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(The) Study of Density and Thickness of Koreans' Scalp Hair with Aging
허식 경희대학교 의학대학원 2009 국내석사
Background ; To evaluate hairs and hair follicles, or to diagnose baldness, the data about density and thickness of hairs in healthy population is essentially needed. Objectives ; To measure hair density and thickness in healthy Korean population and to establish the changes of those with aging. Methods ; A total of 1017 people (508 males and 509 females) without baldness were evaluated. Subjects were classified into 8 age groups. Hair density and thickness were measured on the vertex and occipital scalp by phototrichogram. Results ; The total mean hair density were 163.19/㎠ on vertex and 177.95/㎠ on occiput in male, and 173.70/㎠ on vertex and 178.59/㎠ on occiput in female, respectively. Hair density declined with age after 5th decade in male and 6th decade in female. The total mean hair thickness were 64.45㎛ on vertex and 75.70㎛ on occiput in male and 67.71㎛ on vertex and 73.60㎛ on occiput in female. Mean hair thickness increased with age from 10s to 40s, and decreased with age after the 50s in both sex groups. Conclusions ; Hair density and thickness declined with age in Koreans without the appearance of hair loss. 배경 ; 일반적으로 모발, 모낭의 상태를 평가하거나 탈모증 등의 모발 질환을 진단하기 위해서는 모발의 두께나 밀도 등 정상인 모발의 특성에 대한 자료가 필요하다. 목적 ; 저자들은 다양한 연령대의 정상 한국인에서 모발의 밀도와 두께를 측정하고, 이들 특성의 연령에 따른 변화를 평가하고자 하였다. 실험방법 ; 전체 1017명 (남자 508명, 여자 509명) 의 탈모증이 없는 정상 한국인에서 모발이 채취되었다. 대상군은 나이에 따라 8개 군으로 나누었고, 모발의 두께와 밀도는 두정부와 후두부에서 phototrichogram으로 측정하였다. 결과 ; 전체 평균 모발 밀도는 각각 남성의 두정부에서는 163.19/㎠, 후두부에서는 177.95/㎠ 로 측정되었고, 여성의 두정부에서는 173.70/㎠, 후두부에서는 178.59/㎠ 로 측정되었다. 모발의 밀도는 남성에서는 40대 이후부터, 여성에서는 50대 이후부터 통계학적으로 유의하게 감소하기 시작하였다. 전체 평균 모발 두께는 남성의 두정부에서는 64.45㎛, 후두부에서는 75.70㎛ 로 나타났고, 여성의 두정부에서는 67.71㎛, 후두부에서는 73.60㎛ 로 나타났다. 모발의 두께는 10대에서 40대까지 높게 유지되다가 50대 이후에 남녀 모두에서 감소하였다. 결론 ; 탈모증이 없는 정상 한국인에서 모발의 밀도와 두께는 나이가 듦에 따라 감소하였다.
허식 東亞大學校 敎育大學院 1986 국내석사
This study is to find out the mutual relation between the maximum amount of oxygen inhalation of the players of table tennis. For this purpose, six players at the ages of 13-15 among the players from "K" Girls' Middle School in Pusan were checked for measuring the work intensity and the dissipation of energy during its basic techniques such as a cut rally, a short rally, a long rally, a smash, and a footwork, and a practice game to have done, so that it made an attempt to present basic data for an effective guidance to the techniques of a table tennis and for an effective control of physical strength for its player. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The work intensikty(%V˙O_(2), max.) follows the sequence of an average of heartbeats of l59.0±4.86 beats/min. with smashes, 126.13±2.70 beats/min. with long rallies, 117.27±2.22 beats/min. with short rallies, and 114.4±1.28 beats/min. with cut rallies. 2. The mutual relation between the maximum amount of oxygen inhalation and the work intensity is an average of 73.03% of %V˙O_(2) max. with footworts, an average of 68.37% of %V˙O_(2) max. with smashes, an average of 47.l4% of %V˙O_(2) max. with long rallies, an average of 39.76% of %V˙O_(2) max. with short ralies, and an average of 37.35% of %V˙O_(2) max. with cut rallies: as aforementioned numbers show, the more the work intensity is strong, the more the maximum amount of its oxygen inhalation shows. The all-out time is 17' 37" in case of L. J. N., who shows the highest peak of the durability of whole body among them, and is 14' 0" in case of L. S. J., who shows the lowest peak of the durability of whole body among theme. Therefore, the player who has the larger maximum amount of oxygen inhalation shows the superior durability of whole body. 4. The player who has the larger maximum amount of oxygen inhalation shows the lower work intensity, and the player who whows the higher work intensity is checked to waste the more dissipation of her energy. 5. Among the basic items, the work intensity of footworks is the highest one that shows an average of 73.03% of %V˙O_(2) max., and the work intensity of cut rallies shows the lowest one that is checked to be an average of 37.35% of %V˙O_(2) max..
우리나라는 지난 50여 년간 세계 역사상 그 유례를 찾아 볼 수 없을 만큼 경제, 사회, 문화 등 모든 분야에 걸쳐 비약적인 성장과 발전을 하였다. 이러한 상황 하에서 국내 농협도 세계 속의 농협, 21세기 초일류 협동조합금융그룹과 대한민국 NO.1 금융 리더라는 비전을 2015년까지 달성하기 위하여 최선을 다하고 있으며, 이러한 전략적 목표에 도달하고자 업무프로세스 개선, 내·외부 고객만족 경영, 사회공헌도 제고, 수익성 향상을 위한 새로운 사업 전개 등을 통한 업무역량을 배가해 나가는 노력을 경주하고 있다. 21세기 글로벌 경영환경 하에서, 농협의 전략적 경영목표 달성여부는 구성원들의 업무처리 역량과 높은 효율성에 달려 있다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 높은 업적을 올리기 위해서는, 조직 내부의 각 부문, 부서, 또는 그 구성원은 업적 책임을 분담하고 영업활동을 수행하여야 하며, 업적에 대한 책임 소재를 분명히 해야 우수한 조직이라 할 수 있다. 업적이란 업무역량의 산출물로 성과를 말하며 기업에 있어서의 성과는 곧 이익이며, 이익을 극대화하기 위해서는 뛰어난 업무처리역량을 바탕으로 효율성이 전제되어야 한다. 즉 매출확대, 원가절감, 이익증대라는 선순환 구조화 되어야 함과 동시에 노동생산성, 자본이익률 등의 효율도 뒤따라야 한다. 이러한 관점에서 지점단위 조직구성원의 업무역량 희망 수준과 현재 수준을 측정하고 효율성을 산출해 보는 연구를 하는 것은 지점의 경쟁력을 객관화하고 정량화 해본다는 측면에서 매우 의미가 있다. 기업에서 조직구성원은 존재가치를 인정받는 자아의 욕구와 능력을 발휘하고 자기 계발을 지속하고자 하는 자기실현 욕구가 있다. 또한 생활을 위한 기초적인 금전적 욕구도 있다. 조직구성원의 자기실현의 욕구 만족과 효율성 극대화 실현을 위한 경쟁을 유도하기 위해서는, 지점별로 구성원 모두가 공감할 수 있도록 업무역량을 객관화시키고 이것이 반영된 상태에서 성과 측정과 공정한 보상을 하는 것이야말로 조직의 비전 달성을 위한 핵심이라 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 점을 고려하여 고유벡터법과 평가요소의 관련성 평가에 의한 퍼지종속관계를 이용하여 농협지점의 조직구성원의 업무수준을 결정하고, DEA 및 퍼지DEA를 이용하여 경영효율성을 평가함으로써 지점을 효율적으로 운영하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 것을 연구목적으로 한다. 지점의 구성원의 평가 값에 의해 구해지는 각 지점의 직무만족도와 조직몰입도도 업무핵심역량으로 간주하고 평가하고자 한다. 이것을 하기 위해 먼저 퍼지이론을 이용한 조직구성원의 업무수준결정을 위한 모델을 제안하였다. 이 모델은 기존의 평가시스템에 신뢰성의 개념을 도입하여 평가의 적합성을 향상시켰다. 또한 이 모델은 각 지점의 업무수준을 동일하게 보고 각 지점을 평가하여 순위를 내고 있는 현재의 평가방법에 개선의 여지가 있음을 보여주었다. 그리고 직무만족도와 조직몰입도를 교류분석의 이론 중 이고그램, 인생태도, 스트로크, 시간구조화와의 관계를 상관분석에 의한 관련성을 규명하였다. 분석한 결과로 직무만족도와 가장 많은 상관을 가지고 있는 것은 시간구조화이고 그 중에서도 의식은 직무만족도의 전 요인과 관련성이 높다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 직무만족도의 요인들은 양의 상관관계를 가지고 있는 반면에, 조직몰입도의 요인들은 음의 상관관계를 많이 가지고 있었고, 특히, 부정적인요인에 대해서는 대부분의 요인들이 음의 상관을 가지고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 경남 일원의 18개 농협 지점에 대한 효율성 평가는 DEA모형 중 CCR모형과 BCC모형을 이용하여 실시하였다. DEA의 입력변수로 점포면적, 직원 수, 판매관리비, 개점년수, 입지조건, 자동화 기기수를 사용했고, 출력변수로는 매출총이익, 대출금, 예수금을 사용하였다. DEA모형을 적용한 결과 비효율적인 지점에 대하여 각각의 효율을 고려한 입력 값과 가상입력 값, 출력 값과 가상출력 값을 제시하여 효율적인 지점 운영을 위한 기초적인 정보를 제공하였다. 또한 입력요소 점포면적, 직원 수, 판매관리비, 개점년수, 입지조건, 자동화기기수, 업무수준, 직무만족도, 조직몰입도를 독립변수로 하고, 매출총이익, 대출금, 예수금을 각각 종속변수로 회귀분석을 한 결과, R제곱의 값이 0.907, 0.836, 0.906으로 높은 설명력을 가진 모형으로 나타났다. 퍼지DEA를 이용한 경영효율성 평가결과는 효율적인 지점은 A지점과 D지점이었고, 그 외 16개 지점은 모두 비효율적인 지점으로 나타났다. 이상으로부터 각 연구에서 얻은 결과는 농협지점을 평가함에 있어 현재 사용하고 있는 평가요소 뿐만 아니라 각 지점의 업무수준, 각 지점에 대한 직무만족도와 조직몰입도, 효율적인 경영을 할 수 있도록 하는 방법들을 고려한 농협지점평가에 대한 새로운 방법을 제시한 것으로서 현장에서의 많은 활용이 기대되어진다. Our country had been grown and developed during last 50 years in economy, society, culture and etc, which can't be found in other history. Under this situation, domestic Nong-Hyup is doing its best to achieve the vision of "Nong-Hyup in world", "the first racked group in cooperation assocition finance group at 21 century" and "the leader of the Korea’s finance" until 2015. To achieve these strategic goals, Nong-Hyup is pouring efforts to double the business competency through several improvement. These are the improvement of working process, administration to satisfy both internal and external customers, enhancement of the contribution to society and the newly developed project for improving the profitability. Under the global economic environment of 21 century, it cannot be saying too much that whether Nong-Hyup can accomplish the strategic goal of management or not is depended on of business handling competency of organization's members and high efficiency. To have high achievement, the members of each section and station in the organization have to share the responsibility of achievement, accomplish the business activities and make clear about where a responsibility of contribution is. After these, we can call this system is outstanding. Achievement is a product of business competency and it's also called an outcome. In company, achievement is equal to profit and to pull out the maximum profit, a prior condition would be the efficiency which is based on the excellent business handling competency. Namely, positive circulation which is extension of sale, cost reduction and profit enlargement should be in a structure. And in the same time, efficiency of productivity of labor and capital profit margin should be followed. In this view, it is very meaningful that measuring the request level of business competency of organizational members in branch and studying the turning out efficiency can make the competition of branch objective and analytic. In company, organizational members has several desires, one is that ego's recognition to its existence worth. And other is a desire which is for self-realization to show its ability and keeps its self development. Also there is the basic financial desire for the life. To induce the competition between organizational members for desire's satisfaction of self-realization and the realization of the maximum efficiency, it is the main point for attaining the organizational vision that makes the business competency objectify in each branch so that all the members can sympathize with, and gives a fair reward based on measurement of the outcome after the business competency objectify is reflected. In this treatise, it is consider to use fuzzy subordination relationship which is related on eigenvector method and connected valuation of standard appraisal. And by using this we can decide the job level of organizational members in Nong-Hyup branch and use DEA and fuzzy DEA to appraise the efficiency of administration. These study can provide the basic data for managing the branch more efficiency. Also we can appraise the job satisfaction and organizational commitment which could be calculated with the value of valuation of branch's members regard it as a critical operation capacity. To do these, first of all I propose a model for evaluation of job level of organizational members by using the fuzzy theory. This model improve the fitness of valuation because it was induced the notion of trust to the existing valuation system. And also in this model showed that present valuating method which sees the each branch's job level are same and appraise each branch to decide the order has a improvement place. And in here it examined the relation between job satisfaction and organizational commitment to Egogram, life positions, stroke, time structuring which are in theory of Transactional Analysis. For the result of analysis, time structuring had the highest relation with job satisfaction and between them conscious had a high relationship with all primary factors of job satisfaction. Also primary factors of job satisfaction had the positive correlation but on the other hand, organizational commitment's primary factors had negative correlation especially in disavowal factors, most of a cause had negative relation. Efficiency valuation of 18 Nong-Hyup in Gyeongnam was enforce by using CCR model and BCC model in DEA model. For DEA's input variables we used the store's area, number of workers, selling management expenses, years the store has been opened, condition of location and numbers of machines that are auto and for output variables, we chose whole profit from selling, a loan, money on deposit. After we apply the model, we can provide the basic information to mange the efficiency branch by presenting the input values, virtual input values, output values and output values which were considered each efficiency to the place that aren't efficient. When we put input factors, the store's area, number of workers, selling management expenses, years the store has been opened, condition of location and numbers of machines that are auto, job level, job satisfaction, organizational commitment as independent variables and selling, a loan, money on deposit for dependent variables to the regression analysis, the value of the R square was 0.907, 0.836, 0.906 which has high explanation model. Result of assessment of efficiency of management using fuzzy DEA showed that A branch and D branch was efficient and except that all 16 branch wasn't efficient. From these results of each research we can expect many uses in a field because they are considered, on appraising Nong-Hyup branch, not only present standard of valuation but also job level of each branch, job satisfaction and organizational commitment to each branch and the evaluation methods which are considered what manages efficiently are proposed.
연조직염의 세균학적 진단에서 초음파 유도하 생검의 가치
Purpose: Conventional methods including blood cultures and needle aspiration to identify the causative agents of bacterial cellulitis has shown unsatisfactory results and treatment mainly relies on empirical antibiotics. We investigated the diagnostic value of ultrasound-guided tissue biopsy allowing direct visualization of the most involved area in the demris and hypodermis. Material and Methods: Fifty seven patients who were suspected of cellulitis in the lower limbs and underwent ultrasound-guided biopsy were evaluated, between August 2006 and June 2009. The mean age was 50.6 years; male-female sex ratio was 41:16 (2.6). Ultrasound-guided biopsy was done at the subcutaneous area with most severe inflammatory changes. Among them, blood cultures and fine needle aspiration was also done in 51 and 28 subjects, respectively. Results: The causative organism involved with cellulitis was indentified in 33.3% (19/57). The positive yield rate of ultrasound-guided biopsy, needle aspiration, and blood culture were 22.8% (13/57), 42.9% (12/28), and 5.9% (3/51), respectively. Adding ultrasound-guided biopsy to blood culture and fine needle aspiration results increased the positive yield rate from 5.9% to 21.6%, and 42.9% to 50.0%, respectively. Ultrasound-guided biopsy also identified pathogens in 5 cases where fine needle aspiration was not feasible. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided biopsy leads to an increase in the positive yield rate of establishing a bacteriological diagnosis for cellulitis, when combined with blood culture and fine needle aspiration. It may be useful especially in patients with unfeasible /negative fine needle aspiration or blood culture results.