소방안전점검의 민간위탁방안에 관한 연구

최형호 전남대학교 대학원 2006 국내석사

In the past, the stability, publicity and predictability of supply of public service were emphasized and government's exclusive supply was deemed to be natural, however, recently, various alternatives to supply are being attempted for the reason of inefficiency such as expansion of the government and financial pressing. In Korea, contracting-out plan is being actively studied among several alternatives to supply public service, because the government's rights of decision of supply and financing are still held in offering of service and at the same time private competence may be utilized with less scale of the government. Seen from such periodical situation, concerning fire safety inspection, a lot of disputes for contracting-out plan to supply service have been raised until now for a long period of time. Fire safety inspection has relatively less nature of pure public goods and stronger one of the market economy, thus an argument is being strongly raised that it should be rather operated by contracting-out than led by public sector to lift the reliance of safety inspection and contribute to increasing the efficiency of public sector. On the contrary, the opposers take such a negative position that the organization might be reduced by contracting out the unique task of fire fighting as internal resistance, the party concerned would bear higher cost with paid fire safety inspection in case of contracting-out, and a question 'Whether or not safety can be secured when a national safety policy is directed to contracting-out' might be raised. Despite such disputes pro and con, fire safety inspection system has been improved step by step and at present, it is being operated through contracting-out on the basis of fire inspection and self fire-raising control system, however, disputes for the contracting-out plan are still being raised without pause. Therefore this study was attempted to examine the possibility of contracting-out plan for fire safety inspection, seek for contracted or licensed consignment to a contractor specializing in fire inspection as a most reasonable alternative among contracting-out modes, design a concrete substitute to realize it, and suggest contracting-out control method. Accordingly, contracting-out plan, which requires advanced expertise in the field of fire fighting, was limited to the fire safety inspection system whose part of function is being operated in contracting-out mode because it has stronger nature of the market economy, but the fire inspection by fire administrative agencies and the self inspection system under self fire-raising control system were set as the subject of intensive study. With respect to the scope of content, general theories of public service and contracting-out were examined, the current operating status of fire safety inspection was analyzed centered on the fire inspection by fire administrative agencies and the contracting-out inspection by fire facilities maintenance companies, and then the researcher tried to design contracting-out plan for it. As methodology, literature review was conducted for all kinds of theories and research data related with contracting-out, and comparative analysis was made under the fire inspection systems and self inspection systems being currently executed in each city and province. Here, fire fighting and prevention administration statistics and policy data from the National Emergency Management Agency as well as publications from consignment inspection companies were used for analysis of institutional and operational problem. First, as theoretical backgrounds of contracting-out, general theories about types and supply modes of public service were examined, and supply method for public service through contracting-out was searched for. Based on this, success factors, conformity decision criteria for contracting-out, post-contracting-out control method were derived, which are commonly suggested in contracting-out. And institutional and operational problems of fire inspection, self inspection and contracting-out inspection that pertain to the current fire safety inspection system were raised such as the unreasonable scope of the subjects of contracting-out inspection, the poor operation of self fire-raising control system, and the limited range of fire fighting maintenance company's services. In addition, repeated inspection of one building by safety control agencies and the formal fire inspection due to lack of professional manpower were pointed out to be improved. Problems like poor inspection in collusion with the party concerned during contracted inspection and the lack of a sense of responsibility by the party concerned as a cognitive problem were raised. As alternative design approaches to those problems, the researcher focused upon 'Is fire safety inspection suitable as contracted public service?', 'In what method and type is contracting-out conducted, and how shall contractors be selected?' if contracting-out is possible, and 'How shall post-contracting-out be carried out?' on the basis of contracting-out theories on the premise that fire inspection should be done by means of contracting-out against problems arising out of operation of the current fire safety inspection system. It was judged that contracting-out of fire safety inspection would be possible as a result of analysis in terms of the general criteria for contracting-out such as competitiveness and speciality, cost effectiveness and availability, publicity and equitability, management and possibility of control. With respect to contracting-out methods of consignment to the Korea Fire Safety Association, planning for new construction and contracting-out inspection, as a result of comparison and assessment centered on ① Reduced service production costs in the government side ② Improved quality of service ③ Infusing a sense of safety control into the party concerned ④ Activation of the private and market economy ⑤ Practicability from contracting-out, it was considered that contracting-out inspection is most desirable, and a plan for execution of contractor registration system where the current technical abilities and facilities standards are more built up will be effective for contracted companies. With regard to the range of contractors' services, full-scale expansion of the subject of contracting-out inspection that has been limited to large-scale buildings, enlargement of the range of contracting-out inspection into the whole of fire safety which has been limited to fire facilities, and discontinuance of fire inspection by fire administrative agencies and only performance of checkup inspection were allowed for. Also, as operating methods, selection of inspection contractors suitable for open competitive bidding and the benefit principle that inspection costs are borne by the benefiter were considered. For control, special inspection for the subject of contracting-out inspection, making the parties concerned understand a direction of preventive policy, periodic training to deliver skills necessary for the job were included in order to secure publicity and prevent the quality of service from being deteriorated. Also, it was included that improvement of service satisfaction shall be reasonably analyzed through performance-based evaluation to give excellent inspection contractors incentives and for utilization in control of re-contract. If fire inspection is contracted out in the aforesaid plans, the following effects will be expected: Contracting-out of fire inspection will contribute to specializing safety inspection by securing professional technical manpower, save administrative pains by prevention of similar repeated inspection and integration of functions, and have actual interest in preventing corruption. In addition, service will be improved by multiple competitors' participation, a fee will be reduced, beneficiaries will free participate in fire safety inspection at inexpensive expenses, and the party concerned will be interested in the facilities it holds. Although the inefficiencies of fire inspection will be removed and the parties concerned will entirely agree to the contracting-out plan to secure expertise, however, it seems that immediate and full-scale introduction of contracted fire safety inspection will be difficult due to resistance and confusion from the parties concerned. Therefore it should be followed by ceaseless research and investigation in addition to changes in recognition of the inside of the fire organizations and the parties concerned in the subjects of fire fighting. 소방안점점검은 과거부터 현재까지 오랜 기간동안 서비스 공급의 민간위탁 방안에 대하여 많은 논란이 제기되어 왔다. 소방안전점검은 비교적 순수공공재적 성격이 낮으며, 시장경제적 성격이 강한 공공서비스로서 공공부문에서 주도하는 것보다는 민간위탁으로 운영하는 것이 안전점검의 신뢰도를 제고하고 공공부문의 효율성 제고에도 기여할 수 있을 것이라는 주장이 강하게 제기되고 있다. 한편 반대론자들은 소방의 고유사무를 민간에 위탁함으로서 조직의 축소를 우려하는 내부의 저항과 민간에 위탁하여 점검하게 할 경우 검검비용의 유료화에 따른 관계자의 비용부담 증가, 그리고 '국가의 안전정책을 민간에 위탁함으로서 안전성이 확보 될 수 있을 것인가' 하는 의문과 함께 부정적인 입장을 취하고 있기도 한다. 이렇게 상반된 논란속에서도 소방안점점검제도는 단계적으로 개선되어 왔으며, 현재는 소방검사와 자율방화관리 체제에 의한 민간위탁점검으로 운영되고 있지만 아직도 소방안전점검의 민간위탁방안에 대해서는 논란이 끊이지 않고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 소방안전점검의 민간위탁 방안의 가능성을 검토하고, 민간위탁방식 중에서 가장 바람직한 대안으로 민간 전문점검업체에 의한 계약 또는 면허 위탁방식을 탐색하며, 이를 실현하기 위한 구체적인 대안설계와 민간위탁 관리 및 통제방법을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이에 따라 소방업무중 고도의 전문성이 요구되며, 시장경제적 성격이 강하여 현재 그 기능의 일부를 민간위탁방식으로 운영하고 있는 소방안전점검제도로 한정하되, 소방행정기관에 의한 소방검사와 자율방화관리체제에 의한 자체점검제도를 중점적 연구대상으로 하였다. 내용적 범위로는 공공서비스의 민간위탁에 관한 일반적 이론을 살펴보고, 현행 소방안전점검의 운영실태를 소방행정기관에 의한 소방검사와 소방시설관리유지업체에 의한 위탁점검 중심으로 현황과 실태를 분석하고, 이에 대한 민간 위탁방안을 설계하고자 하였다. 연구의 방법은 문헌조사를 통하여 민간위탁과 관련된 각종 이론과 연구자료를 탐색하고, 현행 각 시·도에서 시행되고 있는 소방검사제도와 자체점검제도를 소방법령에 근거하여 비교·분석하였다. 이에 대한 제도상, 운영상의 문제점 분석은 소방방재청의 소방·예방행정통계와 정책자료, 민간 위탁점검업체의 간행물 등을 활용하였다. 먼저 민간위탁의 이론적 배경으로서 공공서비스의 유형과 공급방식에 관한 일반이론, 민간위탁을 통한 공공서비스의 공급방법을 탐색하였다. 이를 토대로 민간위탁에서 공통적으로 제시되는 성공요소와 민간위탁 적합성 판단기준, 민간위탁후의 관리 및 통제방법 등을 도출하였다. 그리고 현행 소방안전점검제도인 소방검사와 자체점검, 민간 위탁점검의 운영실태를 분석하였다. 소방검사 및 자체점검, 위탁점검의 제도와 운영상의 문제로서는 위탁점검대상 범위의 불합리성과 자율방화관리제도 운영의 부실, 소방시설관리유지업자의 업무범위의 한계 등이 문제로 제기되었다. 또한 하나의 건축물에 대한 안전관리 담당기관의 중복점검과 전문인력 부족으로 인한 형식적인 소방점검이 개선되어야 할 과제로 지적되었다. 그리고 위탁점검과정에서 이해관계인과의 결탁으로 인한 부실점검과 관계자의 자기책임의식 소홀이라는 문제점도 제기되었다. 이에 대한 대안설계 접근방법으로는 소방검사의 민간위탁 당위성을 전제로 하여 현행 소방안전점검제도 운영에서 기인되는 문제점을 민간위탁 이론에 근거하여 ‘소방안전점검이 민간위탁 공공서비스로서 적합한 것인가’, 민간위탁운영이 가능하다면 ‘어떤 방식과 유형으로 민간에 위탁하고 민간업자는 어떻게 선정할 것인가’, 그리고 ‘민간위탁후 관리 및 통제는 어떻게 할 것인가’에 초점을 두어 접근하였다. 소방안전점검의 민간위탁 가능여부는 민간위탁의 일반적 기준인 경쟁성과 전문성, 비용성과 효과성, 공공성과 형평성, 관리 및 통제 가능성 등에 비추어 분석한 결과 민간위탁 운영이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다. 그 위탁방식에 있어서는 소방안전협회에 위탁하는 방안, 공사를 신설하는 방안, 민간 점검업체에 위탁하는 방안 중에서 민간위탁으로 인한 ①정부의 서비스 생산비용 감소 ②서비스의 질 향상 ③관계자의 안전관리의식 고취 ④민간 시장경제 활성화 ⑤현실적 실현가능성 등에 역점을 두어 비교·평가한 결과 민간전문점검업체에 위탁하는 것이 가장 바람직하며, 위탁업체는 현행 기술능력과 시설기준을 강화하여 수탁업체 등록제를 실시하는 방안이 효과적일 것으로 판단되었다. 민간위탁업체의 업무범위로서는 대규모의 건축물에 한정되어 오던 위탁점검 대상을 전면 확대하고, 위탁점검범위도 소방시설에만 국한하였던 것을 소방안전 전반에 관한 사항으로 확대하며, 소방행정기관에 의한 소방검사는 폐지하고 확인검사만 실시하는 것으로 하였다. 또한 운영방법으로서는 공개경쟁입찰방식으로 적합한 민간전문점검업체를 선정하며, 점검비용은 수익자 부담의 원칙에 의하여 수혜자가 부담하는 것을 원칙으로 하였다. 관리 및 통제에 있어서는 공공성 확보와 서비스의 질 저하를 방지하기 위하여 민간위탁점검대상에 대하여 특별검사를 실시하고, 예방정책방향을 이해시키며. 직무에 필요한 기술을 전달하기 위하여 주기적인 교육을 실시하는 것으로 하였다. 또한 성과에 기초한 평가를 통해 서비스 만족도 향상 여부를 합리적으로 분석하여 우수 점검업체에 대해서는 인센티브 부여와 재계약 등 관리에 활용토록 한다.

작업성 심장 관류장치 변형

최형호 朝鮮大學校 1983 국내석사

An isolated purfusion rat heart model of cardiopulmonary bypass was modified with which we were able to screen the effects of various cardioplegic solutions and hypothermia upon the, ability of the heart to survive and recover from a period of ischemic arrest. The modified experimental model differed from the orginal as follow; an oxygenator of an atrial and aortic reservoir provided temperature control, and the perfusate was passed with each, pure oxygen pure carbon dioxide in a 9.5:5 ratio. The Langendorff purfusion was initiated for a 10-minute period by introducing perfusate at 37℃ into the aorta from the aortic reservior located 100Cm above the heart. The isolated perfusated working rat heart model was a left heart perfusion in which the oxygenated perfusion medium(at 37℃) entered the cannurated left atrium at a pressure of 20㎝.H_(2)O and was passed to the ventricle, from which it was spontaneously ejected no electrical pacing via an aortic cannula, against a hydrostatic pressure of l00㎝.H_(2)O. During this working period various indices of cardiac function were mearsured. The cardiac perfusions were stable for over 3hours with perfusion of Krebs Henseleit bicarbonate buffer solution containing only glucose (11. 1mM/L). The percentages of cardiac fusions were maintained at about 94% on heart rate 80.6% on peak aortic pressure, 87.7% on coronary flow and 76.3% on aortic flow rate after 3 hours of working heart perfusion at a pressure of 20㎝H_(2)O. This preparation is believed to be a good biochemical model for the human heart which offers many advantages in regard to cost, speed of preparation, reproducibility, and the ability to handle large numbers.

대규모 재난대비 광역소방동원체계 구축방안에 관한 연구

최형호 전주대학교 대학원 2021 국내박사

한국 소방은 2020년 4월 1일자로 소방공무원의 신분이 지방직에서 국가직으로 전환되었다. 그러나 소방행정체제는 아직도 시•도 광역체제로 운영되다보니 대규모 재난 대응에 미흡한 점이 많다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국가차원에서 대응해야 할 대규모 재난의 경우 초기 소방력 총동원을 위하여 새로운 광역소방동원체계 구축안을 제시했다. 현행 광역소방동원은 2019년 8월에 이르러서야 “소방청장 지시사항”으로 그 기준을 개략적으로 정하였다. 이듬해 5월 “동원 및 운영관리에 관한 사항”을 훈령으로 정하였으며, 같은 해 8월에 “전국 특수구조단 권역별 통합대응체계”를 마련하여 현재 시범운영하는 과도기 단계에 있다. 현행 제도의 문제점을 간략하게 살펴보면 첫째, 재난유형과 특성에 관계없이 동일자원이 편성되기 때문에 동원자원 활용이 비효율적이다. 둘째, 동원자원에 대한 책임 있는 지휘자가 없어 방면별 지휘통제가 불가능하다. 셋째, 동원자원이 체계적으로 관리되지 않아 출동과 초기대응이 지연된다. 넷째, 실질적인 동원훈련과 유관기관 간 협력체계가 미흡하다. 잦은 지진 발생으로 광역소방동원체계가 발전한 일본의 제도를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 일본은 1995년 1월 고베대지진을 계기로 1995년 6월 긴급소방원조대를 창설하였고 2003년 6월 소방조직법에 법제화시켰으며 평상시부터 동원자원 등록제를 실시하고 있다. 일본의 긴급소방원조대 운영의 특징으로는 ① 기본동원부대 외에 특수재난을 대비한 부대를 편성 운영하고 있다. ② 지휘통제는 재난발생지역의 소방본부장이 하고 중앙은 주로 지원업무를 담당한다. ③ 각 동원부대에는 지휘대와 후방지원부대를 두어 방면별 지휘가 가능하고 자급자족을 원칙으로 한다. ④ 지역과 중앙은 재난발생 도도부현 재해대책본부에 소방응원활동조정본부와 지휘지원부대를 두어 상호간에 정보제공, 부대배치, 업무의 통합 및 조정 등을 원활하게 하고 있다. ⑤ 동원은 재난 규모에 따라 단계별로 확장된다. 즉, 재난발생지역을 중심으로 인근 4개의 도도부현이 1차 동원되고 확대 시에는 12개의 도도부현이 2차로 동원되며, 이보다 더 큰 대규모 재난은 별도의 액션플랜을 수립하여 전국에서 동원하고 있다. ⑥ 동원자원은 평상시 등록관리 하며 재난발생지역을 가정하여 응원부대의 배치, 진출거점, 연료보급, 숙영 등 수원(受援)계획까지 미리 작성하여 관리하고 있다. ⑦ 훈련에 있어서도 전국과 광역(지역블록)단위 실제 동원훈련을 실시하며 유관기관도 경찰의 광역긴급원조대, 국토교통성의 긴급재해파견대 등과 같이 단순 지원역할이 아닌 공동대응에 직접 참여하고 있다. ⑧ 소방청 장관의 지시로 동원되는 경우 소요되는 비용은 모두 국가가 부담한다. 본 연구에서는 이상과 같은 현 제도의 문제점과 일본의 긴급소방원조대의 운영을 참고하여 한국 재난환경에 적합한 새로운 광역소방동원체계를 다음과 같이 제시하였다. 첫째, 재난 유형에 적합한 동원부대의 편성이다. 공통재난에 대응 가능한 기본동원부대와 특수재난을 대비한 특수임무부대를 편성한다. 기본동원부대는 시•도별로 편성하되 지휘팀과 후생팀을 두어 독자적으로 활동 및 방면별 지휘가 가능토록 한다. 특수임무부대는 중앙119구조본부를 공통으로 편성하되 동원자원이 있는 시•․도만 부대를 편성한다. 둘째, 출동(동원)은 재난발생지역을 기준으로 거리와 시•도 소방본부 지휘체계를 고려하여 6개 기본권역과 확장권역으로 나눈다. 재난 시에는 가장 인접한 기본권역이 1차 출동하고 확대 시에는 근거리의 시•도 본부가 2차 출동하도록 한다. 동원규모는 1호부터 3호까지 3단계로 구분하며 인접한 지역은 최대 10%, 먼 지역은 5% 출동하는 것으로 한다. 셋째, 현장지휘는 긴급구조통제단 운영을 중심으로 시•도 소방본부장 지휘를 원칙으로 하되 필요에 따라 소방청장이 직접지휘 할 수 있도록 한다. 특수임무부대는 중앙119구조본부장이 총괄 지휘하며 필요에 따라 해당권역 특수구조대장이나 시•도 특수구조단장을 지정하여 운영한다. 동원자원 관리는 중앙과 지역통제단의 총괄지휘부 내에 광역동원담당을 신설하여 동원자원의 배치와 이동 등 업무를 지원한다. 넷째, 체계적인 자원관리와 재난대응 소요비용의 국가부담이다. 동원자원은 기본동원부대와 특수임무부대로 구분하여 평상시 등록관리 한다. 권역별 필수장비는 국고부담으로 보강하며 동원자원에 소요된 장비운용, 근무수당, 후생지원 등 비용은 국가가 부담한다. 다섯째, 동원자원 훈련과 유관기관의 협력체계 강화이다. 대규모 재난을 대비한 기본, 확장, 전국권역 등 재난확장 단계별 실제 자원동원 훈련을 유관기관과 협력하여 주기적으로 실시한다. 훈련 시는 수원계획에 따른 동원자원의 배치, 이동, 지휘, 후생지원, 유관기관과의 협력 등 전반에 걸쳐 실제 훈련을 실시하고 결과를 점검한다. 유관기관의 역할도 인명구조, 장애물 제거, 의료지원 등 직접 현장 활동에 참여토록 제도를 개선한다. 마지막으로 이상과 같은 구축방안은 실효를 거둘 수 있도록 소방기본법과 재난안전법 등을 제•개정하여 제도로 정착되도록 한다. 소방은 시대적 전환기를 맞이하고 있다. 이상과 같은 광역소방동원체계 구축방안이 정책으로 입안된다면 한국은 대규모 재난대비 대응체계를 한 단계 격상시킬 것으로 기대된다. The status of fire officials in Korea was changed from a local status to a state status on April 1, 2020. However, as a fire administrative system is still operated in the wide-area system such as city or province, there are not sufficient responses for large-scale disasters. Thus, this study proposes a new wide-area fire mobilization system for the initial mobilization of firefighting forces in the case of large-scale disasters to be responded at the state level. The current wide-area fire mobilization roughly set the standard of “the direction of Fire Commissioner” in August 2019. In May 2020, “matters concerning mobilization and operation and management” were given as instructions. In August of the same year, “the integrated response system of national special rescue units” was prepared. The system is currently in the transitional stage of pilot operation. To summarize the problems of the current system briefly, first, mobilization resources are not efficiently used because the same resources are organized regardless of disasters type and characteristics. Second, as there is no responsible commander for mobilization resources, command and control is impossible in each field. Third, as mobilization resources are not systematically managed, mobilization and initial responses are delayed. Fourth, substantial mobilization training and cooperative system between related agencies are insufficient. Japan has developed an inter-prefectural fire support system owing to frequent earthquakes. The system of Japan is as follows. Taking Kobe earthquake in January 1995, Japan established the Emergency Fire Response Team(EFRT) in June 1995 and it was legislated in the Fire Organization Law in June 2003. The mobilization resource registration system is enforced on a regular basis. The operational characteristics of EFRT in Japan are as follows. ① Units for special disasters are organized and operated in addition to basic mobilization units. ② Command and control is performed by the head of the fire department of the disaster area and the state fire agency mainly takes charge of supports. ③ Each support unit has a command unit and a rear support unit for command in each division. ④ Local and state fire departments have command support units to facilitate mutual provision of information, unit deployment, and integrated coordination of work. ⑤ Mobilization is expanded by stages in accordance with a disaster scale. For example, four nearby prefectures are mobilized around the disaster area at the first stage and 12 other prefectures are dispatched when the situation is extended. A separate action plan is established for larger scale disasters to be mobilized from all over the country. ⑥ Mobilization resources are registered and managed on a regular basis and plans to receive are made and managed including the placement of support units, entry point, fuel supply, and camping in the supposed disaster area. ⑦ Real mobilization training is performed in national and regional block units and related agencies also directly participate in joint responses, not playing simple support roles, such as the Inter-Prefectural Emergency Rescue Unit(IERU) of the police and the Technical Emergency Control Force of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism(MLITT). Referring to the problems of the current system and the operation of Japan's EFRT, the new wide-area fire mobilization system is presented to fit the disaster environment of Korea. First, a mobilization unit suitable for disaster types should be organized. In other words, basic mobilization units for common disasters and special mission units for special disasters should be organized. The basic mobilization unit is organized by city and province and has a command team and a welfare team for independent activities and command by division. In the special mission unit, the National 119 Rescue Headquarters should be organized in common only in the city or province that has mobilization resources. Second, mobilization should be divided into six basic and extended regions in consideration of distance based on the disaster area and the command system of city and provincial fire departments. In the event of disasters, the nearest basic region is firstly mobilized and in the event of further expansion, the city and provincial fire departments at close ranges are secondarily mobilized. The scale of mobilization should be divided into three stages from No. 1 to No. 3 with maximum 10% of mobilization for nearby areas and 5% for remote areas. Third, the fire scene should be operated by the emergency rescue control unit under the command of the head of city and provincial fire department in principle. However, the Fire Commissioner can directly command if necessary. The special mission unit should be commanded by the Commander of the National 119 Rescue Headquarters. If necessary, the chief of special rescue unit of a relevant region or the head of a city or provincial special rescue unit could be designated for operation. Moreover, the department in charge of managing mobilization resources should be established within the general command of the national or regional control unit to support the arrangement and movement of mobilization resources. Fourth, the state should bear the costs for systematic resource management and disasters response. Mobilization resources should be registered and managed on a regular basis separately in basic mobilization units and special mission units. Essential equipment costs for each region should be covered by the National Treasury. In addition, the state should cover the expenses of equipment operation, work allowance, and welfare support required for mobilization resources. Fifth, the training of mobilization resource and the cooperation system of related agencies should be enhanced. The real training of resource mobilization should be periodically performed by stages of basic, expanded, and national regions in cooperation with related agencies for large-scale disasters. The training session should include placement, movement, command, welfare support, and cooperation with related agencies in accordance with the plan to receive and the results should be inspected. Moreover, it is necessary to improve a system in order that related agencies can directly participate in field activities such as saving lives, removing obstacles, and providing medical support. Finally, the Framework Act on Firefighting Services and the Framework Act on Disaster and Safety Control should be enacted or amended and settled as a system in order that the above measures become effective. Firefighting is facing a turning point in the times. If the plan to establish a wide-area fire mobilization system is drafted as a policy, Korea is expected to upgrade its large-scale disaster preparedness system to the next level.

Platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF)가 조골세포의 활성에 미치는 영향

최형호 단국대학교 1997 국내박사

茶山行政思想의 現代的 受容方向에 關한 硏究

최형호 湖南大學 1991 국내석사

『Rerum novarum』이 현대 사회에 미친 영향에 관한 연구

최형호 가톨릭대학교 대학원 1995 국내석사

The development of human enlightened rationality in modem society and recent times' awakening up, together with the industrial revolution which took place in the 18th century and the French revolution can he considered as the cause of the society's industrial transformation. This kind of industrialization was the prime dynamic power regarding transformation of human awareness and structures. In other words, this allowed a new meaning to human society and relations, and so gave birth to fundamental changes in human situations and relationships. While the feudalistic relations' system of this period collapsed people's rights and freedom expanded. Following this a trend of liberalism which has its roots on individualism appeared in the new society. 19th century's political liberalism ultimately embraces the human satisfaction and its realization. This from the economical point of view developped into people's struggle and non-interference concept. This way the negation of the authority of the State, its subtraction, the bourgeois notion of private profit and the concept of non-interference in economical freedom caused the effect of aggravating societie's anxiety and disorder. In this manner the arrival industrialization together with the practice of economic liberalism brought about the transformation of traditional structures and values. At this point the most important change was the transformation in production style. From the feudalistic ways of production in commad before the distribution of wealth and production changed into capitalist system of production, thereafter new changes emerged in employee's relations. Industrial society created a double class of capitalist and wage laborer. In the structure of the society appeared the phenomenon of the confrontation between the two classes. Due to the exclusiveness of the profit, although the capitalists could accumulate wealth this caused relative poverty on the laborers side, for this reason the confrontation between the two classes accelerated. In this line the emergence of society's laborers' problem was a natural consequence. The opposition between the capital and the laborer inevitably gave birth to the confrontation concept and to overcome this kind of society's contradicting structure appeared the ideology of socialism. This thesis tries to point out what is believed to be the root of the transformation's concept background regarding historical changes. In other words, the purpose is to look into liberalism and socialism, face the historical events and eye carefully the Catholic Church's efforts conductive to the settlement of this kind of society's problem. Therefore with the intention of evaluating anew the Church's social doctrine will try to present in this thesis a few important problems. In the First Chapter I envisioned carefully the problems conducting to the industrialization of Europe's society until the emergence of the historical Church's social teaching, the conceptual tendency that ensues and the social concern of that period. In the Second Chapter I looked the social movement from the Catholic standpoint. In the Third Chapter I thinked over the meaning of "Rerum Novarum" published by then Pope Leo XIII, and finally, the influence this Encyclical had in modern society. The Church which confronted society's problem recognized in a new manner this society's reality. The attitude and expression towards the realistic society's problem and the effort for settling this problem seemed only natural. Especially in the weave of revolution funneled by industrialization that caused social anxiety, religious and moral probems the Church sensed that she could not merely stand by unconcerned any longer. The catholic movement that appeared as a link from this effort can be safely said that it was an organized effort by the Church in order to solve from the Catholic standpoint this human society's problem. The Catholic Church with direct support and action, and through suitable ethical standing that demanded the new economical situation made efforts to overcome the new problems. In this sense is prominent the role of Bishop Kettler. In the dicourse he made in the church of Mainz about the "Modern society's big problems" he analized the way of thinking of the society of those days stating that to solve this situation a profound revolution and honest revolutionary social policy were needed. Bishop Kettler's statement becomes a Christian reflection on society's analysis and critique of the new industrial setup, and as he promoted organized political action his contribution was immense. His influence propulsed upward the Catholic Social Movement in several European Countries. In the era of Pope Leo XIII the Catholic Church recognized the new reality of modern Occident's society's political and economical changes. The attitude and expression about the problem of social reality changed into a critical participation and so Catholic social ethic developped. Pope Leo XIII showed an immense interest in the social problem and through the encyclical "Rerum Novarum" published in May 15, 1891 he directed the human steps to a new tracking path. His succesor Pope Pius XI evaluating the "Rerum Novarum" pointed out to the whole humankind that the Encyclical was a reliable norm to solve in an honest way the difficult human society's problems. In this sense the "Rerum Novarum" was an historical event. Church's social teaching is not in any way an ideology or sociology it is only a theologically inspired teaching. Put in other words, is an expression of the Church's reflection on the social reality for our times and offers a practical action guide for the social reality based on an evaluation and reflection of the Gospel. This way in the classical characteristic role of the Church, she interprets social action's ethical values, and offers guidelines on the human dignity and social harmony according to the Gospel. Above all, the most important priority of social doctrine starts from the protection of human dignity. This, can be said, springs out of the firm conviction and support of the Church in protecting this very human dignity. At the time "Rerum Novarum" was published, Europe's society comparing to any other period was at its peak in seriousness concerning the social problems of the laborers. The laborers were relatively alienated and victims of the capital's monopoly. Furthermore in this situation liberalism and socialism both internally exerted strength while the Church which faced this kind of social problem, looking helpless, had to endure the crisis of being alienated by the people. At this moment of history when the radical individualism and socialism were running high the Church opposed both and had to release a systematic teaching opposing those ideologies contrary to Christ. In this situation the "Rerum Novarum" offered an inclusive opinion about the social problem and regarding the concrete situation of the laborers tried to establish a principle for solution. The private ownership of property, laborers' rights and interests and the clear position concerning the liberalism and socialism showed by "Rerum Novarum" was an expression of will for improving thoroughly the irrational system prevailing in society and politics, and by making a "priority concern for the alienated and poor", we can discover even today the merit of the Church which manifests her original features. That is why "Rerum Novarum" which indicates a new economic way and restores the order in the society can be called a "Magna Carta" in our modern society. When we reason this way, we can say that the "Social Teaching" of the Church emanated from a defensive measure and the will of creating a new ambient in a society which is in the move. Furthermore, in the struggle of the anxious social conditions of the time, the pioneer spirit which stimulated the leadership role of the Church influenced actively in the birth of the "Social Teaching". The road stranded this way in that period's situation, the Church which had to hear attentively to the state of things, had to do it necessarily in order to strengthen the eminent role of the Church's system and look for her perfection in a rapid changing society. In the end, the "Social Teaching" without decamping from religious or/and social categories, reading squarely the signs of times, appeared as a "teaching" with an admirable shape as a statement or a guiding light for the society. The Social Documents of the Catholic Church until now, though different in emphasis, show, following peculiar categories, the Church's will for realizing the salvation of the world and the human kind. In other words, we have to see in the Church's inner efforts that she does not be little the misery of the man created in the image of the Creator. Reflecting on the "Rerum Novarum" statements, we who live in modem times should make efforts to reach an economic order, a new society based on equal foot and justice and the elegance of human dignity.

Redox Reaction of Propargylic Aldehyde using Organocatalyst

최형호 경희대학교 2011 국내석사

알카이닐 알데하이드와 트라이 메틸 사이안화합물과의 반응으로 촉매로서 루이스 베이스로 트라이 메틸 아민와 다이 아이소 프로필 에틸 아민을 사용하여 알파,베타 불포화 아실화 사이안화하합물을 합성할 수 있다. 트라이 메틸 사이안화합물과 트라이 메틸 아민은 알카이닐 알데하이드에서 알렌 군을 효과적으로 생성하며, 그리고 이런 친핵성 중간체는 동량의 에탄올에 의해서 양성자 첨가반응이 일어나며, 이를 통해서 효과적으로 알파,베타 불포화 아실화 사이안화합물을 합성하게 된다. 더군다나, 아실화 사이안화합물은 활성화 되어있는 물질로, 사이안 군과 아실화 군을 갖고 있어 사이안 이온의 분해를 통해 아실화반응을 진행할 수 있다. The reactions of alkynyl aldehydes with trimethylsilyl cyanide in the presence of a catalytic amount of a Lewis base such as TEA and DIPEA afforded the corresponding (E)-configurated a,ß-unsaturated acyl cyanides. TMSCN treated with TEA is effective reagent for generating allene species from alkynyl aldehydes, and this nucleophilic intermediate can be protonated by equimolar amount of ethanol, thereby promoting a efficient conversion into a a,ß-unsaturated acyl cyanide. Further investigations and applications of these acyl cyanide species are being actively pursued: reactions of the CO- and CN- groups as well as acylations with cleavage of cyanide ions.

전자상거래상에서의 소비자 구매행태 연구

최형호 동국대학교 경영대학원 1999 국내석사

Cyber trade on the internet such as the electronic commerce is taking a place or remains for the ordinary trade with development of the Internet system. These forms of cyber trade markets and forms are expanding very widely. Therefore the studies of the various cyber trades are becoming very important perspectives. The backgrounds of these studies which are internet, cyber trade are very important because they are means of connecting all the multi-mechanisms to the internet however satisfying man such as customers has to be achieved to develope related to the information communication and broadcasting industry. So investing on customers' purchasing characteristics or the study results are more likely required and studying on the customers in the cyber trade is taking a place of important role. It is likely to be the customers change very often. It changes indifferently and rapidly. So why do they change? In this perspective if the influent study of customers does not support, the basics of all the industries related to the internet can be collapsed. Therefore analyzing in terms of steps why, how much, how, by what, when the customers' changes have to be figured out in order to achieve the counter strategics related to cyber trade industry. To activate cyber trade we need to investigate structures of customers to satisfy or impress customers as I mentioned above and these will be this paper's background. This study's main purpose is building on 'model of analyzing customers form' related to cyber trade. The logical study and the results of the factors that are related to human perspectives of users will be based on the model of thestructural characteristics of the cyber trade. And this logical study will be about the ordinary structures related to customers purchasing form. When building a model, I will consider the customers' purchasing steps under the environmentsof cyber trades. Each steps are following. 1) Experience visiting shopping mall site on the internet or purchasing any products. 2) Purchased products and will be purchased products afterwards. 3) Credits, varieties, considerations of shopping sites. 4) The benefits and requirements to improve when using the shopping sites on the internet. 5) The comparisons of purchasing differences and the using shopping sites on the internet between groups that have answered. 6) The effectiveness on the purchasing decision related to the satisfactory when visiting to shopping sited on the internet. 7) The effectiveness on the purchasing experiences related to the satisfactory when visiting to shopping sited on the internet. 8) The counter-effectiveness between the information satisfactory on the internet and on the purchasing experiences. The results of the study can be concluded in overall and summarized like followings. First, in this study to analyze customers' form on the cyber trade in the era of the unification of mechanism it was developed from the important purchasing decision. Second, the major differences of the purchasing decisions are showed from before-purchasing step, after-purchasing step, and subordinate model. Third, the important perspectives on before-purchasing step, after-purchasing step in cyber trade on the internet are varied depending on using rates of the computer, internet, and cyber trade. Fourth, the shopping behaviors on the internet are varied depending on the sex, age, academic background, job, income and characteristics of the population and these give us the important meaning on building on cyber marketing and strategies for sections of the markets. Fifth, it showed urging on the information can affect to customer's purchasing decision or postponing purchase. With this, provided information on the internet affect the purchasing decision. These study results will more likely help on the improving products service strategy and the strategy of the segments of customer markets to promote cyber trade. In the perspective of the improving strategy of the product services, the functional perspectives such as the ability, technology, quality which raise credibility should be cared with a lot of efforts. The behavior of the shopping varies a lot depending on the characteristics of the statistics of populations so the following countermeasures are needed.

비행 청소년 예방을 위한 학교체육의 역할

최형호 건국대학교 교육대학원 2001 국내석사

흰쥐 冠狀動脈 血流에 미치는 Methacholine의 影響

최형호 圓光大學校 1990 국내박사