media fundamentally pursues. The imposition of stronger constant monitoring obligations and active filtering obligations may excessively restrict the freedom of business of information and communication service providers, may lead to risks such as private censorship, and may infringe on freedom of the press and freedom of expression of individual users. Because it is very severe. However, the idea of strengthening the criminal responsibility of Internet service providers for defamation in new media begins with the growing problem in our society. The researcher's concern is that, unlike the recent increase in defamation crimes, using defamation and an individual's social reputation as research subjects is somewhat different from the reality of our society today, which is aligned with the two values of money and power. Throughout history, regardless of East or West, honor has be considered one of the highest values to pursue in a person's life. Honor is a feeling of value that rational humans gain as a result of respect and evaluation by themselves and others. The Eastern philosopher Mencius said, “Honor is a kind of conscience, and a person who respects honor will never do anything that is against his conscience.” He emphasized seeing honor as conscience, guarding against greed, and seeking a life that suits social good. Even in the West, the philosopher Socrates said, “A life that is not appreciated is not worth living”, emphasizing that one cannot damage one’s inner self-esteem by acting on voices that go against one’s conscience. He even gave up his life to protect his honor and spiritual values. In Korean society today, as shown by the high Internet penetration rate and dependence on SNS, I believe that externally material factors are overwhelming all other values. The dangers and problems inherent in our society seem to lie, above all, in the absence of a sense of value necessary to properly understand one's self and the world around oneself. Researchers believe that the most important of these senses of value are the perceptions of honor and shame. Since independence, the Republic of Korea has failed to respect individual self-esteem and to establish a foundation for diverse values and people to coexist while breaking away from pre-modern thinking and lifestyles in the process of political-economic modernization that has been underway since the mid-20th century. I have a diagnosis. In particular, in Korean society, the goal of economic growth was given priority and many means were justified, and injustice and corruption in public spheres such as politics were regarded as a kind of necessary evil. Most people actually aided and abetted social injustice. It should be said that the problems caused by the lack of ethical awareness in our society are actually caused by a lack of empathy. However, the consequences of economic growth are that many things which should remain in the private sphere, such as family and livelihood, personal success, and family prosperity, have flowed into the public sphere. This researcher believes that those who truly find the value of life are those who seek honor. An honorable person must be someone who can build upstanding character and constantly strives to live a harmonious life with others through rational judgment. Although there have been some changes depending on the times, honor reflects the common values and ethics of members of a social group. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the honor pursued by a period of time or society can be said to create a path to the most in-depth understanding of the core values of that society. There are many good ordinary people in our society, However there are also those who seek the downfall of others, their suffering and consider this to be an object of pleasure. Unlike in the past, we live in a society where minor scandals, which should have stayed within one’s workplace or town, escalate substantially. The Constitution of the Republic of Korea states that ‘the state has the obligation to confirm and guarantee the inviolable basic human rights of individuals’ and that ‘media and publications must not infringe upon the honor or rights of others, or public morals or social ethics.’ In terms of protecting individuals and ensuring social safety through laws and systems, the state must first consider the damage caused by the extensive spread and rapidity of new media. The damage suffered by the victim during the period leading up to the punishment, after the crime has already occurred can be said to be much greater than that of general defamation in the past. Therefore, in addition to the existing legal principles, there appears to be a need to introduce legislation mandating internet service providers to establish a system to prevent the distribution of posts that defame and infringe upon personal rights, and to impose criminal liability if they fail to do so. 오늘날 명예훼손죄는 주로 사이버공간 특히 뉴미디어라는 매체에서 발생하고 있다. 정보통신기술의 발전으로 인하여 사무처리 대부분이 전자화되었을 뿐만 아니라 대부분 가정에는 컴퓨터 또는 노트북을 보유하게 되고, 대부분 국민이 소위 스마트폰(Smart Phone)과 같은 스마트 기기, 사물인터넷(Internet Of Things)을 사용하면서 전 국민이 매일 인터넷과 뉴미디어를 접하게 되었다. 종래 뉴미디어는 기존 매체들과 구분되는 새로운 전달 수단 또는 기록 저장 장치를 부르는 데 그쳤다. 그러나 인터넷의 발달로 등장한 소셜네트워크서비스(SNS)와 유튜브, 넷플릭스로 대표되는 다중채널네트워크(MCN)가 등장하고 우리 삶의 중심에 자리를 잡게 되면서 선한 영향력을 끼치기도 하였지만 그에 못지않은 부작용도 낳았다. 2022년 수행된 정보통신정책연구원의 연구 결과에 따르면 실제로 전국민의 55.1%가 SNS를 사용하는 것으로 나타났고 하루평균 이용 시간도 56.4분으로 추정했다. 유튜브와 페이스북, 인스타그램 등의 뉴미디어 플랫폼의 이용의존도는 청년층은 막론하고 노년층에서도 점차 증가하고 있는 추세다. 이러한 사회현상 덕분에 사이버 공간에서의 의사 표현이 큰 비중을 차지하게 되었고 이에 따라 사이버공간에서의 명예훼손 행위가 급증하고 있다. 최근 유명 연예인이 악성댓글이나 게시물로 자살하는 등 그 피해의 정도는 매우 심각하다. 사이버공간에서 명예훼손성 표현물을 적시한 경우 그 표현물을 적시한 사람은 당연히 명예훼손죄의 책임을 져야 한다. 그런데 위 사람이 표현물을 적시할 수 있도록 공간을 만들어 준 인터넷서비스 제공자도 명예훼손의 피해에 대한 형사책임을 져야 하는지를 놓고 논의가 계속되고 있다. 우리나라를 비롯해 여러 나라에서 이와 관련된 논의가 이뤄지고 있다. 미국 연방 법률에서처럼 형사상 명예훼손을 규율하지 않고 거의 민사상 불법행위 책임 문제로 해결하고, 이러한 인터넷서비스 제공자에게 출판업자나 발표자와 같이 취급되는 것을 아니 된다고 하는 예도 있고, 혐오표현물, 명예훼손 게시물에 대해 영리를 목적으로 하는 정보 통신 서비스제공자를 대상으로 책임을 부여하는 때도 있고, 이와 유사하게 관련법안을 입법예고 중이거나 관련법을 개정 중인 나라도 있다. 이 논문의 연구자는 인터넷서비스제공자와 콘텐츠제작자는 서로 계약을 맺은 관계로 상호 간에 광고 수익 등의 경제적 이익을 분배하여 나눠 갖는 관계에 있다고 보고, 고도의 전파성을 가진 점 등의 특성을 고려해 이미 명예훼손의 결과를 예상할 수 있는 때에만 더 이상 해당 게시물이 유통되지 않도록 기술·관리적 조처하도록 하고, 그러한 법익침해의 결과 발생을 방지할 수 있었음에도 이를 방관하거나 결과의 발생을 용인하였을 때 처벌하자는 주장과 기존의 형법상 방조 행위는 정범의 실행을 쉽게 하는 직접, 간접의 모든 행위를 가리키는 것으로써 작위에 의한 경우뿐만 아니라 부작위에 의하여도 성립해야 한다는 대법원의 기존 판례와 결을 같이하고 있다. 이와 같은 생각에 대해 미디어가 근본적으로 추구하는 가치인 자유를 지나치게 제한한다는 주장이 있다. 더 강화된 상시적 모니터링 의무, 적극적 필터링 의무 부과는 정보 통신 서비스제공자에 대한 영업의 자유를 지나치게 제한하고, 사적 검열과 같은 위험을 불러올 수 있으며 언론의 자유와 개별이용자의 표현의 자유를 침해할 가능성이 아주 높기 때문이다. 그러나 뉴미디어상에서의 명예훼손에 관해 인터넷서비스제공자의 형사책임을 강화해야 한다는 생각은 우리 사회 안에서 일어나는 이에 관한 문제가 점점 심각해지고 있는 데에서 비롯된다. 이 논문의 연구자에게는 연구 소재로 명예훼손과 개인의 사회적 평판을 삼은 것은 금력과 권력이라는 두 가지 가치에 맞춰 줄을 세우는 오늘날 우리 사회의 현실과는 조금 먼 곳에 떨어져 있는 것이 아닌가 하는 고민이 따랐다. 예나 지금이나 동서양을 막론하고 명예는 사람의 삶에서 추구해야 할 최고의 가치 중 하나로 여겨지고 있고, 명예란 이성을 가진 인간이 자신과 타인에 의한 존중과 평가의 결과로 얻게 되는 가치 감정이다. 동양의 철학자 맹자는 “명예란 일종의 양심으로 명예를 존중하는 사람은 결코 양심에 꺼리는 일을 하지 않는다”고 하였다. “말이 쉬운 것은 결국 그 말에 대한 책임을 생각하지 않기 때문이고 이러한 사람들은 먼저 할 일을 뒤로 미루고 중요한 일을 가볍게 다룬다”고 언급하였다. 그는 명예를 양심으로 보면서 탐욕을 경계하며 사회적 선에 맞는 삶을 찾는 것을 강조했다. 서양에서도 철학자 소크라테스는 “음미 되지 않는 삶은 살 가치가 없다고 하면서 자기 내면에서 들리는 양심에 반하는 소리에 행동하여 내면적인 자긍심을 훼손할 수 없음을 강조하였고 명예와 정신적 가치를 지키기 위해 목숨까지도 버렸다. 오늘날 우리 한국 사회는 높은 인터넷 보급률과 SNS 의존도가 보여주듯, 외부에 보이는 물질적 요소가 다른 가치들을 모두 잡아먹고 있다고 생각한다. 우리 사회가 내포하고 있는 위험과 문제점은 무엇보다 자아와 자신의 주변 세계를 바르게 파악하는 데 필요한 가치 의식의 부재에 있다고 보인다. 연구자는 이러한 가치 의식 중 가장 중요한 것이 명예와 수치심의 인식이라고 생각한다. 지금 대한민국은 해방 이후로 지난 20세기 중반부터 진행된 정치-경제의 근대화 과정에서 전근대적인 사고와 생활방식에서 벗어나면서도 개인적인 자존감을 존중하고 다양한 가치관과 사람이 상호 공존할 수 있는 토대를 마련하는 데 실패했다는 진단을 받고 있다. 특히 한국 사회에서는 경제성장이라는 목적을 가장 우선에 두고 그에 관한 많은 수단을 정당화하면서, 정치와 같은 공적영역에서 부정과 비리를 일종의 필요악으로 간주해 왔다. 구성원 대부분이 사회적 불의를 사실상 방조한 것이다. 우리 사회의 윤리 의식의 부재로 인한 문제들은 사실 남을 의식하지 않은 태도에도 있다고 해야 할 것이지만, 경제성장 이면에 따라오는 부작용의 직접적인 원인은 가정과 생계, 개인적인 출세, 가문의 영달 등 사적인 영역에 머물러야 할 많은 것들이 공적인 영역까지 흘러들어왔기 때문이다. 이 논문을 쓰는 연구자는 진정으로 삶의 가치를 찾는 사람은 명예를 찾는 사람이라고 생각한다. 명예로운 사람이란 스스로 올바른 인격을 세울 수 있고 이성적인 판단 능력으로 타인과 조화로운 삶을 위해 끊임없이 노력하는 사람이어야만 한다. 시대적 상황에 따라 약간의 변화는 있었지만, 명예는 사회집단에 속한 구성원들의 공통적인 가치 의식과 윤리를 투영하고 있다. 따라서 한 시대나 사회가 추구하는 명예에 대한 세부적인 분석은 그 사회의 핵심 가치를 가장 심도 있게 이해하는 통로를 만드는 것이라고 할 것이다. 우리 사회에는 선한 보통 사람도 많이 존재하지만 다른 이의 몰락이나 어떠한 피해로 인해 고통받는 모습을 방관하거나 이를 비정상적으로 쾌락의 대상으로 여기는 이도 존재한다. 우리는 과거와는 달리 나의 직장 안에서만, 또는 내가 머무는 마을에서만 머물러야 할 사소한 추문이 일파만파로 확대되는 사회를 살아가고 있다. 대한민국 헌법에서는 ‘국가는 개인이 가지는 불가침의 기본적 인권을 확인하고 이를 보장할 의무를 진다’하고 있으며 ‘언론·출판은 타인의 명예나 권리 또는 공중도덕이나 사회 윤리를 침해하여서는 아니 된다’하고 있다. 국가는 법률과 제도로서 개인을 보호하고 사회의 안전을 보장해야 한다는 측면에서, 새로운 미디어들이 가지고 있는 고도의 전파성과 신속성으로 인한 피해를 먼저 고려해야 할 것이다. 이미 범죄가 일어난 이후 처벌까지 이르는 동안 피해자가 겪는 피해는 과거의 일반적인 명예훼손에 피해 정도가 아주 크다. 따라서 기존의 법리 이외에도 이를 줄이거나 예방하는 제도가 필요하다. 이 부분에 관하여서는 법률로 인터넷서비스제공자에게 명예훼손을 비롯한 인격권을 침해하는 게시물에 대한 유통을 방지하는 시스템을 구축하도록 하고 이를 다하지 않을 때는 형사적 책임을 부여하는 범죄 예방 취지의 입법도 검토가 필요해 보인다. 今日、名誉毀損罪は主にサイバー空間、特にニューメディアという媒体で発生しています。情報通信技術の進歩により、事務処理のほとんどが電子化されました。それだけでなく、ほとんどの家庭ではコンピュータまたはノートパソコンを保有するようになり、多くの国民がいわゆるスマートフォン(Smart Phone)のようなスマート機器、モノのインターネット(Internet Of Things)を使用することで、誰もがが毎日インターネットとニューメディアに接しています。 従来のニューメディアは、既存媒体と区別される新たな伝達手段、または記録保存装置を意味するものにとどまりました。しかし、インターネットの発達で登場したソーシャル・ネットワーク・サービス(SNS)やユーチューブ、ネットフリックスに代表されるマルチチャンネルネットワーク(MCN)が登場し、私たちの暮らしの中心に位置づけられるようになり、善なる影響力を及ぼすこともありましたが、それに劣らない副作用ももたらしました。 2022年に行われた情報通信政策研究院の研究結果によると、実際に国民の55.1%がSNSを使用していることが分かり、1日の平均利用時間も56.4分と推定されました。 ユーチューブやフェイスブック、インスタグラムなどのニューメディアプラットフォームの利用依存度は、若年層はもちろん、高齢層でも徐々に増加傾向を示しています。このような社会現象の影響でサイバー空間での意思表現が大きな比重を占めるようになり、これに伴いサイバー空間での名誉毀損行為が急増しています。近年、有名芸能人が悪質なコメントや掲示物のせいで命を絶つなど、その被害は非常に深刻だと言えます。サイバー空間で名誉毀損性の表現物を摘示した場合、その表現物を摘示した人は当然名誉毀損罪の責任を負わなければなりません。一方で、上記の人物が表現物を摘示できるように空間を提供したインターネットサービス提供者も名誉毀損の被害に対する刑事責任を負うべきかどうかをめぐる議論が続いています。 韓国をはじめ、多くの国でこれに関する議論が行われています。米連邦法律のように、刑事上の名誉毀損を規律せずに大抵の場合は民事上の不法行為責任問題として解決し、このようなインターネットサービス提供者が出版業者や発表者と同様に扱われてはならないとする例もあれば、嫌悪表現物や名誉毀損掲示物に対して営利を目的とする情報通信サービス提供者を対象に責任を付与する場合もあり、これと同様の関連法案を立法予告中であったり、関連法を改正中の国もあります。 本論文の研究者は、インターネットサービス提供者とコンテンツ制作者は互いに契約を結んだ関係であり、相互間で広告収益などの経済的利益を分配して分け合う関係にあるとみなし、高度な拡散性を持つ点などの特性を考慮し、すでに名誉毀損の結果を予想できる場合のみ、これ以上該当掲示物が流通しないよう技術·管理的措置を講じるようにし、そのような法益侵害の結果の発生を防止することができたにもかかわらず、これを傍観したり結果の発生を容認した場合に処罰すべきだとする主張と、既存の刑法上の幇助行為は正犯の実行を容易にする直接・間接のすべての行為を指すもので、作為による場合だけでなく、不作為によっても成立しなければならないとする最高裁の既存の判例と一致しています。 このような考えに対し、メディアが根本的に追求する価値である自由を過度に制限することになるという主張があります。より強化された常時モニタリング義務、積極的なフィルタリングの義務付けは、情報通信サービス提供者に対する営業の自由を過度に制限することで、私的検閲のようなリスクを招きかねず、言論の自由と個々の利用者の表現の自由を侵害する可能性が非常に高いためです。 しかし、ニューメディア上での名誉毀損に関して、インターネットサービス提供者の刑事責任を強化すべきとする考えは、韓国社会で起きている関連の問題がますます深刻化していることから出発します。 研究題材として名誉毀損と個人の社会的評判を取り上げることは、近年、名誉毀損に関する犯罪が増加している現状とは異なり、金力と権力という二つの価値がものを言う今日の韓国社会の現実とは少しかけ離れているのではないかという悩みがありました。 古今東西を問わず、名誉は人の人生において追求すべき最高の価値の一つと考えられています。名誉とは理性を持った人間が自分と他人による尊重と評価の結果として得られる価値感情です。 東洋の哲学者、孟子は「名誉とは一種の良心であり、名誉を尊重する人は決して良心に反することをしない」と言いました。「言葉を発することが簡単なのは、結局その言葉に対する責任を考えないからであり、そのような人々はまずやるべきことを後回しにして、重要なことを軽んじる」と言及しました。彼は名誉を良心とみなして貪欲を警戒し、社会的善に見合った人生を求めることを強調しました。西洋でも哲学者ソクラテスは「吟味されざる生に生きる価値なし」とし、自分の内面から聞こえてくる良心に反する声に従って行動し、内面的な自負心を傷つけることはできないことを強調し、名誉と精神的価値を守るために命まで捨てました。 今日の韓国社会は、高いインターネット普及率とSNSへの依存度が示すように、外部に見える物質的な要素がその他の価値をすべて蝕んでいると思います。韓国社会が抱えているリスクと問題点は、何よりも自我と自分の周囲を正しく把握する上で必要な価値意識の不在にあると思われます。 研究者は、このような価値意識の中で最も重要なことが名誉と羞恥心の認識だと考えています。 大韓民国は解放以来、20世紀半ばから進められた政治・経済の近代化の過程で、前近代的な思考と生活様式から脱却しつつも、個人的な自尊心を尊重し、多様な価値観と人が相互に共存できる土台を築くことに失敗したと評価されています。 特に韓国社会は、経済成長という目的を何より優先し、それに関する多くの手段を正当化しつつ、政治のような公的領域における不正や汚職を一種の必要悪と見なしてきました。構成員の大半が社会的不義を事実上幇助してきました。韓国社会の倫理意識の不在による諸問題は、実は他人を意識しない態度にもあるのですが、経済成長の裏に伴う副作用の直接的な原因は、家庭と生計、個人の出世、家系の栄達など、私的な領域にとどまるべき多くの物事が公的な領域にまで浸透したためです。 本論文を書いた研究者は、人生の真の価値を求める人こそが、名誉を求める人だと思っています。名誉ある人とは、自ら正しい人格を磨くことができ、また理性的な判断能力に基づいて、他者との調和の取れた暮らしのために絶えず努力する人でなければなりません。 時代的状況によって多少の変化はありましたが、名誉は社会集団に属する構成員の共通の価値意識と倫理を投影しています。したがって、ある時代や社会が追求する名誉に対する詳細な分析は、その社会の核心的価値を最も深く理解する通路を作ることだと言えるでしょう。 社会には善良なる普通の人も多く存在しますが、他人の没落や何らかの被害によって苦しむ姿を傍観したり、それを異常なまでに快楽の対象として捉える人も存在します。私たちは過去とは異なり、自分の職場の中だけ、または自分が住んでいる場所だけに留まるべき取るに足らない醜聞が一瞬にして拡散する社会を生きています。 大韓民国憲法では「国家は個人が有する不可侵の基本的人権を確認し、これを保障する義務を負う」としており、「言論·出版は他人の名誉や権利または公序良俗や社会倫理を侵害してはならない」としています。国家は法律と制度で個人を保護し、社会の安全を保障しなければならないという観点から、新しいメディアが持つ高度な拡散性と迅速性による被害をまず考慮しなければならないでしょう。すでに犯罪が起きた後、処罰に至るまでの間に被害者が経験する被害は、過去の一般的な名誉毀損に比べて被害の度合いが非常に大きいと言えるでしょう。したがって、既存の法理以外にも、これを減らすか予防するための制度が必要になるものと思われます。これに関しては、法律でインターネットサービス提供者に対して名誉毀損をはじめとする人格権を侵害する掲示物の流通を防止するシステムを構築させ、これに従わない場合には刑事責任を負わせる犯罪予防の趣旨での立法も検討が必要になると思われます。 如今,名誉损害罪主要发生在网络空间特别是新媒体这一载体上。随着信息通信技术的发展,一方面实现了办公的电子化;另一方面大部分家庭拥有了电脑或笔记本电脑,大部分国民使用了智能手机等智能设备,实现了全民每天都在接触互联网和新媒体的可能性。 过去,新媒体仅仅是指与传统媒体有所区别的新的传递手段或记录存储设备。伴随互联网的发展,以社交网络服务(SNS)和YouTube、Netflix为代表的多频道网络(MCN)的出现,占据了我们生活的中心,产生积极影响的同时,也带来了不少负面效应。 据2019年韩国信息通信政策研究院的研究显示,韩国48.2%的人口使用社交网络服务(SNS),每天均使用时间约为56.4分。以YouTube、Facebook、Instagram等新媒体为例,其使用度正在逐渐增加,甚至包括老年人在内的年轻人。 为此,网络空间中的言论表达占据了很大比例,因此网络空间中的名誉侵权行为也在急剧增加。最近,著名艺人因遭受恶意评论或帖子而自杀,其受害程度可以说是非常严重的。在网络空间中,如果有人发布侵犯名誉的表达物,那么发布者自然应该对名誉侵权罪负责。然而,围绕着提供网络服务的互联网服务提供商是否应对名誉侵权的刑事责任一直负有争议。 包括韩国在内的许多国家,围绕这个问题进行了许多讨论。像美国联邦法那样,不规范刑事上的名誉毁损罪,几乎是以民事上的侵权责任问题来解决。有一些观点认为,不应将互联网服务提供商视为出版商或发表者,而应该以民事责任方式对待。也有对仇恨言论和名誉侵权的帖子以盈利为目的的信息通信服务提供商进行责任追究,还有一些国家正在立法或修改相关法律。 本文作者认为,互联网服务提供商和内容制作者之间存在着相互签订合同的关系,彼此之间分配广告收入等经济利益,形成了一种合作关系。具有高度的传播性等特性,当可以预见到某些帖子可能导致名誉侵权时,应采取技术和管理措施,阻止这些帖子进一步传播。对于那些被视为视而不见、默许其发生或纵容其结果的行为,主张应予以惩罚,并提出这种法益侵害的发生可以通过采取措施来预防。与现有刑法上的帮助行为指容易实施正犯的作为或不作为的行为,这与大法院此前的判例和决定一致。 为此,有人主张加强常态性监控和积极过滤的义务过于限制了媒体追求自由的基本价值。更强化的常态性监控义务和积极的过滤义务会过度限制信息通信服务提供商的业务自由,可能带来私人审查等风险,极有可能侵犯新闻自由和个体用户的言论自由。但是,关于在新媒体上加强互联网服务提供商的刑事责任以应对名誉侵权问题的观点,源于对我们社会内日益严重的相关问题的关注。 以名誉侵害和个人社会声誉作为研究对象,是因为最近名誉侵害犯罪正在增加,而今天我们社会的现实却更多地围绕着金钱和权力这两个价值而展开,这引发了一些疑虑。从过去到现在,东西方无论何时都将名誉视为人生中值得追求的最高价值之一。名誉是理性人通过自己和他人对其尊重和评价而获得的一种价值感。 东方哲学家孟子曾说:“名誉是一种良心,尊重名誉的人永远不会去违背良心。”言而轻率的人最终是因为没有对自己的言论负责而言而不想。他强调,将名誉视为良心,应当约束贪欲,追求符合社会道德的生活。在西方,哲学家苏格拉底也曾说:“不经审慎思考的生活是不值得过的。”他强调通过听从内心良心的声音,抵制违背内在尊严的言辞,甚至愿意为了维护荣誉和精神价值而付出生命。 如今,韩国社会展现出高度的互联网普及率和对社交媒体(SNS)的依赖,表明外部可见的物质因素正在吞噬所有其他价值观。我认为我们社会内在的风险和问题主要源于缺乏正确的价值观,这是理解自我和周围世界的基础。 为此,本文认为,在这些价值观念中,最重要的是对荣誉和自尊的认知。自从解放以来,韩国在20世纪中期进行的政治经济现代化过程中,虽然摆脱了前近代的思维和生活方式,但却未能尊重个人自尊心,并未能为各种价值观和人们相互共存奠定基础。特别是在韩国社会中,将经济增长作为首要目标,并通过多种手段合理化这一目标,使得在公共领域如政治等方面,将负面行为和腐败视为一种必然的现象。大多数社会成员实际上默许了社会的不公正。我们社会道德观念缺失的问题可以说不仅仅是由于人们对他人的无视态度,更是由于经济增长带来的副作用,许多原本应该停留在私人领域的事物,如家庭、生计、个人成功、家族荣誉等,都涌入了公共领域。所以,真正寻找生命价值的人是追求荣誉的人。荣誉之人应能够自立一种正确的个性,通过理性的判断能力不断努力,与他人和谐共处。 尽管随着时代的变迁,荣誉的定义可能有所变化,但荣誉仍然反映了社会群体成员共同的价值观和道德。因此,对一个时代或社会所追求的荣誉进行详细分析,可以说是最深刻理解该社会核心价值观的通道。 我们社会存在许多善良普通的人,但也存在一些人,是对他人的堕落或受害视而不见,甚至将其看作一种异常的快感对象。与过去不同,我们现在生活在一个即便是在自己的职场内或所居住的村庄内,微小的瑕疵也可能被扩大传播的社会中。 韩国宪法规定:“国家确认并保障个人不可侵犯的基本权利,国家有责任保障这些权利。”另外,“新闻和出版物不得侵犯他人的名誉、权利或违背公共道德和社会伦理。”从保护个人和社会安全的角度来看,需要优先考虑新媒体所具有的高度传播性和迅速性可能造成的伤害。在犯罪已经发生并受害者经历伤害直至处罚期间,其所遭受的损害可能大大超过过去一般名誉侵害的程度。因此,除了现有的法理之外,还需要制定法规来减少或预防这种情况。在这方面,需要考虑通过法律强制互联网服务提供商建立系统,防止传播侵犯人格权的帖子,并在不履行时赋予刑事责任,以实现犯罪预防的目的。

Clinical usefulness of Interleukin-6, Procalcitonin, and C-Reactive protein in respiratory distress syndrome in late preterm neonates with a low risk of early-onset neonatal sepsis

박에스더 전북대학교 2023 국내박사

Background: Interleukin-6 (IL-6), procalcitonin (PCT), and C-Reactive protein (CRP) are inflammatory markers that can increase in non-infectious conditions such as healthy neonates, respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (RDS). This study investigated inflammatory markers as biologic markers of RDS in late preterm neonates. Methods: Between November 2021 and October 2022, 122 late preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Jeonbuk National University Hospital were eligible for the study. Serum levels of IL-6, PCT, and CRP were measured one hour and 48 hours after birth. The neonates were divided based on presence of RDS diagnosis. The levels of IL-6, PCT, and CRP were compared between the groups, and their association with the disease severity was also investigated. Results: Of the 122 neonates, 24 (19.7 %) were assigned to the RDS groups. In the blood gas analysis at birth, the pH values were significantly lower, and the pCO2 values were significantly higher in the RDS group than in the control group (pH, 7.28 ± 0.08 vs. 7.34 ± 0.07, p=0.003; pCO2, 48.79 ± 13.68 vs. 40.47 ± 10.04 mmHg, p=0.009). At birth, IL-6 was statistically significantly higher in the RDS group than in the control group (44.34 ± 74.45 vs. 16.44 ± 24.39 pg/mL, p=0.002). At 48 hours of life, the levels of IL-6, PCT, and CRP were significantly higher in the RDS group than in the control group (IL-6, 27.20 ± 40.41 vs. 13.40 ± 15.93 pg/mL, p=0.009; PCT, 10.91 ± 8.61 vs. 2.74 ± 2.23 ng/mL, p<0.001; CRP, 3.65 ± 4.05 vs. 0.91 ± 0.97 mg/L, p<0.001). In addition, the PCT and CRP at 48 hours of life had a statistically significant tendency to increase as the RDS grade increased. Serum levels of IL-6 at birth positively correlate with the duration of respiratory support (r=0.434, p=0.034) and PCT levels in the 48 hours of life (r=0.352, p=0.000). Conclusions: These results demonstrated that the serum levels of IL-6 were elevated in the late preterm neonate with RDS at birth and during disease course. During the disease course, serum levels of PCT and CRP also were elevated in neonate with RDS. Additionally, initial serum levels of IL-6 positively correlate with the duration of respiratory support. The serum levels of PCT and CRP at 48 hours of life were associated with the severity of RDS.