명청시대사 연구의 동향과 전망

曺永憲(Cho Young-hun) 역사학회 2008 역사학보 Vol.0 No.199

후기 중화제국(中華帝國) 해양사(海洋史) 연구의 최근 흐름과 글로벌 히스토리 -중등 역사 교과서에 대한 제언-

조영헌 ( Cho Young-hun ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2017 민족문화연구 Vol.77 No.-

This article mainly deals with recent trend and new perspectives of maritime history in late imperial China and suggests how we can apply these trend and new perspectives in history textbooks of high school, especially < World History > and < East Asian History >. Why does maritime history in late imperial China receive the worldwide attention recently? There are two big backgrounds. From the practical and political perspectives, this trend is related with both the coincidence that the year of 2005 is the 600 years anniversary of Zhenghe expedition and the powerful endeavor of Chinese government to be a maritime powers. And, from the historical academic perspectives, this is very closely related with important issues such as the reaction against euro-centrism, how to interpretate the maritime ban policy after Zhenghe expedition, ‘early modern’ controvercy, and global history.

서평 : 『 명청시기 태호유역적 상품경제 여시장 망락 』( 조영현 명청사연구 2002 )

조영헌(Young Hun Cho) 명청사학회 2002 명청사연구 Vol.16 No.1

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<명청사학회 제11회 하계연구토론회> - 명청시대 동아시아 도시사회의 제문제 : 명,청시대 신현설치오 시진사회 - 강남지역을 중심으로 -

조영헌 ( Young Hun Cho ) 명청사학회 2002 명청사연구 Vol.17 No.1

本稿選擇了江南地區的`新縣設置`(=`設縣`)事例, 集中探討了設縣與市鎭社會變化的關系。 選擇的對象就是江南地區的7府(江蘇省的鎭江府 · 常州府 · 蘇州府 · 松江府, 浙江省的湖州府 · 嘉興府 · 杭州府), 可是主要以在設縣的同時成爲縣治的5個市鎭(魏塘鎭, 當湖鎭, 鳳鳴市, 唐行鎭, 朱涇鎭)爲限進行分析了。其結果明白了第三個方面的事實。 第一, 在明 · 淸期間江南的分設新縣的21個當中, 5個縣的縣治就是本來從市鎭來發展的城市(全體的百分之二十四)。 其中4個事例是在明朝發生的, 全體比率上設縣更多的淸朝反而不如明朝那??多。 第二, 明淸兩代在起案和決定設縣的過程中, 最重要的決定因素就是國家權力的地方行政能力卽圓滑地執行稅粮徵收和訴訟爲理的需要。 具體來看, 明代設縣的主導因素是地域的社會經濟的變化和居民的利害關系, 可是淸代的主導因素是國家(淸朝)權力的利害關系的。 第三, 一旦成爲縣治的市鎭內建立了縣署 · 縣學 · 祠廟等縣治的基本施設, 特別倭寇侵略??害的嘉靖年間實現了大規模築城。 其過程當中該當居民經常容易受到勞役 · 財政的負擔。 盡管如此築城以後的治安狀況比以前向上了, 尤其是對于居民來說訴訟和納稅方便多了, 而且通過縣學建立擴充了紳士層增加的基盤。

대륙 문명과 해양 문명의 접점 베이징과 접선 대운하

曺永憲 ( Cho Young-hun ) 명청사학회 2022 명청사연구 Vol.- No.58

This article identifies Beijing, the capital city of late Imperial China for about 800 years, as the junctional point of the two spatial civilizations, the continent and the maritime, and attempts to re-examine the Grand Canal, the transportation route of Beijing, as the connecting line to the continent and the maritime civilization. As for the time frame, the Yuan-Ming-Qing dynasties, in which Beijing performs the function of the Capital of whole area and the dynamics of the Grand Canal are remarkably expressed, were used as the basic analysis period. In this article, I tried to modify the existing view that Beijing was regarded as a city of continental civilization. Until now, many scholars have not paid much attention to the fact that Beijing was not a self-sufficient city, that is, Beijing was a city that could not survive unless it was linked to the Grand Canal. However, since Beijing was created and maintained by connecting with the Grand Canal, which is based on “connectivity,” the vitality of ocean continued to be added to the continental city of Beijing. The Grand Canal played not only the integration between the north and south China, but also the role of a connecting line connecting the maritime civilization through the Jiangnan route connecting Hangzhou and Suzhou, Ningpo route connecting Zhedong Canal and Zoushan islands, and Tianjin route connecting the Gulp of Pohai. The Grand Canal has made Beijing, which was born on the basis of continental civilization, the junctional point between continental and maritime civilization. After all, Beijing can be described as follows in the history of civilization. “Beijing is a port. It is a port that leads to pasture and continents and connects to the sea through the Grand Canal.”

명 , 청 교체와 양주 염상 - 청초 “ 휼상 (恤商) 유과 (裕課) ” 정책의 성격과 관련하여 -

조영헌(Young Hun Cho) 한국중국학회 2001 중국학보 Vol.43 No.-

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명말(明末),청초(淸初) 선당(善堂),선회(善會)와 휘주상인(徽州商人) -회(淮),양지역(揚地域) 운하도시(運河都市)를 중심으로-

조영헌 ( Young Hun Cho ) 중국사학회 2007 중국사연구 Vol.47 No.-

고등학교 『동아시아사』의 예수회 관련 서술 분석과 제언 -2011년과 2015년 교육과정본의 비교를 중심으로-

조영헌 ( Cho Young-hun ) 역사교육학회 2019 역사교육논집 Vol.70 No.-

This paper analyzed the description of the Jesuits in the East Asian History(EAH) textbooks; specifically, compared the previous three types of EAH textbooks that were published in 2014(hereafter referred to as ‘2011 EAH’) with the new four types of EAH textbooks, which were recently published in 2018(hereafter referred to as ‘2015 EAH’) under the 2015 revised curriculum. Through a comparative analysis, this study found out that there has been a shift of emphasis from ‘east-west intercourse’ to ‘trade network expansion’ when the descriptions of chapter 4 in 2011 EAH is compared to the descriptions of chapter 3 in 2015 EAH. As a results, the overall descriptions of the Jesuits on its cultural intercourse has dispersed into different units within the chapter, which has weaken the coherence on unit title and its content descriptions. The remarkable features of the content descriptions may summarized as following two points. First, both descriptions in 2011 EAH and 2015 EAH mainly focused on European science and its technologies(sundial, calender, prism, alarm clock, gun powder etc) that the Jesuits brought to East Asia. Such descriptions are causing the risk of delivering a fixed image of Jesuits simply as ‘spreader of science and technology’. Therefore, the textbook must clarify the discordance between the purpose and the result of the Jesuits advance to East Asia. Second, EAH textbook thoroughly emphasis how Joseon reacted differently to the Jesuits compare to China and Japan, since Joseon had indirect intercourse through Joseon missions to Imperial China(燕行使) and Western learning(西學), whereas China and Japan had direct intercourse with the Jesuits. However, both 2011 EAH and 2015 EAH textbooks missed out mentioning the reasons why Joseon kept indirect intercourse with the Jesuits. Also, the Jesuits was a mediator of east-west cultural encounter, who did not just spread their culture in one way from west to east, but rather in both ways. Thus, the characteristics of reciprocality of the Jesuits may be highlighted as an important material in global history, and such point was newly found in 2015 EAH compare to 2011 EAH. EAH is supposed to bridge Korean History with World History and the Jesuits is suitable material for it. Such topic not only shows a distinctive characteristic of Korea among other countries in East Asia, but also demonstrates the reciprocality of east-west cultural encounter. Overall, the perspective of global history can be emphasized as an alternative to euro-centrism and modern-centrism, and the Jesuits is especially worthy of noticed in the history class.

明代 鹽運法의 變化와 揚洲 鹽商

曺永憲(Cho Young-hun) 동양사학회 2000 東洋史學硏究 Vol.70 No.-

원ㆍ명ㆍ청 시대 首都 북경과 陪都의 변천

조영헌(Cho Young-hun) 역사학회 2011 역사학보 Vol.0 No.209

Although Beijing remained the primary capital throughout Late Imperial China, auxiliary capitals had shifted continuously from one dynasty to another. Shangdu in the Yuan, Nanjing in the Ming, and Chengde and Shengjing in the Qing each played the role of auxiliary capital for the respective dynasties. This fact brings up a number of questions regarding the relationship between primary and auxiliary capitals. First, what correlation did the location and role of the auxiliary capital have with the primary capital of Beijing? Second, did the change of ruling ethnicities and heads of state trigger changes in the administrative methods of both the primary and auxiliary capitals? Third, if so, what similarities and differences can we find between not only the northern clans and the Han Chinese but also between the Mongol and the Manchu in their respective methods of administration of the imperial capital? This paper seeks to synthesize the results of existing researches on the above points of interest and to firmly identify the changes in the primary capital of Beijing and the auxiliary capitals. There will be a general depiction of the interrelations between changes of auxiliary capitals and changes in the dominant ethnicity of each dynasty.